3. INFERTILITY
INFERTILITY
• reduced or irregular reproductive function of an animal
• also implies delayed or irregular production of annual live
calf
LEADS TO ECONOMIC LOSS BY
•Widening of dry period
•Reduced calving rate
•Reduced lactation during lifespan (Agarwal and Tomer, 2003)
ECONOMIC LOSSES IN TERMS OF MONEY IN INDIAN
LIVESTOCK IS NOT AVAILABLE
(Gurucharan Singh et al., 2003, Singh et al., 2003, Das et
al., 2004)
(C) JEROME A
4. CAUSES OF INFERTILITY
o ACQUIRED /ENVIRONMENT OR CONGENITAL/HEREDITARY
CAUSES
(LAGERLOF,1954)
o PHYSIOLOGICAL,ANATOMICAL,INFECTIOUS CAUSES
(KODAGALI,1968)
OTHER CAUSES
NUTRITIONAL
HORMONAL
MANAGEMENTAL
(C) JEROME A
5. A. CONGENITAL DISORDERS
CONGENITAL CATTLE BUFFALO
DISORDERS (%) (%)
OVARIAN HYPOPLASIA 1.28- 1.50 < 1.0
(DAMODARAN, 1956)
(NARASIMA, 1982)
FREEMARTINISM 0.01-0.5 < 1.0
( RAO, 1980;
( RAO, 1971;
NAIDU ,2004)
MURTHY, 1990 )
PAROVARIAN CYST 0.2-1.0 1.0
( RAO, 1980;
(RAMA RAO, 1965)
RAJA, 1998;
NAIDU, 2004)
INCIDENCE OF OVARIAN HYPOPLASIA IS MORE THAN OTHER
CONGENITAL DISORDERS
(C) JEROME A
6. B. FUNCTIONAL CAUSES OF INFERTILITY
CONDITION CATTLE BUFFALO CROSSBRED
(%) (%) (%)
I.FOLLICULAR 0.5-2.7 1.26- 3.4 8 -10.26
CYST
(RAO,1990; (BHATTARCHARYA ( RAO ,1976;
NAIDU, 1999; 1954; NAIDU,2004)
KULKARNI, 2002; MALIK ,1960)
II.LUTEAL CYST 1.45- 3.0 0.66- 12.50 9 -13.30
(SINGH. 1981; ( KAIKINI, 1974; ( SINHA ,1988;
LUKTUKE,1967; DAMODARAN , KULKARNI ,
KULKARNI,2002) 1956: 2002)
RAO ,1965;
KUTTY, 2003)
INCIDENCE OF COD IS MORE IN CROSSBREDS THAN IN CATTLE
& BUFFALO
(C) JEROME A
7. III.ANESTRUM
CATTLE BUFFALO CROSSBRED
(%) (%) (%)
7.72-60.0 20.0-67.0 13.13-40.2
BHATTACHARYA (GURUCHARAN ( RAO , 1981;
1954; SINGH, 2003; SINGH ,2001;
(NARLADKAR ,1994; NARLADKAR, 1994; SHARMA ,2004;
GURUCHARAN, PURBEY & BHARKAD, 2003)
2003; AGARWAL, 1982;
PANDIT, 2004; LUKTUKE ,1978;
BHARKAD, 2003) NAIDU, 2004;
PUROHIT, 2005)
INCIDENCE IS HIGH IN ALL THREE
(C) JEROME A
8. ANESTRUM IN CATTLE: STATE WISE
GUJARAT 45.97 KULKARNI, 2002
BIHAR 39 SINGH ,1981
PUNJAB 67.11 GURUCHARAN,
2003
KERALA 65 KUTTY, 2003
MAHARASHTRA 45.97 KULKARNI ,2002
AP 49.70 RAO, 1993
ORISSA 15.97 DAS et al., 2004
MP 53.15 PANDIT ,2004
PUNJAB 11.90 NARINDER, 1986
PREVALENT IN MOST OF THE STATES OF INDIA
(C) JEROME A
9. ANESTRUM IN BUFFALO
INCIDENCE (%) PLACE REFERENCES
9.09 TN SELVARAJU, 2005
30.76-50 AP NAIDU, 2004
RAO, 1982
45.97 GUJARAT KULKARNI, 2002
56 KARNATAKA HUSSAIN, 1984
53.15 MP PANDIT, 2004
ANESTRUM IS MORE PREVALENT IN KARNATAKA, MP, AP,GUJARAT
(C) JEROME A
13. ENDOMETRITIS - CATTLE ( STATE WISE)
TN 7.10% SELVARAJU, 2005
GUJARAT 0.74% -8.06% KULKARNI ,2002
BIHAR 9.61% SINGH ,1999
KARNATAKA 29.00% HUSSAIN , 2000
AP 11.31-32.80% RAO, 1993
MAHARASHTRA 0.74% KULKARNI, 2002
ORISSA 25.08% DAS et al., 2004
JAMMU 7.00% TIKU ,1981
BIHAR 9.60% SINGH, 1981
MP 3.7% PANDIT et al.,
2004
MORE PREVALENT IN AP,ORISSA,KARNATAKA
(C) JEROME A
