SlideShare uma empresa Scribd logo
1 de 6
Baixar para ler offline
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
ISSN: 2278-067X, Volume 1, Issue 12 (July 2012), PP.27-32
www.ijerd.com

   Design Analysis of Slotted Diagonal Shape Patch Antenna with
                           Hybrid Coupler
                                   A.Sahaya Anselin Nisha 1, T.Jayanthy2
                         1
                             Research Scholar, Sathyabama University, Chennai - 600119, India
                        2
                            Principal, Panimalar Institute of Technology, Chennai-602103, India.


Abstract—In this paper hybrid coupler connected diagonal shaped patch antenna with slot is examined. Theoretical
performance is carried out using advanced system design (ADS) software. Measurement of antenna parameters like
return loss, standing wave ratio also have been presented in this article. The measured values for the antenna are taken
by agilent E5062A network analyzer. Simulated and measured results are having good agreement. The effect of excited
two orthogonal modes with equal amplitude and 90 degree phase shift coupler connected with patch will produce circular
polarization. The antenna is having gain of 3.319dB and the directivity of 6.98dB. The proposed antenna can be useful in
wireless applications.

Keywords— Advanced Design System, Circular Polarization, C band, Network Analyser, Patch antenna

                                               I.        INTRODUCTION
          Microstrip patch antennas are placing vital role in personal communication systems because of its tremendous
advantages of light weight, thin profile and low cost [1]. The other side micro strip patch antenna having great disadvantage
is narrow bandwidth. Many techniques are introduced to improve the bandwidth for example multilayer, thick substrate [2].
Patch can be in any shape like rectangular, Circular, Square, Elliptical, Triangular etc [3]. Hybrid coupler
implementation with Varactor diode and Pin diode is proposed by S. Cheng, K-O. Sun, [ 4 , 5 ] . Commercial
wireless systems require low cost antenna with large bandwidth, slot antennas satisfying these requirements [6, 7]. By
introducing Log periodic microstrip antennas [8,9], different types of feeding techniques [10-14] bandwidth is enhanced in
wireless applications. Circular polarization antenna have been proposed and studied over the past few years [15-19]. In this
design a new shaped microstrip antenna is introduced and the hybrid coupler is connected to get circular polarization. The
design concept comes from circularly polarized antenna with conical beam [20].

                                         II.         MICROSTRIP ANTENNA
          Microstrip or patch antennas are becoming increasingly useful because they can be printed directly onto a circuit
board. They are becoming very widespread within the mobile phone market. They are low cost, have a low profile and are
easily fabricated. Discontinuities are present in microstrip antenna to produce electric and magnetic field distributions [21].
The fig 1 shows the geometry of the microstrip patch antenna. This patch antenna is having the ground plane and dielectric
which would be underneath. The length L causes resonance at its half-wavelength frequency. The radiating edges are at the
ends of the L-dimension of the rectangle, which sets up the single polarization. Radiation that occurs at the ends of the W-
dimension is far less and is referred to as the cross polarization. The thickness of the ground plane is not critically impor tant.
Typically the height h is much smaller than the wavelength of operation. In GPS receivers the size of portable
communication device is very important [22]. The square ring microstrip antenna design is having very small size of
antenna proposed by J.S.Row [23]. To reduce the size of square patch antenna slits are introduced at the corner of antenna.
Phase detection and the circularly polarized antenna is produced by a square patch antenna with feed point on the diagonal.
Slot antennas will be having wider circular polarization bandwidth than single feed circularly polarized antenna. In this
paper a novel design of microstrip octagonal shaped patch antenna is proposed for wireless applications.

                                       III.         HYBRID COUPLER DESIGN
          Hybrid couplers normally split an input signal into two unequal amplitude outputs. It is a four port device with one
input, two outputs and one isolated port. At ideal condition input port power is equal to sum of two output port power ie 90
degree phase shift between these ports. Termination impedance is connected with the isolated port. According to the
impedance choice of the series and stub microstrip transmission lines we can calculate the w/d ratios of those lines in
microstrip form by using the following formulas: Width of Hybrid (w) is as follows
          8eA                                                           w
 w       2A − 2
                                                                          <2
   = e                                                                  d                                               Eq. 1
 d      2                         ɛr − 1                       0.61     w
           B − 1 − ln 2B − 1 +            ln B − 1 + 0.39 −               >2
        π                           2ɛr                         ɛr      d




                                                               27
Design Analysis of Slotted Diagonal Shape Patch Antenna with Hybrid Coupler




                                              Fig 1 Geometry of Microstrip antenna
            w                       377 π
Consider         >2            B=
             d                      2z 0 ɛr
Dielectric constant (εe):

       ε r + 1 εr − 1   1
εe =          +                                                                                   Eq. 2
           2      2      12d
                      1+
                          w

Length of the hybrid (l):

     900 π × 1800
l=                                                                                                Eq. 3
         ɛe × k 0




                                        Fig 2 Schematic diagram of Hybrid coupler




                                                             28
Design Analysis of Slotted Diagonal Shape Patch Antenna with Hybrid Coupler

                                                     0
                                                                        m1
                                                     -5
                                                                        freq=2.400GHz
                                                                        dB(S(1,1))=-31.413
                                                    -10




                                       dB(S(1,1))
                                                    -15


                                                    -20


                                                    -25


                                                    -30                         m1

                                                    -35
                                                          1.0     1.5     2.0        2.5    3.0      3.5   4.0

                                                                                freq, GHz

                                                                  Fig 3 Return loss Vs frequency

          Normal hybrid coupler has been modified to get optimum result for 2.4GHz hybrid coupler. Each input line used
2.96 mm for the width and 16.66 mm for the length. While the main line used 5.15 mm for the width and 12.9 mm for the
length. And for the shunt arm dimension is 2.96 mm for the width and 16.66 mm for the length. The figure 2 and 3 shows
schematic and return loss diagram of hybrid coupler. The hybrid coupler is terminated by 50Ω impedance. Magnitude
response is calculated theoretically for 2.4GHz and simulation is done using the software ADS shows coupler is having -
31.9dB return loss at 2.4GHz.

