2. The Education Division of c

3. What is ?
ccLearn is a division of Creative Commons which is dedicated to
realizing the full potential of the Internet to support open learning
and open educational resources (OER). Our mission is to
minimize barriers to sharing and reuse of educational materials
— legal barriers, technical barriers, and social barriers.

4. What are Open Educational Resources?

5. Tools Implementation
Learning Content
Resources
cba
Michael Reschke
http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl.html
Text on OER slides are licensed GNU FDL v1.2
http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl.html

6. Tools Implementation
Learning Content
Resources
cba
Michael Reschke
Full courses,
course materials,
content modules,
learning objects,
collections,
journals
Text on OER slides are licensed GNU FDL v1.2
http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl.html

7. Tools Implementation
Learning Content
Resources
cba
Michael Reschke
Software to support the creation, delivery, use and
improvement of open learning content including
searching and organization of content, content and
learning management systems, content development
tools, and on-line learning communities.
Text on OER slides are licensed GNU FDL v1.2
http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl.html

8. Tools Implementation
Learning Content
Resources
cba
Michael Reschke
Intellectual property
licenses to promote
open publishing of
materials, design-
principles, and
localization of content.
Text on OER slides are licensed GNU FDL v1.2
http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl.html

9. Tools Implementation
Learning Content
Resources
cba
Michael Reschke
Intellectual
Full courses, course Software to support the creation, property licenses
materials, content delivery, use and improvement of to promote open
modules, learning open learning content including publishing of
objects, collections, searching and organization of materials, design-
content, content and learning
journals principles, and
management systems, content
localization of
development tools, and on-line
content.
learning communities.
Text on OER slides are licensed GNU FDL v1.2
http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl.html

10. What makes resources OPEN?
The ability to:
• Access
• Share — Copy, Distribute, Display
• Adapt — Perform, Translate
• Derive — Remix
The openness of a resource increases with the
permissions given.
More permissions = More open.

11. Education is different.
• In most places, education is a public good.
• But the quality of education varies.
— By region
— By school
— By class
• Open Educational Resources (OER) change this,
by promoting (e)quality education around the world.
The internet is a universal medium.
It can be accessed by anyone.

12. OER form a Network.
• Teachers like to share and adapt materials for
the classroom.
• Students consume these materials, but they only
learn by actively taking part in the process of
creation.
• We learn by doing what has been done before; we
create by re-creating, by building off othersʼ work.
Learning occurs through exchange of and
collaboration on the expression of ideas.

13. But there are Legal Barriers.
T
cbn
Nancy
http://flickr.com/photos/pugno_muliebriter/1384247192/

14. Expression is often restricted.
• Because expression can be, and often is, fully
copyrighted.
• Copyrighted material cannot be shared, adapted,
derived, or even accessed... without express
permission by the owner of the copyright.
• But when people, especially educators, put things
on the web, it is usually for the express purpose of
making it freely available.
• Unfortunately, copyright overrules this intent.
And if you donʼt license your work to be open, it automatically
defaults to all rights reserved copyright.

15. ccLearn promotes c licenses.
• CC Licenses are copyright. They do not replace
copyright, but instead grant a priori permissions
for certain uses that would otherwise be
disallowed.
• So the author still retains her rights to a work; she
simply chooses to give away those rights she does
not need or want.
• This makes perfect sense in education especially,
since most people want to share and build off of
each otherʼs work.

16. CC offers an easy way to share materials,
vs the murky interpretations of fair use in
copyright law.
cba
openDemocracy
http://flickr.com/photos/opendemocracy/542303769/

17. CC Licenses support Interoperability
are clear, comprehensible
ccLearn wants education
and compatible
to be here:
b
Public
“All rights
bd Domain
reserved”
ba
Attribution
bn bna Only
bnd CC BY
p

18. Because CC BY ...
• Allows the most freedoms without giving up
b attribution, which is important for credibility in
education
• Is compatible with every other CC license, allowing
the most room for innovation via collaboration
• Does not encroach on the freedom of potential
users by enforcing a specified use:
i.e. CC BY-SA requires you to share alike, even if
ba the new work is best suited for another license

19. CC License Case Studies
Which License should I use when?

20. bd Consider
• You are part of a group of experts that has
CC BY-ND
finally finished a protocol for data curation.
Attribution • Every word was carefully considered, and
No Derivatives
it took months of meetings to complete.
Allows for
• You and the group want to share it, and
redistribution,
you donʼt particularly care how it is used...
commercial and non-
commercial, as long
as it is passed along
unchanged and in
whole, with credit to
you.
... AS LONG AS it does not get altered in any way.
For this purpose, CC BY-ND is appropriate.

21. bd But consider too
• Foreign colleagues want to translate the
CC BY-ND
protocol. They must seek permission before
they can do so.
Attribution
No Derivatives
? ?
Allows for
redistribution,
commercial and non-
commercial, as long
• A fellow expert wants to adapt the work for
as it is passed along
display on PDAs. He must also seek
unchanged and in
permission.
whole, with credit to
you.
• Any time someone would like to adapt your
work, the groupʼs permission is required—
Even for the simple purposes of technical
and social interoperability.

