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International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 57-70 © IAEME 57 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY PARAMETERS IN SELECTED SITES AT NINAVAH GOVERNORATE/ IRAQ Abdulmuhsin S. Shihab1 , Waleed M.Sh. Al-Abidrabah2 , Ahmad Kh. Ibrahim3 1 Environment & Pollution, Control Researches Centre/ Mosul Univ., Iraq 2, 3 Department. of Environmental Engineering, Tikrit University, Iraq ABSTRACT Groundwater is considered one of the important water resources in the world . Due to rain shortage and the decrease of Tigris river discharges in the last years, wells excavation and groundwater use for different purposes had been increased without any planning. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct the studies about groundwater quality in Ninavah governorate and define its suitability uses. Additionally, it is very useful to define the direction of groundwater quality improvement in the area and to identify the levels of some trace elements in it. Twenty seven deep wells recently excavated were selected in the study area located south east Mosul city with an area of about 1500km2 . These wells were located in rural and urban areas of various activities: agricultural, industrial and residential. Water sample were collected each two months starting at December 2008 till June 2009. Physical tests were conducted including total dissolved solid, electrical conductivity and turbidity, as well chemical tests, which include pH, dissolved oxygen, total hardness, positive ions: calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and negative ions: sulfates, nitrates, phosphate, chlorides, in addition to some of trace elements: lead, cadmium, zinc and copper using standard methods for water examination. Water quality data were statistically analyzed and the results of Pearson correlation coefficient showed many significant relationships between water quality parameters. Factor analysis extracted five factors which represented 69% of the variation in groundwater quality among the wells of the study area. Cluster analysis classified the wells into four clusters at 50% similarity. Keywords: Groundwater, Water Quality, Ninavah Governorate, Factor Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET) ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print) ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 57-70 © IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2014): 7.9290 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com IJCIET ©IAEME
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International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 57-70 © IAEME 58 INTRODUCTION Groundwater resources in Iraq gets its importance as most of the sources of surface water come from outside Iraqi border. Therefore, studies must be done on the quality and distribution of this resource to determine its suitability for use and to protect it from pollution. The classification of wells according to its water quality to establish its suitable use can provide useful information to employers. Groundwater wells have different water quality, as many parameters contribute in determining its water quality type (Appelo and Postma, 1993). The quality of groundwater is not determined by the nature of the site only, since it may affected by human activities with pollutants which reach it and the variation in the hydrological cycle (Helena et al., 2000). The ground water quality data need complicated analysis to interpreted it. Generally, the analysis of water quality results were conducted on each parameter alone to avoid the interactions, complication and for its simplicity (Lloyd, 1978). On the other hand, the use of multivariate analysis of water quality parameters all together may produce a comprehensive image on the groundwater quality of the studied area with all the interrelationships or correlations (Jackson, 1991; Meglen, 1992). Multivariate methods has high efficiency in the analysis as it compact the raw data and give useful information for detecting the geochemical sources affecting on groundwater quality. Also this method may help in detecting the natural relationships among the quality parameters (Wenning and Erickson, 1994). Multivariate analysis of environmental issues was used successfully in the interpretation of the relationships among the variables which can be used in the management of the environmental systems (Andrade et al., 1992; Aruga et al., 1995; Vega et al., 1998; Tao, 1998; Gangopadhyay et al., 2001; Liu et al., 2003). Many studies were conducted in Mosul city on water quality using multivariate analysis. Shihab (1993) conducted multivariate analysis on Mosul dam lake water quality data to set a sampling program for the lake. Al-Rawi and Shihab (2005) used multivariate analysis as a tool for the management of Tigris river water quality within Mosul city. Shihab and Hashim (2006) used cluster analysis to classify 66 wells in Ninavah governorate/ Iraq according to their water quality. Shihab (2007) conducted factor analysis on Tigris river water quality parameters to find the relationships among them and their variations. Additionally, Shihab and Abdul-Baqi (2011) analyzed the groundwater quality parameters of Makhmor area/ Northern Iraq using factor and cluster analysis, also they draw a classification map for groundwater quality of the area depending on the results of cluster analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study site The study area rests in Ninavah Governorate, Northern Iraq with an area of 1500 squared kilometers. It included the South Western part of Mosul city within the residential area to the North direction and the area lied between Tigris river from the east and Mosul-Baghdad road from the west, till Al-Qayara intersection in the South, which included many valleys, hills and agricultural area. The study area also included the zone lied to the west of Tigris river till Al-Hamdaniya township; the upper Zab in the south and Mosul-Erbil road to the north as shown in Figs (1and 2). The studied wells were selected to cover the study area within different land use and have not been studied before. The number of studied wells reach 27 deep wells with a range of (27-95) meter depth. Also some of them were newly drilled (table 1).