                                                                IV.      ANTENNA DESIGN
            Working at microwave frequencies requires proper selection of the substrate. Microstrip bends at high frequencies
start to radiate and hence do not transmit much of the input power. A circuit like butler matrix, which has numerous bends in
its physical layout, looses most of input power if proper substrate is not selected. A proper substrate is selected for a resonant
frequency of 2.4GHz with a substrate of εr = 4.6 and a thickness is about 1.6 mm with FR4 board. With the available
facilities, working with such thin substrates is very difficult, but any further increase in the thickness of the substrate would
cause higher radiation losses at each microstrip line bend. This has significant impact on the response of butler matrix as it
has numerous bends. There are many methods of analysis used with patch antennas. One of the popular is the method of
moment model, which is based on equivalent magnetic current distribution around the patches edge. Initially rectangular
patch is drawn by using the following equations, then slot is introduced in the square patch and the simulation was
performed by using ADS software. The fundamental mode of a patch antenna is TM01 mode. The subscript depicts the
orientation along y-axis of the two radiating slots, or voltage maximums. To excite the length L, should be slightly less than
λg/2, where λg is defined by

             𝜆𝑜
   𝜆𝑔 =      𝜀 𝑟𝑒
                                                                                                                             (4)

  Where 𝜀 𝑟𝑒 is effective dielectric constant and is calculated as follows

              εr+1        εr−1        12h −1∕2
    𝜀 𝑟𝑒 =        2
                      +    2
                                 1+   W
                                                                                                                             (5)




                                                                Fig 4 Geometry of proposed antenna

  W is taken as being equal to a half-wavelength corresponding to the average of the two dielectric mediums i.e. substrate
and air.

                                                                                29
Design Analysis of Slotted Diagonal Shape Patch Antenna with Hybrid Coupler
                 𝐶
   𝑊=                εr +1
                                                                                                                       (6)
          2𝑓 𝑜
                       2



Generally the resonance frequency of the patch can be calculated by the excited mode TM mn is given by

                                           1/2
          c                  𝑚 2       𝑛 2
  fo =                             +                                                                                   (7)
         2 εr                𝐿         𝑊


Finally coupler and patch is connected to achieve the desired characteristics. Figure 4 illustrate the geometry of proposed
antenna.

                                           V.      SIMULATED AND MEASURED RESULTS
          The return loss for the proposed antenna is -15.65dB at 2.417GHz as shown in figure 5 and 6. The simulated and
measured results are having good agreement. Measured value of VSWR is shown in figure 7. The measured VSWR is less
than two for resonant frequency. The phase change characteristic is shown in figure 8. The phase is getting changed exactly
at 2.417GHz. Polarization shows the electric filed distribution of antenna, here the proposed antenna is having circular
polarization, it is produced by directly connecting the hybrid coupler to radiating element and it is shown in figure 9.




                                                  Fig 5. Simulated graph of return loss Vs Frequency




                                                  Fig 6. Measured graph of return loss Vs Frequency




                                                                         30
Design Analysis of Slotted Diagonal Shape Patch Antenna with Hybrid Coupler




                                                      Fig 7 Measured Characteristic of VSWR



                                                                            S11
                                               200


                                               100
                                 Phase [deg]




                                                 0


                                               -100


                                               -200
                                                      2.0     2.2     2.4         2.6   2.8      3.0
                                                                       Frequency


                                                Fig 8 Phase Characteristic of proposed antenna




                                                  Fig 9 Radiation pattern of proposed antenna

                                                            VI.     CONCLUSION
          A new feeding technique is introduced in this paper. Circular polarization is achieved by connecting directly
hybrid coupler to radiating element. The return loss value is greater than -10dB so the proposed antenna can be useful in the
field of wireless application. Proposed antenna also having high directivity.

                                                                       31
Design Analysis of Slotted Diagonal Shape Patch Antenna with Hybrid Coupler

                                                       REFERENCES
[1].    Bahl, J. and P. Bhartia, Microstrip Antennas, Artech House, Inc., London, 1980.
[2].    James, J. R. and P. S. Hall, Handbook of Microstrip Antennas,Peter Peregronic Ltd., London, 1989.
[3].    N.T. Tokan and F. Gune¸, “support vector characterization of the microstrip antennas based on
                                       ¨ s
        measurements”, Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 5, 49–61, 2008.
[4].    S. Cheng, E. Ojefors, P. Hallbjorner, A. Rydberg, “Compact reflective microstrip phase shifter for traveling wave antenna
        applications ,” IEEE Microwave & Wireless Components Letters, vol. 16, pp. 431-433, July 2006.
[5].    K-O. Sun, C-C. Yen, D. Van der Weide, “A size reduced reflection-mode phase shifter,” Mic. & Opt. Tech. Letters, Vol.
        47, pp. 457-459, Dec. 2005.
[6].    Eldek, A. A., A. Z. Elsherbeni, C. E. Smith, and K.-F. Lee,“Wideband slot antennas for radar applications,” Proc. IEEE Radar
        Conf., 79–84, Huntsville, AL, May 2003.
[7].    Neto, N. Llombart, G. Gerini, and P. de Maagt, “On the optimal radiation bandwidth of printed slot antennas surrounded by
        EBGs,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1074–1082, Apr. 2006.
[8].    P. S. Hall, “New wideband microstrip antenna using log-periodic technique,” Electron. Lett., vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 127–128, 1980.
[9].    P. S. Hall, “Multi-octave bandwidth log-periodic microstrip antenna array,” Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. Microw., Antennas Propag.,
        vol. 133, no. 2, pt. H, pp. 127–136, 1986.
[10].   H. Pues, J. Bogaers, R. Pieck, and A. van de Capelle, “Wideband quasi log-periodic microstrip antennas,” Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng.
        Microw., Antennas Propag., vol. 128, no. 3, pt. H, pp. 159–163, 1981.
[11].   R. Kakkar and G. Kumar, “Stagger tuned microstrip log-periodic antenna,” in IEEE AP-S Int. Symp. Digest, Jun. 1996, pp.
        1262–1265.
[12].   H. Ozeke, S. Hayashi, N. Kikuma, and N. Inagaki, “Quasi-log-periodic microstrip antenna with closely coupled elements,” Elect.
        Eng., vol. 132, no. 2, pp. 58–64, 2000, in Japan.
[13].   H. K. Smith and P. E. Mayes, “Log-periodic array of dual-feed microstrip patch antennas,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol.
        39, no. 12, pp. 1659–1664, 1991.
[14].   M. K. A. Rahim, M. N. A. Karim, T. Masri, and A. Asrokin, “Comparison between straight and U shape of ultra wide band
        microstrip antenna using log periodic technique,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on UWB, Sep. 2007, pp. 696–699.
[15].   H. Kawakami, G. Sato, and R. Wakabayashi, “Research on circularly polarized conical-beam antennas,” IEEE Antennas Mag.,
        vol. 39, pp. 27–39, Jun. 1997.
[16].   D. Zhou, R. A. Abd-Alhameed, C. H. See, N. J. McEwan, and P. S. Excell, “New circularly-polarized conical-beam microstrip
        patch antenna array for short-range communication systems,” Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 51, pp. 78–81, Jan. 2009.
[17].   D. I. Wu, “Omnidirectional circularly-polarized conformal microstrip array for telemetry applications,” in IEEE Antennas
        Propag. Soc. Int.Symp. Dig., 1995, vol. 2, pp. 998–1001.
[18].   Nesic, V. Brankovic, and I. Radnovic, “Circularly polarised printed antenna with conical beam,” Electron. Lett., vol. 34, pp.
        1165–1167, Jun. 11, 1998.
[19].   K. L. Lau and K. M. Luk, “A wideband circularly polarized conicalbeam patch antenna,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol.
        AP-54, pp. 1591–1594, May 2006.
[20].   Jeen-Sheen Row and Ming-Che Chan, “Reconfigurable Circularly-Polarized Patch Antenna With Conical Beam”, IEEE
        transactions on antennas and propagation, vol. 58, no. 8, august 2010.
[21].   Slobodzian.P and R.Borowiec, “ Microstrip antenna for cellular and Wireless communication system”, Microwave
        Opt.Tech.Lett., Vol.34, No.5, 380-384,Sppt 5, 2002.
[22].   G.S.Shiroma, R.Y.Miyamoto and W.A.Shiroma. “A full duplex dual frequency self steering array using phase detection and
        phase shifting”, IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory Tech., Vol.54,PP.128-134,Jan 2006.
[23].   J.S Row, “ Design of square ring microstrip antenna for circular Polarization”, Electronics letter , Vol.40.No.2, 22 ndJan 2004.




