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Genetics and inheritance
1.
2. Genetics
⢠What is genetics?
study of inherited traits - âheredityâ
⢠What is heredity?
passing of traits from parents to offspring
(children)
⢠What is a trait?
feature an organism can pass on to
offspring ex) hair color, eye color, etc
3. Early Ideas - Heredity
⢠Originally believedâŚ
childâs traits were
result of âblending
between parentâs
traitsâ
⢠Gregor Mendel
decided to test this
idea
⢠He knew nothing
about DNA
4. ⢠Genes!
⢠Genes areâŚ
segments DNA on
chromosome code for a
trait by the production of a
protein
⢠There are several genes on
each chromosome.
5.
6. Mendelâs Pea Plants
Why did Mendel use
pea plants?
1) Several
contrasting traits
2) Understood
method reproduction
7. Mendelâs Experiments
⢠The 1st thing Mendel did was cross purebred plantsâŚ
⢠Purebred- produce young with same trait generation
after generation
⢠What will happen if cross plants with
different forms of a trait?
⢠Ex) trait â seed shape
forms â round or wrinkled seed shape
8. Mendelâs Experiments conât
⢠Parental generation (P)
âoriginal groupâ
⢠First filial generation
(F1) offspring of the
parental cross
⢠ALL offspring
resulted were ROUND
10. We NOW know whyâŚ
⢠Many traits have 2 alleles
⢠Allele- 2 contrasting forms of a trait
ex) gene on chromosome for traitâseed shape
2 forms - round allele or wrinkled allele
⢠Principle of Dominance- one allele appears and
causes contrasting allele NOT to appear
⢠dominant allele - hides the other allele; capital
letter
⢠recessive allele- form often NOT expressed,
11. Mendelâs 2 Experiment
nd
⢠The next question Mendel wanted to answer was:
Why didnât any of the recessive
characteristics like (wrinkled) show
up in the F1 generation?
⢠To answer this question Mendel extended his
experiment and allowed F1 to reproduceâŚ
12. Mendelâs Results
⢠Second filial
generation (F2)-
offspring of F1
⢠Some offspring
showed recessive
trait, some the
dominant trait
3:1 ratio
(round:wrinkled)
13. Mendelâs Conclusion
⢠Why did the recessive trait disappear in the F1
and then reappear in some of the F2?
⢠The dominant allele hides the recessive allele in
the F1
⢠Since the recessive allele reappeared in the F2 it
must have âseparatedâ from the dominant allele
⢠Law of Segregation- when gametes form alleles
for a trait are separated (each parent gives one
allele to offspring)
14. Mendelâs Results Summarized
⢠Every trait is controlled by at least 2 different factors (1 gene / 2 allele)
Use letters to represent contrasting forms (alleles) for a trait
Example: Trait: Seed Color (letter Y)
Y = yellow (dominant allele)
y = green (recessive allele)
⢠Alleles occur in pairs (1 mom/1 dad)
⢠YY homozygous dominant â 2 same letter - capital
Yy heterozygous â 2 different letters
yy homozygous recessive - 2 same letter - lowercase
⢠Phenotype - outward appearance/physical characteristic
⢠Genotype - genetic makeup âlettersâ