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International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 57-70 © IAEME 59 Table (1): Sites and depths of the studied wells No. Site Depth (m) No. Site Depth (m) 1 Upper Bjwania 30 15 Al-Arej/ Abid 66 2 Al-Shak 30 16 Al-Wahid Ahad M. 75 3 Lower Bjwania 35 17 Al-Akhawain M. 45 4 Snanek 32 18 Al-Mulawatha 80 5 Ain Naser 36 19 Al-Mahmod M. 46 6 Tal Teeba 58 20 Abo-Auob M. 63 7 Al-Athba Mosque 50 21 Safi M. 84 8 Al-Athba Younis 40 22 Talha M. 65 9 Al-Athba Abid 51 23 Al-Muo'min M. 45 10 Al-Jbori Station 86 24 Al-Tawajna 75 11 Al-Sajer Station 80 25 Al-Msherfa 27 12 Al-Salam/ Kamel 95 26 Al-Adla 66 13 Al-Salam/ Jasim 80 27 Ibrahim Al-Khalel 50 14 Al-Arej/ Dawood 39
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International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 57-70 © IAEME 60 Figure 1: Map of the studied wells area (Mosul area bounded with was enlarged in the figure 2) N Tigris River Al-Qasab Valley Mosul-BaghdadRoad Kilometer Dohuk Syria Tigris River Study area Ninavah Erbil Governorate Al-Hamdania Al-Tawajna Al-Jbori Station Al-Sajer Station Al-Salam/ Kamel Al-Salam/ Jasim Al-Athba Younis Al-Athba Abid Al-Athba M. Snanek Ain Naser Hamam Al-Aleel Al-Salamyia Al-Msherfa Al-Adla Al-Arej/ Dawood Al-Arej/ Abid Al-Shura Al-Shak Tal Teeba Upper Bjwania Lower Bjwania Legend Governorate center Villages Rivers Roads Well 0 3 6 9 12 15 Al-Qayara Mosul city Upper Zab river Al-Molawatha Ibrahim Al-Khalel
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International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 57-70 © IAEME 61 Figure 2: The part of Mosul city included in the study area with the sites of the wells Geology of the Study Area The structural layers of the study area consists from Al-Fatha formation for the wells Nos. 1-15 which include red and green Marl rocks with layers of thick gypsum and calcareous rocks as sedimentological cycles of lakes and delta. The geological layers of the wells Nos. 16-23 from the sequence of the upper part of Al-Fatha formation. On the other hand, the rocks of the wells No. 26 and 27 belongs to Injana formation with sequence of sandy rocks and clayey rocks layers. The wells B13 and B14 lied on terraces of the upper Zab river which consisted of thick layers of gravel sequenced by layers of coarse sand and clay (Al-Naqib and Aghwan, 1993). Samples Collection The samples were collected for the period Dec 2008 till Jul 2009 each two months. The pump were put on for 10 minutes then the sample was collected in plastic bottles of 2.25 liters. The samples were then transported to the laboratory and stored at 4 o C and then tested. Methods of Analysis The physical tests, which include total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity, and the chemical tests, which include pH, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium sulfate, nitrate, and chloride, were conducted according to the standard methods (APHA, AWWA and WEF, 1986). Selected heavy metals including lead, cadmium, zinc and silver were tested by atomic absorption device type VARIAN. The results were statically analyzed using simple Pearson correlation to find the relationships between the parameters. Factor analysis was then used to explain the outline of groundwater quality variation according to the measured parameters. Statistical analysis was also used to classify the N Kilometers Legend Residential avenue Boarders Wells Al-Mumin Mosque Abu Ayoub Mosque Safi Al-Rahman Mosque Talha Mosque Al-Akhawain Mosque Al-Mahmoud Mosque Al-Wahid Al- Ahad Mosque Mosul Al-Jadeda Avenue Al-Shuhadaa Avenue Tal Al-Ruman Avenue 0 1 2 3 4 5