                                                                32

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Mais procurados

Atmospheric aberrations in coherent laser systems
Atmospheric aberrations in coherent laser systemsAtmospheric aberrations in coherent laser systems
Atmospheric aberrations in coherent laser systemswtyru1989
 
Electrical dictionary.1
Electrical dictionary.1Electrical dictionary.1
Electrical dictionary.1sameeksha9
 
IRJET- Improving Performance of Circularly Polarized Patch Antenna by Varying...
IRJET- Improving Performance of Circularly Polarized Patch Antenna by Varying...IRJET- Improving Performance of Circularly Polarized Patch Antenna by Varying...
IRJET- Improving Performance of Circularly Polarized Patch Antenna by Varying...IRJET Journal
 
Fiber optical coupler
Fiber optical couplerFiber optical coupler
Fiber optical couplersaad mahdi
 
Circular Polarized Carbon-NanotubePatch Antenna embedded in Superstrates Anis...
Circular Polarized Carbon-NanotubePatch Antenna embedded in Superstrates Anis...Circular Polarized Carbon-NanotubePatch Antenna embedded in Superstrates Anis...
Circular Polarized Carbon-NanotubePatch Antenna embedded in Superstrates Anis...IOSRJEEE
 
The Power-Bandwidth Tradeoff in MIMO Systems
The Power-Bandwidth Tradeoff in MIMO SystemsThe Power-Bandwidth Tradeoff in MIMO Systems
The Power-Bandwidth Tradeoff in MIMO SystemsMarwan Hammouda
 
Anuj 10mar2016
Anuj 10mar2016Anuj 10mar2016
Anuj 10mar2016Anuj012
 
An approach to design a rectangular microstrip patch antenna in s band by tlm...
An approach to design a rectangular microstrip patch antenna in s band by tlm...An approach to design a rectangular microstrip patch antenna in s band by tlm...
An approach to design a rectangular microstrip patch antenna in s band by tlm...prjpublications
 

Mais procurados (9)

Antennas
AntennasAntennas
Antennas
 
Atmospheric aberrations in coherent laser systems
Atmospheric aberrations in coherent laser systemsAtmospheric aberrations in coherent laser systems
Atmospheric aberrations in coherent laser systems
 
Electrical dictionary.1
Electrical dictionary.1Electrical dictionary.1
Electrical dictionary.1
 
IRJET- Improving Performance of Circularly Polarized Patch Antenna by Varying...
IRJET- Improving Performance of Circularly Polarized Patch Antenna by Varying...IRJET- Improving Performance of Circularly Polarized Patch Antenna by Varying...
IRJET- Improving Performance of Circularly Polarized Patch Antenna by Varying...
 
Fiber optical coupler
Fiber optical couplerFiber optical coupler
Fiber optical coupler
 
Circular Polarized Carbon-NanotubePatch Antenna embedded in Superstrates Anis...
Circular Polarized Carbon-NanotubePatch Antenna embedded in Superstrates Anis...Circular Polarized Carbon-NanotubePatch Antenna embedded in Superstrates Anis...
Circular Polarized Carbon-NanotubePatch Antenna embedded in Superstrates Anis...
 
The Power-Bandwidth Tradeoff in MIMO Systems
The Power-Bandwidth Tradeoff in MIMO SystemsThe Power-Bandwidth Tradeoff in MIMO Systems
The Power-Bandwidth Tradeoff in MIMO Systems
 
Anuj 10mar2016
Anuj 10mar2016Anuj 10mar2016
Anuj 10mar2016
 
An approach to design a rectangular microstrip patch antenna in s band by tlm...
An approach to design a rectangular microstrip patch antenna in s band by tlm...An approach to design a rectangular microstrip patch antenna in s band by tlm...
An approach to design a rectangular microstrip patch antenna in s band by tlm...
 

Destaque

IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...
IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...
IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...IJERD Editor
 
IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...
IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...
IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...IJERD Editor
 
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
 
IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...
IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...
IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...IJERD Editor
 
Identify Defects in Gears Using Digital Image Processing
Identify Defects in Gears Using Digital Image ProcessingIdentify Defects in Gears Using Digital Image Processing
Identify Defects in Gears Using Digital Image ProcessingIJERD Editor
 
IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...
IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...
IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...IJERD Editor
 
IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...
IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...
IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...IJERD Editor
 
Design Approach of Colour Image Denoising Using Adaptive Wavelet
Design Approach of Colour Image Denoising Using Adaptive WaveletDesign Approach of Colour Image Denoising Using Adaptive Wavelet
Design Approach of Colour Image Denoising Using Adaptive WaveletIJERD Editor
 
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
 
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
 

Destaque (13)

IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...
IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...
IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...
 
C05091421
C05091421C05091421
C05091421
 
IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...
IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...
IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...
 
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
 
www.ijerd.com
www.ijerd.comwww.ijerd.com
www.ijerd.com
 
IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...
IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...
IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...
 
Identify Defects in Gears Using Digital Image Processing
Identify Defects in Gears Using Digital Image ProcessingIdentify Defects in Gears Using Digital Image Processing
Identify Defects in Gears Using Digital Image Processing
 
IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...
IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...
IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...
 
www.ijerd.com
www.ijerd.comwww.ijerd.com
www.ijerd.com
 
IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...
IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...
IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...
 