14. BUFFALO ENDOMETRITIS
STATEWISE
Incidence Place Reference
9.09 TN SEVARAJU et
al.,2005
30.76-56.36 AP NAIDU & RAO ,
2004
67.11 PUNJAB GURUCHARAN
SINGH et
al.,2003
51.00 KARNATAKA HUSSAIN&MUN
IRAJU,1984
60.83 MP PANDIT,2004
MORE PREVALENT IN BUFFALO REARING AREAS
(C) JEROME A
15. ENDOMETRITIS CROSS BRED
INCIDENCE REFERENCE
8 .76-30.77 KAIKINI et AL.,1981
RAO & KOTAYYA, 2000
INCIDENCE LESS THAN BUFFALO BUT MORE THAN CATTLE
(C) JEROME A
22. REPEAT BREEDING
BUFFALO :STATEWISE
MP 0.61% PANDIT ,2004
DINESH, 2006
AP 29.80% NAIDU , 2004
PUNJAB 12.20% SINGH, 2003
KARNATAKA 20% HUSSAIN ,,1984
DHABALE, 2004
TN 4.03% SELVARAJU,
2005
GUJARAT 25.05% DAS ,2004
JASPREET, 2005
HIGH IN AP,GUJARAT
(C) JEROME A
23. REPEAT BREEDING
CROSSBRED
INCIDENCE REFERENCES
6.8-28.8 (RAO ,1976;
NAIDU & RAO, 1981;
PANDEY et al .,1981)
INCIDENCE MORE IN CROSSBRED THAN CATTLE AND BUFFALO
(C) JEROME A
25. LISTERIOSIS 3-25% DUTTA ,1978
BARBUDDHE ,2002
LEPTOSPIROSIS 4-20% HUSSAIN ,1981
TRIPATHI, 2001
TB 0.5-2% MANDAL, 1999
VENEREAL: BRUCELLOSIS INCIDENCE IS HIGH
OTHERS: LISTERIOSIS INCIDENCE IS HIGH
VIRAL:IBR INCIDENCE IS HIGH
(C) JEROME A
27. INCIDENCES
ANESTRUM: HIGH INCATTLE,BUFFALO,CROSSBRED
REPEAT BREEDING : HIGH IN CROSSBRED THAN CATTLE & BUFFALO
ENDOMETRITIS: HIGH IN BUFFALOES
COD:HIGH IN CROSSBRED THAN CATTLE & BUFFALO
CERVICITIS:HIGH IN CATTLE AND BUFFALOES
PYOMETRA: HIGH IN BUFFALOES
SALPINGITIS:HIGH IN BUFFALOES
RFM : HIGH IN BUFFALOES
DYSTOCIA: HIGH IN CROSSBRED
ABORTION: HIGH IN BUFFALOES
(C) JEROME A
29. VARIOUS COMPONENTS
SOIL
PLANT RESOURCES
SEASONAL VARIATION
(LIVESTOCK SECTOR OF INDIA, 1995)
(C) JEROME A
30. AGROCLIMATE ZONES OF INDIA
ZONES OF INDIA
THE HIMALAYAN ZONE
THE CENTRAL ZONE
THE PENINSULAR ZONE
THE NORTH-WESTERN DRY ZONE
THE NORTH-EASTERN ZONE
THE SOUTHERN HILL ZONE
(C) JEROME A
32. CATTLE ENDOWEMENT IN VARIOUS ZONES OF INDIA
HIGHEST DENSITY
MID GANGETIC PLAIN,
WEST COASTAL,SOUTHERN
PLATEAU
LOWEST DENSITY
WESTERNHIMALAYA,UPPER
GANGETIC PLAINS,WESTERN
DRY,GUJARAT PLAINS,EAST
COAST PLAINS AND HILL REGION
CROSSBREDS
WESTERN COASTAL
REGION
(C) JEROME A
33. BUFFALO ENDOWMENT IN VARIOUS ZONES OF INDIA
HIGHEST DENSITY
GANGETIC PLAINS
EAST COASTAL
REGION
LOWEST DENSITY
WESTERN DRY
REGION
WESTERN COASTAL
REGION
(C) JEROME A
35. MINERALS AND SOIL
BASAL METABOLISM,GROWTH, REPRODUCTIVITY CYCLICITY
OF THE ANIMAL DEPENDS LARGELY ON MINERALS (NRC ,
2000)
EXISTENCE OF SOIL –PLANT –ANIMALINTERRELATIONSHIP
FOR SOME TRACE MINERAL (YADAV AND KHIRWAR , 1999)
LOW REPRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY - DEFICIENCY OF
COPPER,ZINC ,MOLYBDENUM IN MOST REGIONS OF INDIA
(BARAUH 2000)
(C) JEROME A
36. MACRO MINERALS (GREATER THAN 100ppm)
CALCIUM, PHOSPHORUS, MAGNESIUM, POTASSSIUM,
SODIUM, CHLORINE ,SULFUR
TRACE MINERALS (LESS THAN 100ppm )
COPPER,ZINC,COBALT,IODINE,IRON,MANGANESE,SELENI
UM,CHROMIUM,MOLYBDENUM, CADMIUM,ARSENIC,
LEAD.
