2. PRESENTED BY:
Muhammad Azaz
0331-8788660
Department
of Geography
GCUF

3. Remote Sensing
Topic

4.  Remote Sensing?
 History of Remote Sensing
 Process from Beginning to End
 Platforms used for Remote
Sensing
 Applications of Remote sensing
 Remote Sensing in Pakistan

5. Remote
Sensing?
 Remote sensing is defined as
the technique of obtaining
information about objects
through the analysis of data
collected by special
instruments that are not in
physical contact with the
objects of investigation.
 The electromagnetic
radiation is normally used as
an information carrier in
remote sensing.

6. History of Remote Sensing
The history of remote sensing began with the
invention of photography. The term
"photography" is derived from two Greek words
meaning "light" (phos) and "writing" (graphien).

7.  1038 AD - Al
Hazen an Arabian
mathematician
explained the
principle of the
camera obscura
to observe sun
eclipse.

8. Camera Obscura

9.  1490 - Leonardo describes in detail the
principles underlying the CAMERA
OBSCURA (literally DARK ROOM).
 1550- Cardano first put optic on camera
obscura for creating more quality image.
 1666 - Sir Isaac Newton, while experimenting
with a prism, found that he could disperse
light into a spectrum of red, orange, yellow,
green, blue, indigo, and violet. Utilizing a
second prism, he found that he could re-
combine the colors into white light.

10. First photograph in the world by
Niepce (1827)

11.  1858 - Gasper
Felix “Nadar" takes
the first aerial
photograph from a
captive balloon
from an altitude of
1,200 feet over
Paris.

12.  1860's - Aerial
observations,
and possible
photography, for
military
purposes were
acquired from
balloons in the
Civil
War. Balloons
were used to
map forest in
1862, but not
used to acquire
aerial
photographs as

13.  1887 - Germans began
experiments with aerial
photographs and
photogrammetric
techniques for
measuring features and
areas in forests.
 1889 - Arthur Batut take
the first aerial
photograph from using a
kite of Labruguiere
France.

14.  1903 - The Bavarian
Pigeon Corps uses
pigeons to transmit
messages and take
aerial photos.

15. 1914 - WWI provided a boost in the use of
aerial photography,
Reconnaissance Graflex camera Annotated photo of
military locations in
France during WW I,
1918.
BE 2c Reconnaissance Aircraft

16.  1934 - Photogrammetric Engineering
first published in U.S.A. The Society
was again renamed, and is now The
American Society of Photogrammetry
and Remote Sensing.
 1936 - Albert W. Stevens takes the first
photograph of the actual curvature of
the earth - taken from a free balloon at
an altitude of 72,000 feet.
 1940 - World War II brought about
more sophisticated techniques in air
photo interpretation.

17. 1946 - First space photographs from V-2
rockets.
1954 - U-2 takes first flight.

18.  1960 - TIROS-1 launched as
first meteorological satellite.
 1964- Nimbus Weather
Satellite Program begins
with the Launch of
Nimbus1.
 1972 - Launch of ERTS-1
(the first Earth Resources
Technology Satellite ,later
renamed Landsat 1).
 1975 - Landsat 2, GOES
 1978 - Landsat 3
 1978 - Launch of Nimbus-7
with Total Ozone Mapping
Sensor

19. 1982 - Landsat-4
1984 - SIR-B
1984 - Landsat-5
1986 - Launch of SPOT-1
1990 - SPOT-2
1993 - SPOT-3, Landsat-6 fails to
achieve orbit
2004 - China Satellite RocSat2
launched

21. Process from Beginning to End…
(A) Energy Source or Illumination
(B) Radiation and the Atmosphere
(C) Interaction with the Target
(D) Recording of Energy by the
Sensor
(E) Transmission, Reception, and
Processing
(F) Interpretation and Analysis
(G) Application

22. Platforms used for Remote
Sensing
Ground-based platforms: ground,
vehicles and/or towers => up to 50 m
Airborne platforms: airplanes,
helicopters, high-altitude aircrafts, balloons
=> up to 50 km
Space borne: rockets, satellites, shuttle
=> from about 100 km to 36000 km
 Space shuttle: 250-300 km
 Space station: 300-400 km
 Low-level satellites: 700-1500 km
 High-level satellites: about 36000 km

23. Applications of Remote sensing
Meteorology
Reporting of atmospheric temp. and water vapor
Measuring wind velocity
Oceanography
Measurements of sea surface temperature
Mapping ocean currents
Glaciology
Mapping motion of sea ice and ice sheets
Determining the navigability of the sea
Geology
Identification of rock types
Location of geological faults
Agriculture
Monitoring the extend and type of vegetation
Mapping soil types
Hydrology
Assessing water resources
Forecasting melt water run-off from snow
Disaster control
Warning of sand and dust storms, flooding
Monitoring of pollution

24. Remote Sensing in Pakistan
 The Pakistan Remote Sensing Satellite (PRSS) is being
developed as a dual purpose Earth observational and
optical satellite which was scheduled to launch by the end
year of 2011 for the replacement of BADR-II satellite. The
satellite is manufactured indigenously in Lahore
SUPARCO center. The satellite is equipped with very high
resolution radio meter and a SAR.(Synthetic Aperture
RADAR)
 Remote-sensing-based climate and flood warning
technology is to upgrade flood management of Pakistan.
The project will help build the capacity of Pakistan
Meteorological Department and other agencies responsible
for flood forecasting, early warning and management at
the national, provincial and district levels. UNESCO, with
the financial assistance of Japan, is introducing the system
at a cost of 3.5 million dollar. The system is expected to be
completed by 2013.

25. http://www.geospectra.net/kite/history/history.htm
http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/115a/history/pigeonre
motesensing.html
http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/115a/history/ww1.html
http://www.agrecon.canberra.edu.au/Remote/Remote.ht
m
http://www.nicephore-niepce.com/
References

26. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/RemoteSens
ing
http://www.suparco.gov.pk/pages/rsss.asp
http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~geog-p/geog/RemoteSensing/
http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/tutorial/intro.ht
m
http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/earth-sciences/geography-
boundary/remote-sensing/fundamentals/1212
http://www.hydrology.nl/ihpnews/300-pakistan-
remote-sensing-to-forecast-floods.html