Design Approach of Colour Image Denoising Using Adaptive Wavelet
Design Approach of Colour Image Denoising Using Adaptive WaveletDesign Approach of Colour Image Denoising Using Adaptive Wavelet
Design Approach of Colour Image Denoising Using Adaptive Wavelet
 
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
 
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
 

Semelhante a www.ijerd.com

A CPW-fed Rectangular Patch Antenna for WLAN/WiMAX Applications
A CPW-fed Rectangular Patch Antenna for WLAN/WiMAX ApplicationsA CPW-fed Rectangular Patch Antenna for WLAN/WiMAX Applications
A CPW-fed Rectangular Patch Antenna for WLAN/WiMAX ApplicationsIDES Editor
 
Design and Fabrication of the Novel Miniaturized Microstrip Coupler 3dB Using...
Design and Fabrication of the Novel Miniaturized Microstrip Coupler 3dB Using...Design and Fabrication of the Novel Miniaturized Microstrip Coupler 3dB Using...
Design and Fabrication of the Novel Miniaturized Microstrip Coupler 3dB Using...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
 
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
 
B032107011
B032107011B032107011
B032107011theijes
 
Mutual coupling analysis for 2*2 MIMO antenna using DGS
Mutual coupling analysis for 2*2 MIMO antenna using DGSMutual coupling analysis for 2*2 MIMO antenna using DGS
Mutual coupling analysis for 2*2 MIMO antenna using DGSIRJET Journal
 
RF to dc generator
RF to  dc generatorRF to  dc generator
RF to dc generatorqureshiamin
 
38 GHz rectangular patch antenna CST
38 GHz rectangular patch antenna CST38 GHz rectangular patch antenna CST
38 GHz rectangular patch antenna CSTsulaim_qais
 
IRJET - Design and Performance Analysis of Linear Array
IRJET -  	  Design and Performance Analysis of Linear ArrayIRJET -  	  Design and Performance Analysis of Linear Array
IRJET - Design and Performance Analysis of Linear ArrayIRJET Journal
 
Performance evaluation of circular microstrip
Performance evaluation of circular microstripPerformance evaluation of circular microstrip
Performance evaluation of circular microstripIAEME Publication
 
Performance evaluation of circular microstrip
Performance evaluation of circular microstripPerformance evaluation of circular microstrip
Performance evaluation of circular microstripIAEME Publication
 
Multiband Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN Application
	Multiband Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN Application	Multiband Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN Application
Multiband Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN Applicationtheijes
 
Losses in Waveguide and Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) For Ku Band: A C...
Losses in Waveguide and Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) For Ku Band: A C...Losses in Waveguide and Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) For Ku Band: A C...
Losses in Waveguide and Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) For Ku Band: A C...IJMER
 
Planar Monopole Antenna with Enhanced Bandwidth for C-Ku Band Radar Bands
Planar Monopole Antenna with Enhanced Bandwidth for C-Ku Band Radar BandsPlanar Monopole Antenna with Enhanced Bandwidth for C-Ku Band Radar Bands
Planar Monopole Antenna with Enhanced Bandwidth for C-Ku Band Radar BandsIRJET Journal
 
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
 

Semelhante a www.ijerd.com (20)

A CPW-fed Rectangular Patch Antenna for WLAN/WiMAX Applications
A CPW-fed Rectangular Patch Antenna for WLAN/WiMAX ApplicationsA CPW-fed Rectangular Patch Antenna for WLAN/WiMAX Applications
A CPW-fed Rectangular Patch Antenna for WLAN/WiMAX Applications
 
Gm3112421245
Gm3112421245Gm3112421245
Gm3112421245
 
Design and Fabrication of the Novel Miniaturized Microstrip Coupler 3dB Using...
Design and Fabrication of the Novel Miniaturized Microstrip Coupler 3dB Using...Design and Fabrication of the Novel Miniaturized Microstrip Coupler 3dB Using...
Design and Fabrication of the Novel Miniaturized Microstrip Coupler 3dB Using...
 
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
 
B032107011
B032107011B032107011
B032107011
 
Mutual coupling analysis for 2*2 MIMO antenna using DGS
Mutual coupling analysis for 2*2 MIMO antenna using DGSMutual coupling analysis for 2*2 MIMO antenna using DGS
Mutual coupling analysis for 2*2 MIMO antenna using DGS
 
RF to dc generator
RF to  dc generatorRF to  dc generator
RF to dc generator
 
38 GHz rectangular patch antenna CST
38 GHz rectangular patch antenna CST38 GHz rectangular patch antenna CST
38 GHz rectangular patch antenna CST
 
IRJET - Design and Performance Analysis of Linear Array
IRJET -  	  Design and Performance Analysis of Linear ArrayIRJET -  	  Design and Performance Analysis of Linear Array
IRJET - Design and Performance Analysis of Linear Array
 
Performance evaluation of circular microstrip
Performance evaluation of circular microstripPerformance evaluation of circular microstrip
Performance evaluation of circular microstrip
 
Performance evaluation of circular microstrip
Performance evaluation of circular microstripPerformance evaluation of circular microstrip
Performance evaluation of circular microstrip
 
Multiband Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN Application
	Multiband Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN Application	Multiband Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN Application
Multiband Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN Application
 
Gx3113351337
Gx3113351337Gx3113351337
Gx3113351337
 
Losses in Waveguide and Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) For Ku Band: A C...
Losses in Waveguide and Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) For Ku Band: A C...Losses in Waveguide and Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) For Ku Band: A C...
Losses in Waveguide and Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) For Ku Band: A C...
 
wireless power transfer
wireless power transferwireless power transfer
wireless power transfer
 
Ib3614041408
Ib3614041408Ib3614041408
Ib3614041408
 
Ib3614041408
Ib3614041408Ib3614041408
Ib3614041408
 
Planar Monopole Antenna with Enhanced Bandwidth for C-Ku Band Radar Bands
Planar Monopole Antenna with Enhanced Bandwidth for C-Ku Band Radar BandsPlanar Monopole Antenna with Enhanced Bandwidth for C-Ku Band Radar Bands
Planar Monopole Antenna with Enhanced Bandwidth for C-Ku Band Radar Bands
 
F05093640
F05093640F05093640
F05093640
 
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
 

Mais de IJERD Editor

A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service Attacks
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksA Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service Attacks
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
 
MEMS MICROPHONE INTERFACE
MEMS MICROPHONE INTERFACEMEMS MICROPHONE INTERFACE
MEMS MICROPHONE INTERFACEIJERD Editor
 
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
 
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
 
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding Design
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignReducing Corrosion Rate by Welding Design
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
 
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and Verification
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationRouter 1X3 – RTL Design and Verification
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
 
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
 
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVR
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRMitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVR
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
 
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive Manufacturing
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingStudy on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive Manufacturing
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
 
Spyware triggering system by particular string value
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueSpyware triggering system by particular string value
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
 
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
 
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid Scheme
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeSecure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid Scheme
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
 
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
 
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web Camera
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraGesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web Camera
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
 
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
 
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
 
Moon-bounce: A Boon for VHF Dxing
Moon-bounce: A Boon for VHF DxingMoon-bounce: A Boon for VHF Dxing
Moon-bounce: A Boon for VHF DxingIJERD Editor
 
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
 
Importance of Measurements in Smart Grid
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridImportance of Measurements in Smart Grid
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
 
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powder
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderStudy of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powder
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
 

Mais de IJERD Editor (20)

A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service Attacks
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksA Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service Attacks
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service Attacks
 
MEMS MICROPHONE INTERFACE
MEMS MICROPHONE INTERFACEMEMS MICROPHONE INTERFACE
MEMS MICROPHONE INTERFACE
 
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...
 