NEWER TRACE MINERALS
NICKEL,BORON, LITHIUM, TIN,VANADIUM
(MASTERS AND WHITE 1996)
(C) JEROME A
37. MINERAL PROFILE OF SOME STATES
STATES ZINC CU FE MN
(1-2 ppm) (3-4 ppm) (10-12 ppm) (3-8
ppm)
MP 0.61 2.40 10.5 25.1
TN 0.98 2.34 13.9 8.4
GUJ ARAT 0.69 2.75 8.9 14.6
BIHAR 0.98 2.52 14.7 4.2
PUNJAB 2.06 1.10 13.3 4
MAHARASHTRA 0.57 0.65 5.6 4.7
HARYANA 2.0 2.3 18.5 11.7
ORISSA 1.17 5.46 5 34.3
UP 0.53 0.5 67.0 22.2
ALL INDIA CO-ORDINATED PROJECT
OF TRACE MINERALS 2004
(C) JEROME A
39. IN TERMS OF
CONCENTRATE
GREEN FODDER
GRAZING LAND
(LIVESTOCK SECTOR OF INDIA )
(C) JEROME A
40. CONCENTRATE AVAILABILITY
BETTER REGIONS
TRANSGANGETIC PLAINS, UPPER GANGETIC PLAIN
AVALABILITY 26-43%
MODERATE REGIONS
EAST COASTAL PLAINS ,WEST COASTAL PLAINS ,
CENTRAL PLATEAU
AVAILABILITY 21-23%
LOW AVAILABILITY REGION
WESTERN HIMALAYA,WESTERN DRY REGION, WESTERN
COASTAL REGION
AVALABILTY 6-7.5%
(C) JEROME A
41. GREEN FODDER
BETTER REGIONS
TRANSGANGETIC PLAINS , WESTERN COASTAL REGION
AVAILABILITY HIGHEST IN TRANS GANGETIC PLAIN
61% REGION
GOOD REGION
EASTERN COASTAL REGION , UPPER GANGETIC PLAIN
NEXT BEST EASTHIMALAYA ,EAST COAST AND WEST
COAST WITH MODRATE FOREST
COVER 38-43%
WORST REGIONS
WESTERN DRY REGION ,CENTRAL PLATEAU REGION
LOW REGIONS BELOW 10%
(C) JEROME A
42. GRAZING LAND
HIGHEST IN WEST HIMALAYA AND EAST PLAINS
AVAILABILITY 50%
LOWEST IN TRANSGANGETIC PLAIN
AVAILABILITY 10%
IN OTHER STATES
AVAILABILITY 2-5%
(C) JEROME A
43. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON PLANT RESOURCES
BETTER REGIONS:
TRANSGANGETIC
PLAIN,UPPER GANGETIC
PLAIN, WESTERN
PLATEAU REGION
MODERATE REGIONS:
EASTCOASTALREGION,MI
DDLE GANGETIC PLAIN
,LOWER GANGETIC
PLAINS
WORST REGIONS :
WESTERN DRY ,
GUJARAT PLAINS,
LIVESTOCK SECTOR OF INDIA HIMALAYA REGION
(C) JEROME A
45. SEASONAL VARIATION AFFECTING REPRODUCTION
SEASONALITY IN CONCEPTION OF BUFFALOES DUE TO
SEASONAL VARIATION - RAO AND RAO ,1968
ENVIRONMENT TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY AFFECTS SEXUAL
ACTIVITY IN BUFFALOES - GOSWAMI AND NAIR, 1965
SEASONAL RHYTHMS OF ESTRUS WERE SEEN ASSOCIATED WITH
GRADUAL INCREASE IN DAYLIGHT- TOMAR AND DESAI ,1965
POSITVE INFLUENCE OF PHOTOPERIODISM ON ANIMALS SEXUAL
BEHAVIOUR - RAO AND RAO, 1996
(C) JEROME A
51. ADVERSE SEASONAL AFECTED AREAS
EXTREME COLD REGION
EXTREME DRY REGION
EXTREME RAINFALL
REGION
REGION WITH EXTREME
EXTREME SUMMER AND
WINTER
REGION WITH EXTREME
SUMMER AND MODERATE
WINTER
(C) JEROME A
52. PRIORITISING REGIONS BASED ON THREE FACTORS
NORTHERN REGION
33
1] SOIL 1
2
2] SEASONAL VARIATION
3] PLANT AVAILABILITY
EASTERN REGION
1] SEASONAL VARIATION 3
1
2] SOIL 2
3] PLANT AVALABILITY
(C) JEROME A
53. SOUTHERN REGION
1] SOIL
3
2] PLANT AVAILABILITY 1
2
3] SEASONAL VARIATION
WESTERN REGION
SOIL, PLANT AVAILABILITY, SEASONAL
VARIATION
(C) JEROME A