22. bna Consider
• A university decides to release course
CC BY-NC-SA
content openly.
Attribution
Hurray!
Non-commercial
Share Alike
Lets others:
• remix, tweak, and
• However, much of the content is third-party
build upon your work
non-commercially.
material.
• download and
• It is difficult to get rights-holders to give
redistribute your work.
• translate, remix, and
them content without the NC term.
produce new stories
based on your work.
All new work based on
This is a case where the university would
yours will carry the
want to adopt CC BY-NC-SA,
same license, so any
derivatives will also be since it is necessary to achieve an
non-commercial in
agreement with all their rights-holders.
nature.

23. But what if
But they canʼt,
• Rights holders are willing to give materials because it is
to the university sans the NC restriction. NC licensed.
• However, the university doesnʼt want anyone
selling content without their permission.
• So the university applies the NC term. CC BY-NC-SA
Hurray!
And they donʼt
Boo! want to go through
the red tape of
This is a bad reason to use NC because: negotiations.
• People only buy content if they canʼt
access the free version, or if they want to
access it differently.
i.e. A publishing co. decides to make
hardcopies available at minimal prices
(to recover printing costs) ... to students in Bangladesh!

24. Consider
b • You are a creator of a work, be it a play,
CC BY
a love song, a cookbook
or an educational video game.
Attribution Only
Lets others
distribute, remix,
tweak, and build
upon your work,
even commercially,
as long as they credit
you for the original
• Basically, you want your stuff to be used
creation.
widely—by the most people possible.
• But as a professional in your field, you
want to be recognized for your work.
This is a great case for CC BY.

25. But what if
b
• Someone takes my stuff and locks it away,
CC BY
defeating the purpose of making it open?
Attribution Only
Thatʼs impossible with digital content. Even if
Lets others
someone remixed the work and re-licensed it
distribute, remix,
under full copyright, your original work is still
tweak, and build
upon your work, available, free for anybody to use.
even commercially,
as long as they credit
• Someone uses my stuff inappropriately,
you for the original
creation. while my name is attached to it?
Boo!
• CC BY specifically states that you do not
endorse any works derived from yours.
• So it doesnʼt matter; non-endorsement
Hurray!
clause and moral rights allow you to request
a take-down and seek damages anyway.

26. Remember: CC BY
• Allows the most freedoms with attribution
b (important for credibility in education)
• Is compatible with every other CC license, so...
New and creative uses can develop that were not
possible before!
• All the while NOT encroaching on the freedom of
potential users by enforcing a specified use
bna i.e. CC BY-NC- SA might not allow print versions of your
work to be given away for even a small recovery cost.

27. But what about Technical Barriers?
T
cbn
Tantek Çelik
http://flickr.com/photos/tantek/85610375/

28. CC overcomes Technical Barriers
CC Licenses are also clear to search engines
• CC Licenses specify licensing restrictions
on works in metadata
• The metadata is picked up by search engines
such as Google,
Yahoo, and Flickr
Reference for this and later slides (where noted):
Towards a Global Learning Commons: ccLearn.
Bissell, Ahrash and James Boyle.
Educational Technology 4(6). Nov-Dec 2007. Pages 5-9.

29. Other Technical Barriers
Incompatibility of:
• Video formats
• Encryption protocols
• Streaming technologies cbna
David Tames
http://flickr.com/photos/kino-eye/354623704/
A great deal of “open educational resources” are
encased in technology not easily translatable to more
universal, interoperable standards.
So that even though OER may be licensed openly,
it is prevented from being used openly, negating the
point of openness.
(Bissell and Boyle)

30. And finally, the Social Barriers to
Open Education
cbna
Judy Baxter
http://flickr.com/photos/judybaxter/501511984/

31. World
My stuff
Resources
vs
Technical Socioeconomic
Commons
Cultural
factors
Unfamiliarity
Teacher
Education
Time Developed
Management World
Social
Agency
Workload vs
Barriers
Teacher Developing
Salary World
Standardized
Awareness,
Organizational Curricula
Misconceptions
Pressures
Tenure Noncommercial
Standards Term
(Bissell and Boyle)

32. Projects

33. CC Portal
ODEPO
DiscoverEd for
Project
Educators

34. DiscoverEd
A search for all • Scalable
educational resources on
• Extensible
the web should be:
• Federated

35. Language and
supporting materials
more appropriate for the
educational context
CC Portal
for
What are the different
Educators
CC licenses and what
do they mean?
Point of departure for
Choosing a CC license
understanding the bigger
for educational materials
issues and hopes in
education

36. - Identify potential
collaborators
- Network
- Add your project
- Add additional info
ODEPO - Search by various
Project properties
The Open Database of Educational Projects and Organizations
Find: - Licensing Information
- Open Education Organizations
- Affiliated Projects and Organizations

37. Except where otherwise noted, this slideshow is licensed:
http://learn.creativecommons.org