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’
 
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding Design
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignReducing Corrosion Rate by Welding Design
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding Design
 
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and Verification
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationRouter 1X3 – RTL Design and Verification
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and Verification
 
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...
 
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVR
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRMitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVR
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVR
 
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive Manufacturing
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingStudy on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive Manufacturing
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive Manufacturing
 
Spyware triggering system by particular string value
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueSpyware triggering system by particular string value
Spyware triggering system by particular string value
 
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...
 
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid Scheme
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeSecure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid Scheme
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid Scheme
 
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...
 
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web Camera
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraGesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web Camera
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web Camera
 
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...
 
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...
 
Moon-bounce: A Boon for VHF Dxing
Moon-bounce: A Boon for VHF DxingMoon-bounce: A Boon for VHF Dxing
Moon-bounce: A Boon for VHF Dxing
 
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...
 
Importance of Measurements in Smart Grid
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridImportance of Measurements in Smart Grid
Importance of Measurements in Smart Grid
 
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powder
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderStudy of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powder
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powder
 

Último

M.C Lodges -- Guest House in Jhang.
M.C Lodges --  Guest House in Jhang.M.C Lodges --  Guest House in Jhang.
M.C Lodges -- Guest House in Jhang.Aaiza Hassan
 
Unlocking the Secrets of Affiliate Marketing.pdf
Unlocking the Secrets of Affiliate Marketing.pdfUnlocking the Secrets of Affiliate Marketing.pdf
Unlocking the Secrets of Affiliate Marketing.pdfOnline Income Engine
 
Call Girls in Gomti Nagar - 7388211116 - With room Service
Call Girls in Gomti Nagar - 7388211116  - With room ServiceCall Girls in Gomti Nagar - 7388211116  - With room Service
Call Girls in Gomti Nagar - 7388211116 - With room Servicediscovermytutordmt
 
Mysore Call Girls 8617370543 WhatsApp Number 24x7 Best Services
Mysore Call Girls 8617370543 WhatsApp Number 24x7 Best ServicesMysore Call Girls 8617370543 WhatsApp Number 24x7 Best Services
Mysore Call Girls 8617370543 WhatsApp Number 24x7 Best ServicesDipal Arora
 
Cash Payment 9602870969 Escort Service in Udaipur Call Girls
Cash Payment 9602870969 Escort Service in Udaipur Call GirlsCash Payment 9602870969 Escort Service in Udaipur Call Girls
Cash Payment 9602870969 Escort Service in Udaipur Call GirlsApsara Of India
 
Sales & Marketing Alignment: How to Synergize for Success
Sales & Marketing Alignment: How to Synergize for SuccessSales & Marketing Alignment: How to Synergize for Success
Sales & Marketing Alignment: How to Synergize for SuccessAggregage
 
Enhancing and Restoring Safety & Quality Cultures - Dave Litwiller - May 2024...
Enhancing and Restoring Safety & Quality Cultures - Dave Litwiller - May 2024...Enhancing and Restoring Safety & Quality Cultures - Dave Litwiller - May 2024...
Enhancing and Restoring Safety & Quality Cultures - Dave Litwiller - May 2024...Dave Litwiller
 
VIP Call Girls In Saharaganj ( Lucknow ) 🔝 8923113531 🔝 Cash Payment (COD) 👒
VIP Call Girls In Saharaganj ( Lucknow  ) 🔝 8923113531 🔝  Cash Payment (COD) 👒VIP Call Girls In Saharaganj ( Lucknow  ) 🔝 8923113531 🔝  Cash Payment (COD) 👒
VIP Call Girls In Saharaganj ( Lucknow ) 🔝 8923113531 🔝 Cash Payment (COD) 👒anilsa9823
 
Yaroslav Rozhankivskyy: Три складові і три передумови максимальної продуктивн...
Yaroslav Rozhankivskyy: Три складові і три передумови максимальної продуктивн...Yaroslav Rozhankivskyy: Три складові і три передумови максимальної продуктивн...
Yaroslav Rozhankivskyy: Три складові і три передумови максимальної продуктивн...Lviv Startup Club
 
0183760ssssssssssssssssssssssssssss00101011 (27).pdf
0183760ssssssssssssssssssssssssssss00101011 (27).pdf0183760ssssssssssssssssssssssssssss00101011 (27).pdf
0183760ssssssssssssssssssssssssssss00101011 (27).pdfRenandantas16
 
Understanding the Pakistan Budgeting Process: Basics and Key Insights
Understanding the Pakistan Budgeting Process: Basics and Key InsightsUnderstanding the Pakistan Budgeting Process: Basics and Key Insights
Understanding the Pakistan Budgeting Process: Basics and Key Insightsseribangash
 
Call Girls Pune Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Pune Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Pune Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Pune Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableDipal Arora
 
A DAY IN THE LIFE OF A SALESMAN / WOMAN
A DAY IN THE LIFE OF A  SALESMAN / WOMANA DAY IN THE LIFE OF A  SALESMAN / WOMAN
A DAY IN THE LIFE OF A SALESMAN / WOMANIlamathiKannappan
 
Pharma Works Profile of Karan Communications
Pharma Works Profile of Karan CommunicationsPharma Works Profile of Karan Communications
Pharma Works Profile of Karan Communicationskarancommunications
 
Best Basmati Rice Manufacturers in India
Best Basmati Rice Manufacturers in IndiaBest Basmati Rice Manufacturers in India
Best Basmati Rice Manufacturers in IndiaShree Krishna Exports
 
Call Girls In DLf Gurgaon ➥99902@11544 ( Best price)100% Genuine Escort In 24...
Call Girls In DLf Gurgaon ➥99902@11544 ( Best price)100% Genuine Escort In 24...Call Girls In DLf Gurgaon ➥99902@11544 ( Best price)100% Genuine Escort In 24...
Call Girls In DLf Gurgaon ➥99902@11544 ( Best price)100% Genuine Escort In 24...lizamodels9
 
Mondelez State of Snacking and Future Trends 2023
Mondelez State of Snacking and Future Trends 2023Mondelez State of Snacking and Future Trends 2023
Mondelez State of Snacking and Future Trends 2023Neil Kimberley
 
Event mailer assignment progress report .pdf
Event mailer assignment progress report .pdfEvent mailer assignment progress report .pdf
Event mailer assignment progress report .pdftbatkhuu1
 

Último (20)

M.C Lodges -- Guest House in Jhang.
M.C Lodges --  Guest House in Jhang.M.C Lodges --  Guest House in Jhang.
M.C Lodges -- Guest House in Jhang.
 