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International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 57-70 © IAEME 62 studied wells according to their water quality using complete linkage cluster analysis depending on similarity index. The statistical results were considered significant and p<0.05. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table (2) shows the bivariate relationships between ground water quality parameters in the study area. pH shows significant inverse correlation with each of total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium ions, lead and copper. On the other hand, total dissolved solids shows direct significant correlation with the measured trace elements except copper. Additionally, nitrates correlation with measured trace elements did not reach the significance level. While sulfate showed significant positive relationship with cadmium and Zinc. Also, alkalinity correlated significantly with trace elements except copper directly. Lead showed positive significant relationship with cadmium, while the later showed inverse significant correlation with copper. Furthermore, electrical conductivity showed significant direct correlation with lead and cadmium. Factor analysis extracted five factors from the measured water quality parameters to represent water quality variation in the study area (table 3). The analysis was conducted using the rotation technique depending on eigen values of 1 or more (Davis, 1973). The extracted five factors represented 69% of the variation in ground water quality withhin the studied area. The correlation of the parameters with the factors is considered significant when it exceeded the radius of the balance circle which is equal to 0.559 calculated from the square root of the division of number of factors by the number of parameters (Al-Rawi and Shihab, 2005). The first factor represents the land use of the studied area with a percentage of 16.84% from the total variance. This factor shows significant correlation with sodium, chloride and nitrate ions (table 3). Table (2): Correlation matrix for water quality parameters of the studied wells Par pH EC TDS TUR TH PO4 DO NO3 SO4 ALK Cl Na K Ca Mg Pb Cd Zn Cu pH 1 -0.02 -0.22* -0.06 -0.31** 0.14 -0.06 0.21* -0.14 -0.13 0.2* 0.23* -0.15 -0.39** -0.1 -0.2* -0.14 -0.06 -0.26** EC 1 0.94** 0.38** 0.59** 0 0.24** 0.14 0.51** 0.17 0.85** 0.82** 0.38** 0.29** 0.55** 0.4** 0.48** 0.16 -0.12 TDS 1 0.4** 0.68** -0.06 0.26** 0.1 0.58** 0.21* 0.72** 0.73** 0.36** 0.41** 0.57** 0.42** 0.54** 0.2* -0.02 TUR 1 0.22* 0.14 0.19* -0.02 0.27** 0.38** 0.23* 0.39** 0.06 0.11 0.21* 0.24** 0.33** 0.43** -0.19* TH 1 0.23* 0.38** -0.17 0.71** 0.29** 0.25** 0.27** 0.34** 0.74** 0.74** 0.27** 0.53** 0.1 -0.04 PO4 1 0.09 -0.15 0.3** 0.21* -0.11 -0.06 -0.03 0.12 0.22* -0.02 -0.04 0.18* -0.28** DO 1 0.05 0.51** 0.16 0.14 0.25** 0.16 0.36** 0.25** 0.07 0.41** 0.19* 0.06 NO3 1 -0.1 -0.27** 0.15 0.24** -0.41** -0.27** -0.08 -0.04 -0.11 -0.15 -0.09 SO4 1 0.05 0.22* 0.39** 0.2* 0.61** 0.49** 0.14 0.44** 0.33** -0.02 ALK 1 -0.01 0.02 0.18 0.24** 0.21* 0.25** 0.27** 0.4** -0.1 Cl 1 0.79** 0.43** 0.02 0.32** 0.25** 0.21* -0.01 0.02 Na 1 0.2* -0.01 0.34** 0.38** 0.41** 0.15 -0.23* K 1 0.31** 0.27** 0.15 0.29** -0.05 0 Ca 1 0.23* 0.23* 0.35** 0.17 0.05 Mg 1 0.24** 0.49** -0.01 -0.12 Pb 1 0.47** 0.06 -0.27** Cd 1 0.29** -0.38** Zn 1 0.01 Cu 1 * Significant at p<0.05 ** Significant at p<0.001
