1. Hazardous Materials for
First Responders
4th Edition
Chapter 6 — Strategic Goals and Tactical
Objectives

2. Strategic Goals
• Broad statements of desired
achievements to control an incident;
achieved by the completion of tactical
objectives.
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3. Strategic Goals
• Haz Mat
-isolation
-notification
-identification
-protection
-rescue
-spill control/confinement
-leak control/containment
-crime scene and evidence preservation
-fire control
-recovery/termination
• Will be Prioritized not all will be needed
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4. Tactical Objectives
• Specific operations that must be
accomplished to achieve strategic goals
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5. Basic Problem-Solving Formula
1. Understand the problem
2. Devise a plan
3. Carry out the plan
4. Look back
6–5

6. Most problem-solving
process models contain four
common elements.
6–6

7. Problem Solving Process Models
• GEDAPER(National Fire Academy)
- Gather information
- Estimate potential course and harm
- Determine strategic goals
- Assess tactical options and resources
- Plan of action implementation
- Evaluate operations
- Review the process
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8. Problem Solving Process Models
• DECIDE
- Detect the presence of hazardous materials
- Estimate likely harm without intervention
- Choose response objectives
- Identify action options
- Do best option
- Evaluate progress
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9. Problem Solving Process Models
• Eight Step Incident Management
Process (Noll , Hildebrand , Yvorra)
1. Site management and control
2. Identify the problem
3. Hazards and risk evaluation
4. Select personal protective clothing and equipment
5. Information management and resource coordination
6. Implement response objectives
7. Decontamination
8. Terminate the incident
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10. Problem Solving Process Models
• APIE (IAFF)
- Analyze
- Plan
- Implement
- Evaluate(and repeat)
• OODA (U.S. Military)
- Observe
- Orient
- Decide
- Act
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11. Problem Solving Process Models
• RAIN – WMD incidents
- Recognize characteristics of WMDs
- Avoid, by protection, the hazards of WMDs
- Isolate the hazards of WMDs
- Notify the appropriate resources and authorities when
responding to an event possibly involving WMDs
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12. Four Step Problem Solving
Process (APIE)
• Analysis Stage and information
gathering
- Recognize incident type (hazmat , WMD)
- Identify all hazards presented by the incident
- Predict the likely behavior of the material
- Estimate potential harm
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13. Analyzing the incident enables first
responders to form an overall plan.
6–13

14. Scene analysis is made up of both
size-up and hazard/risk assessment.
Six sides of the Incident:
Alpha
Bravo
Charlie
Delta
Top
Bottom

15. Hazard and Risk Assessment
• Upon Receipt of alarm
- Number of injuries
- occupancy type
- incident type
- product and container info
- incident location
- responding equipment and resources
- time of day
- weather
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16. Hazard and Risk Assessment
• On scene
- unusual signs
- life hazards
- product(s) involved
- container types
- amount of product involved
- product travel or path of fire
- actions taken by on scene personnel
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17. Incident Levels
• Defined by Local Emergency Response
Plan (LERP)
• Most Models use 3 levels
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18. An Incident Level I is within the
capabilities of a fire and
emergency services organization.
Courtesy of Rich Mahaney
6–18

19. An Incident Level II is beyond the
capabilities of a fire and emergency
services organization.
6–19

20. An Incident Level III
requires outside resources
and unified command.
Courtesy of Chris Mickal
6–20

21. NIMS
• 5 Types based on resource
requirements, 5 least need to 1 greatest
need.
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22. Four Step Problem Solving
Process (APIE)
• Determine need for additional help
• Identify protective actions
• Consult ERG if appropriate
• Determine strategies and tactics for stabilization
• Determine appropriate PPE
• Determine decon methods
• Devise incident action plan
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23. Planning the appropriate
response uses strategic goals
based on three abilities.
6–23

24. Risk Based Response
• Strategies based on hazards present at
the scene
- high toxicity=more caution, high level of PPE
- activities with significant risk to member safety will be
limited to potentially life saving actions
- activities normally employed to protect property shall
be seen as a safety risk and will be avoided or limited
- no risk shall be taken if life or property is not at stake
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25. Modes of Operation
• Nonintervention – incident runs it’s
course on it’s own
• Defensive – provides confinement of
the hazard
• Offensive – includes actions to control
the incident
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26. Modes of operation are determined
by risk, training, and resources
required and available.
6–26