Unlocking the Secrets of Affiliate Marketing.pdf
Unlocking the Secrets of Affiliate Marketing.pdfUnlocking the Secrets of Affiliate Marketing.pdf
Unlocking the Secrets of Affiliate Marketing.pdf
 
VVVIP Call Girls In Greater Kailash ➡️ Delhi ➡️ 9999965857 🚀 No Advance 24HRS...
VVVIP Call Girls In Greater Kailash ➡️ Delhi ➡️ 9999965857 🚀 No Advance 24HRS...VVVIP Call Girls In Greater Kailash ➡️ Delhi ➡️ 9999965857 🚀 No Advance 24HRS...
VVVIP Call Girls In Greater Kailash ➡️ Delhi ➡️ 9999965857 🚀 No Advance 24HRS...
 
Call Girls in Gomti Nagar - 7388211116 - With room Service
Call Girls in Gomti Nagar - 7388211116  - With room ServiceCall Girls in Gomti Nagar - 7388211116  - With room Service
Call Girls in Gomti Nagar - 7388211116 - With room Service
 
Mysore Call Girls 8617370543 WhatsApp Number 24x7 Best Services
Mysore Call Girls 8617370543 WhatsApp Number 24x7 Best ServicesMysore Call Girls 8617370543 WhatsApp Number 24x7 Best Services
Mysore Call Girls 8617370543 WhatsApp Number 24x7 Best Services
 
Cash Payment 9602870969 Escort Service in Udaipur Call Girls
Cash Payment 9602870969 Escort Service in Udaipur Call GirlsCash Payment 9602870969 Escort Service in Udaipur Call Girls
Cash Payment 9602870969 Escort Service in Udaipur Call Girls
 
Sales & Marketing Alignment: How to Synergize for Success
Sales & Marketing Alignment: How to Synergize for SuccessSales & Marketing Alignment: How to Synergize for Success
Sales & Marketing Alignment: How to Synergize for Success
 
Enhancing and Restoring Safety & Quality Cultures - Dave Litwiller - May 2024...
Enhancing and Restoring Safety & Quality Cultures - Dave Litwiller - May 2024...Enhancing and Restoring Safety & Quality Cultures - Dave Litwiller - May 2024...
Enhancing and Restoring Safety & Quality Cultures - Dave Litwiller - May 2024...
 
VIP Call Girls In Saharaganj ( Lucknow ) 🔝 8923113531 🔝 Cash Payment (COD) 👒
VIP Call Girls In Saharaganj ( Lucknow  ) 🔝 8923113531 🔝  Cash Payment (COD) 👒VIP Call Girls In Saharaganj ( Lucknow  ) 🔝 8923113531 🔝  Cash Payment (COD) 👒
VIP Call Girls In Saharaganj ( Lucknow ) 🔝 8923113531 🔝 Cash Payment (COD) 👒
 
Yaroslav Rozhankivskyy: Три складові і три передумови максимальної продуктивн...
Yaroslav Rozhankivskyy: Три складові і три передумови максимальної продуктивн...Yaroslav Rozhankivskyy: Три складові і три передумови максимальної продуктивн...
Yaroslav Rozhankivskyy: Три складові і три передумови максимальної продуктивн...
 
0183760ssssssssssssssssssssssssssss00101011 (27).pdf
0183760ssssssssssssssssssssssssssss00101011 (27).pdf0183760ssssssssssssssssssssssssssss00101011 (27).pdf
0183760ssssssssssssssssssssssssssss00101011 (27).pdf
 
Understanding the Pakistan Budgeting Process: Basics and Key Insights
Understanding the Pakistan Budgeting Process: Basics and Key InsightsUnderstanding the Pakistan Budgeting Process: Basics and Key Insights
Understanding the Pakistan Budgeting Process: Basics and Key Insights
 
Call Girls Pune Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Pune Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Pune Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Pune Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
A DAY IN THE LIFE OF A SALESMAN / WOMAN
A DAY IN THE LIFE OF A  SALESMAN / WOMANA DAY IN THE LIFE OF A  SALESMAN / WOMAN
A DAY IN THE LIFE OF A SALESMAN / WOMAN
 
Pharma Works Profile of Karan Communications
Pharma Works Profile of Karan CommunicationsPharma Works Profile of Karan Communications
Pharma Works Profile of Karan Communications
 
Best Basmati Rice Manufacturers in India
Best Basmati Rice Manufacturers in IndiaBest Basmati Rice Manufacturers in India
Best Basmati Rice Manufacturers in India
 
Call Girls In DLf Gurgaon ➥99902@11544 ( Best price)100% Genuine Escort In 24...
Call Girls In DLf Gurgaon ➥99902@11544 ( Best price)100% Genuine Escort In 24...Call Girls In DLf Gurgaon ➥99902@11544 ( Best price)100% Genuine Escort In 24...
Call Girls In DLf Gurgaon ➥99902@11544 ( Best price)100% Genuine Escort In 24...
 