27. Nonintervention operations are
ones in which responders taken no
direct actions.
Courtesy of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
6–27

28. Nonintervention Mode
• Selected when:
- Facility or LERP have called for it
- Clearly beyond responder capabilities
- Explosions are imminent
- Container damage threatens a major
release
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29. Nonintervention Actions
• Withdrawal
• Report of scene conditions
• Initiate an IMS
• Call for additional resources
• Isolate hazard and deny entry
• Evacuate where needed
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30. Defensive operations are ones in
which responders seek to
confine the emergency.
6–30

31. Defensive Mode
• Facility or LERP call for it
• Responders have the training ,
equipment and resources to confine the
incident
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32. Defensive Actions
• Report of scene conditions
• Initiate an IMS
• Call for additional resources
• Isolate hazard and deny entry
• Establish zone boundaries
• Evacuate where needed
• Control ignition sources
• Use defensive control tactics
• Protect exposures
• Perform rescue when safe and appropriate
• Evaluate and report progress
• Perform emergency decon procedures
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33. Offensive operations are ones in
which responders take aggressive,
direct action.
Courtesy of U.S. Navy, photo by Photographer’s Mate 1st Class Aaron Ansarov.
6–33

34. Implementation Stage
• Implement Incident Management System
• Transmit info to appropriate authorities and call for
needed assistance
• Establish and enforce scene control perimeters
• Implement Incident Action Plan
• Implement strategies and tactics (based on training
level)
• Identify and preserve evidence
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35. Implementing the Incident
Action Plan occurs once a
strategic goal has been set.
Click for
next slide
6–35

36. Evaluation and Review Stage
• Evaluate effectiveness of approach
• Process and provide feedback to IC
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37. Evaluating progress is the
final aspect and may result
in revised plans.
6–37

38. Elements of IAP
• Strategies/incident objectives
• Current situation summary
• Resources assignments and needs
• Accomplishments
• Hazard statement
• Risk assessment
• Safety plan and message
• Protective measures
• Current and projected weather conditions
• Status of injuries
• Communications plan
• Medical plan
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39. Isolation and Scene Control
6–39

40. The isolation perimeter is
determined by outcomes of an
on-site risk assessment.
6–40

41. Hazard-control zones may be
adjusted as the incident changes.
6–41

42. Each hazard control zone helps
protect both responders, the
public, and the environment.
Click for
next slide

43. Staging is located at an isolated,
safe spot to reduce confusion and
freelancing on scene.
6–43

44. Notification Process
6–44

45. Notification can include a variety
of levels of information.
(Continued)
6–45

46. Notification procedures may
differ depending on the agency.
6–46

47. Protection
6–47

48. Protection is the overall goal of
ensuring safety of responders
and the public.
Courtesy of U.S. Air Force
6–48

49. Protection of responders is the
first priority at any incident.
6–49

50. Protection Measures
• Uphill, upstream, upwind
• Appropriate PPE
• Decon
• Accountability
• Tracking
• Buddy system
• Safety officers
• Evacuation and escape procedures
• Time , distance, shielding
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51. Protection of responders includes
use of time, distance, and shielding.
6–51

52. Protection of the public is based
on several factors.
Courtesy of FEMA News Photos, photo by Win Henderson.
6–52

53. Protection of the public can include
several methods of providing safety.
6–53

54. Protection of the environment
and property is a defensive
control tactic.
6–54

55. Recovery and Termination
6–55

56. Recovery has three major goals
that work to return the incident
scene to pre-incident readiness.
6–56

57. Three procedures help accomplish
the main goals of recovery.
6–57

58. Termination includes two
procedural actions to ensure
strategic goals have been met.
6–58

59. Summary
• By using IMS, responders can focus on
the problem-solving process.
• The IC must determine the strategic
goals and tactical objectives that will
begin to stabilize the incident and bring
it to a successful conclusion with the
least amount of harm and damage.
6–59