Nepali Escort Girl Kakori \ 9548273370 Indian Call Girls Service Lucknow ₹,9517
Nepali Escort Girl Kakori \ 9548273370 Indian Call Girls Service Lucknow ₹,9517Nepali Escort Girl Kakori \ 9548273370 Indian Call Girls Service Lucknow ₹,9517
Nepali Escort Girl Kakori \ 9548273370 Indian Call Girls Service Lucknow ₹,9517
 
Mondelez State of Snacking and Future Trends 2023
Mondelez State of Snacking and Future Trends 2023Mondelez State of Snacking and Future Trends 2023
Mondelez State of Snacking and Future Trends 2023
 
Event mailer assignment progress report .pdf
Event mailer assignment progress report .pdfEvent mailer assignment progress report .pdf
Event mailer assignment progress report .pdf
 

www.ijerd.com

  • 1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development ISSN: 2278-067X, Volume 1, Issue 12 (July 2012), PP.27-32 www.ijerd.com Design Analysis of Slotted Diagonal Shape Patch Antenna with Hybrid Coupler A.Sahaya Anselin Nisha 1, T.Jayanthy2 1 Research Scholar, Sathyabama University, Chennai - 600119, India 2 Principal, Panimalar Institute of Technology, Chennai-602103, India. Abstract—In this paper hybrid coupler connected diagonal shaped patch antenna with slot is examined. Theoretical performance is carried out using advanced system design (ADS) software. Measurement of antenna parameters like return loss, standing wave ratio also have been presented in this article. The measured values for the antenna are taken by agilent E5062A network analyzer. Simulated and measured results are having good agreement. The effect of excited two orthogonal modes with equal amplitude and 90 degree phase shift coupler connected with patch will produce circular polarization. The antenna is having gain of 3.319dB and the directivity of 6.98dB. The proposed antenna can be useful in wireless applications. Keywords— Advanced Design System, Circular Polarization, C band, Network Analyser, Patch antenna I. INTRODUCTION Microstrip patch antennas are placing vital role in personal communication systems because of its tremendous advantages of light weight, thin profile and low cost [1]. The other side micro strip patch antenna having great disadvantage is narrow bandwidth. Many techniques are introduced to improve the bandwidth for example multilayer, thick substrate [2]. Patch can be in any shape like rectangular, Circular, Square, Elliptical, Triangular etc [3]. Hybrid coupler implementation with Varactor diode and Pin diode is proposed by S. Cheng, K-O. Sun, [ 4 , 5 ] . Commercial wireless systems require low cost antenna with large bandwidth, slot antennas satisfying these requirements [6, 7]. By introducing Log periodic microstrip antennas [8,9], different types of feeding techniques [10-14] bandwidth is enhanced in wireless applications. Circular polarization antenna have been proposed and studied over the past few years [15-19]. In this design a new shaped microstrip antenna is introduced and the hybrid coupler is connected to get circular polarization. The design concept comes from circularly polarized antenna with conical beam [20]. II. MICROSTRIP ANTENNA Microstrip or patch antennas are becoming increasingly useful because they can be printed directly onto a circuit board. They are becoming very widespread within the mobile phone market. They are low cost, have a low profile and are easily fabricated. Discontinuities are present in microstrip antenna to produce electric and magnetic field distributions [21]. The fig 1 shows the geometry of the microstrip patch antenna. This patch antenna is having the ground plane and dielectric which would be underneath. The length L causes resonance at its half-wavelength frequency. The radiating edges are at the ends of the L-dimension of the rectangle, which sets up the single polarization. Radiation that occurs at the ends of the W- dimension is far less and is referred to as the cross polarization. The thickness of the ground plane is not critically impor tant. Typically the height h is much smaller than the wavelength of operation. In GPS receivers the size of portable communication device is very important [22]. The square ring microstrip antenna design is having very small size of antenna proposed by J.S.Row [23]. To reduce the size of square patch antenna slits are introduced at the corner of antenna. Phase detection and the circularly polarized antenna is produced by a square patch antenna with feed point on the diagonal. Slot antennas will be having wider circular polarization bandwidth than single feed circularly polarized antenna. In this paper a novel design of microstrip octagonal shaped patch antenna is proposed for wireless applications. III. HYBRID COUPLER DESIGN Hybrid couplers normally split an input signal into two unequal amplitude outputs. It is a four port device with one input, two outputs and one isolated port. At ideal condition input port power is equal to sum of two output port power ie 90 degree phase shift between these ports. Termination impedance is connected with the isolated port. According to the impedance choice of the series and stub microstrip transmission lines we can calculate the w/d ratios of those lines in microstrip form by using the following formulas: Width of Hybrid (w) is as follows 8eA w w 2A − 2 <2 = e d Eq. 1 d 2 ɛr − 1 0.61 w B − 1 − ln 2B − 1 + ln B − 1 + 0.39 − >2 π 2ɛr ɛr d 27
  • 2. Design Analysis of Slotted Diagonal Shape Patch Antenna with Hybrid Coupler Fig 1 Geometry of Microstrip antenna w 377 π Consider >2 B= d 2z 0 ɛr Dielectric constant (εe): ε r + 1 εr − 1 1 εe = + Eq. 2 2 2 12d 1+ w Length of the hybrid (l): 900 π × 1800 l= Eq. 3 ɛe × k 0 Fig 2 Schematic diagram of Hybrid coupler 28
  • 3. Design Analysis of Slotted Diagonal Shape Patch Antenna with Hybrid Coupler 0 m1 -5 freq=2.400GHz dB(S(1,1))=-31.413 -10 dB(S(1,1)) -15 -20 -25 -30 m1 -35 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 freq, GHz Fig 3 Return loss Vs frequency Normal hybrid coupler has been modified to get optimum result for 2.4GHz hybrid coupler. Each input line used 2.96 mm for the width and 16.66 mm for the length. While the main line used 5.15 mm for the width and 12.9 mm for the length. And for the shunt arm dimension is 2.96 mm for the width and 16.66 mm for the length. The figure 2 and 3 shows schematic and return loss diagram of hybrid coupler. The hybrid coupler is terminated by 50Ω impedance. Magnitude response is calculated theoretically for 2.4GHz and simulation is done using the software ADS shows coupler is having - 31.9dB return loss at 2.4GHz. IV. ANTENNA DESIGN Working at microwave frequencies requires proper selection of the substrate. Microstrip bends at high frequencies start to radiate and hence do not transmit much of the input power. A circuit like butler matrix, which has numerous bends in its physical layout, looses most of input power if proper substrate is not selected. A proper substrate is selected for a resonant frequency of 2.4GHz with a substrate of εr = 4.6 and a thickness is about 1.6 mm with FR4 board. With the available facilities, working with such thin substrates is very difficult, but any further increase in the thickness of the substrate would cause higher radiation losses at each microstrip line bend. This has significant impact on the response of butler matrix as it has numerous bends. There are many methods of analysis used with patch antennas. One of the popular is the method of moment model, which is based on equivalent magnetic current distribution around the patches edge. Initially rectangular patch is drawn by using the following equations, then slot is introduced in the square patch and the simulation was performed by using ADS software. The fundamental mode of a patch antenna is TM01 mode. The subscript depicts the orientation along y-axis of the two radiating slots, or voltage maximums. To excite the length L, should be slightly less than λg/2, where λg is defined by 𝜆𝑜 𝜆𝑔 = 𝜀 𝑟𝑒 (4) Where 𝜀 𝑟𝑒 is effective dielectric constant and is calculated as follows εr+1 εr−1 12h −1∕2 𝜀 𝑟𝑒 = 2 + 2 1+ W (5) Fig 4 Geometry of proposed antenna W is taken as being equal to a half-wavelength corresponding to the average of the two dielectric mediums i.e. substrate and air. 29
  • 4. Design Analysis of Slotted Diagonal Shape Patch Antenna with Hybrid Coupler 𝐶 𝑊= εr +1 (6) 2𝑓 𝑜 2 Generally the resonance frequency of the patch can be calculated by the excited mode TM mn is given by 1/2 c 𝑚 2 𝑛 2 fo = + (7) 2 εr 𝐿 𝑊 Finally coupler and patch is connected to achieve the desired characteristics. Figure 4 illustrate the geometry of proposed antenna. V. SIMULATED AND MEASURED RESULTS The return loss for the proposed antenna is -15.65dB at 2.417GHz as shown in figure 5 and 6. The simulated and measured results are having good agreement. Measured value of VSWR is shown in figure 7. The measured VSWR is less than two for resonant frequency. The phase change characteristic is shown in figure 8. The phase is getting changed exactly at 2.417GHz. Polarization shows the electric filed distribution of antenna, here the proposed antenna is having circular polarization, it is produced by directly connecting the hybrid coupler to radiating element and it is shown in figure 9. Fig 5. Simulated graph of return loss Vs Frequency Fig 6. Measured graph of return loss Vs Frequency 30
  • 5. Design Analysis of Slotted Diagonal Shape Patch Antenna with Hybrid Coupler Fig 7 Measured Characteristic of VSWR S11 200 100 Phase [deg] 0 -100 -200 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 Frequency Fig 8 Phase Characteristic of proposed antenna Fig 9 Radiation pattern of proposed antenna VI. CONCLUSION A new feeding technique is introduced in this paper. Circular polarization is achieved by connecting directly hybrid coupler to radiating element. The return loss value is greater than -10dB so the proposed antenna can be useful in the field of wireless application. Proposed antenna also having high directivity. 31
  • 6. Design Analysis of Slotted Diagonal Shape Patch Antenna with Hybrid Coupler REFERENCES [1]. Bahl, J. and P. Bhartia, Microstrip Antennas, Artech House, Inc., London, 1980. [2]. James, J. R. and P. S. Hall, Handbook of Microstrip Antennas,Peter Peregronic Ltd., London, 1989. [3]. N.T. Tokan and F. Gune¸, “support vector characterization of the microstrip antennas based on ¨ s measurements”, Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 5, 49–61, 2008. [4]. S. Cheng, E. Ojefors, P. Hallbjorner, A. Rydberg, “Compact reflective microstrip phase shifter for traveling wave antenna applications ,” IEEE Microwave & Wireless Components Letters, vol. 16, pp. 431-433, July 2006. [5]. K-O. Sun, C-C. Yen, D. Van der Weide, “A size reduced reflection-mode phase shifter,” Mic. & Opt. Tech. Letters, Vol. 47, pp. 457-459, Dec. 2005. [6]. Eldek, A. A., A. Z. Elsherbeni, C. E. Smith, and K.-F. Lee,“Wideband slot antennas for radar applications,” Proc. IEEE Radar Conf., 79–84, Huntsville, AL, May 2003. [7]. Neto, N. Llombart, G. Gerini, and P. de Maagt, “On the optimal radiation bandwidth of printed slot antennas surrounded by EBGs,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1074–1082, Apr. 2006. [8]. P. S. Hall, “New wideband microstrip antenna using log-periodic technique,” Electron. Lett., vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 127–128, 1980. [9]. P. S. Hall, “Multi-octave bandwidth log-periodic microstrip antenna array,” Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. Microw., Antennas Propag., vol. 133, no. 2, pt. H, pp. 127–136, 1986. [10]. H. Pues, J. Bogaers, R. Pieck, and A. van de Capelle, “Wideband quasi log-periodic microstrip antennas,” Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. Microw., Antennas Propag., vol. 128, no. 3, pt. H, pp. 159–163, 1981. [11]. R. Kakkar and G. Kumar, “Stagger tuned microstrip log-periodic antenna,” in IEEE AP-S Int. Symp. Digest, Jun. 1996, pp. 1262–1265. [12]. H. Ozeke, S. Hayashi, N. Kikuma, and N. Inagaki, “Quasi-log-periodic microstrip antenna with closely coupled elements,” Elect. Eng., vol. 132, no. 2, pp. 58–64, 2000, in Japan. [13]. H. K. Smith and P. E. Mayes, “Log-periodic array of dual-feed microstrip patch antennas,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 39, no. 12, pp. 1659–1664, 1991. [14]. M. K. A. Rahim, M. N. A. Karim, T. Masri, and A. Asrokin, “Comparison between straight and U shape of ultra wide band microstrip antenna using log periodic technique,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on UWB, Sep. 2007, pp. 696–699. [15]. H. Kawakami, G. Sato, and R. Wakabayashi, “Research on circularly polarized conical-beam antennas,” IEEE Antennas Mag., vol. 39, pp. 27–39, Jun. 1997. [16]. D. Zhou, R. A. Abd-Alhameed, C. H. See, N. J. McEwan, and P. S. Excell, “New circularly-polarized conical-beam microstrip patch antenna array for short-range communication systems,” Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 51, pp. 78–81, Jan. 2009. [17]. D. I. Wu, “Omnidirectional circularly-polarized conformal microstrip array for telemetry applications,” in IEEE Antennas Propag. Soc. Int.Symp. Dig., 1995, vol. 2, pp. 998–1001. [18]. Nesic, V. Brankovic, and I. Radnovic, “Circularly polarised printed antenna with conical beam,” Electron. Lett., vol. 34, pp. 1165–1167, Jun. 11, 1998. [19]. K. L. Lau and K. M. Luk, “A wideband circularly polarized conicalbeam patch antenna,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. AP-54, pp. 1591–1594, May 2006. [20]. Jeen-Sheen Row and Ming-Che Chan, “Reconfigurable Circularly-Polarized Patch Antenna With Conical Beam”, IEEE transactions on antennas and propagation, vol. 58, no. 8, august 2010. [21]. Slobodzian.P and R.Borowiec, “ Microstrip antenna for cellular and Wireless communication system”, Microwave Opt.Tech.Lett., Vol.34, No.5, 380-384,Sppt 5, 2002. [22]. G.S.Shiroma, R.Y.Miyamoto and W.A.Shiroma. “A full duplex dual frequency self steering array using phase detection and phase shifting”, IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory Tech., Vol.54,PP.128-134,Jan 2006. [23]. J.S Row, “ Design of square ring microstrip antenna for circular Polarization”, Electronics letter , Vol.40.No.2, 22 ndJan 2004. 32