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International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 57-70 © IAEME 63 Table (3): The rotated weights of ground water quality parameters according to factor analysis Factor 2 denoted 15.21% of the total variance in ground water quality within the study area. Alkalinity, turbidity and zinc was loaded on it significantly (Fig. 3). The figure also shows direct strong correlation between zinc ion and alkalinity as found in the correlation matrix (table 1). The figure exhibits weak correlation between zinc, lead and cadmium from one side versus nitrate and chloride from the other side according to the angle between the parameters vectors which is weak when it is about 90 degrees, strong when it is small and inverse when reach 180 degrees and around it. Factors Parameters 54321 0.1160.1070.1860.2080.871Na -0.050.1960.151-0.0610.844Cl -0.04-0.504-0.044-0.1350.600NO3 0.0160.1650.0680.737-0.272Alkalinity 0.11-0.0540.1770.7260.200Turbidity 0.091-0.2250.4070.661-0.076Zn -0.1670.328-0.1510.5500.404Pb 0.0170.4780.2240.5270.395Cd 0.1510.2620.8320.1440.190SO4 -0.0250.0410.6880.1270.195DO -0.2150.4310.6250.191-0.178Ca -0.0890.7940.157-0.1020.075K 0.2350.5470.2990.1510.293Mg 0.7530.0310.2850.135-0.283PO4 0.641-0.35-0.158-0.2380.294pH -0.615-0.3190.326-0.318-0.249Cu 1.5532.1312.2172.4342.695Eigen value 9.70513.32113.85615.21216.845%Variance 68.93859.23345. 91332.05716.845%Cumulati ve
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International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 57-70 © IAEME 64 Fig. 3: The weights of factor 1 parameters versus factor 2 parameters Factor 4 represents the geology of the studied area with 13.85% of the total variance in ground water quality (table 3). Sulfates, dissolved oxygen and calcium was loaded significantly on it. Weak correlation was observed between calcium and each of sodium and chloride, while the exhibit strong direct correlation between them. Sulfate also shows weak correlation with nitrate. Fig. 4: The weights of factor 1 parameters versus factor 3 parameters Factor 4 represented 13.32% of the total variance in ground water quality of the studied area (table 3). It characterized potassium ion variation significantly. When it is drawn versus factor 1 (Fig. 5), the relationships obtained: weak correlation between potassium versus sodium and chloride; -1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 -1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 Factor 1 Factor 2 Zn Turb Pb PO4 DOSO4 Cd K Cl Cu Mg NO3 Ca pH ALKA Na -1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 -1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 Factor 1 Factor 3 Mg Na Zn K SO4 NO3 Cd DO Ca Pb Turb Cu pH Cl AlkA PO4
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International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 57-70 © IAEME 65 strong and inverse between copper versus lead and cadmium and weak correlation between nitrate versus cadmium, lead and magnesium. Factor 5 represented the lowest percentage of variation in ground water quality with 9.7%, which is 60% of Factor 1 variance (table 3). Phosphate and pH was loaded significantly on it, which correlated strongly with each other (Fig. 6). The figure also denotes inverse strong correlation between pH and copper, as pH decrease, the ability of the solution to dissolve increase (Zubair et al., 2008). In contrast, the parameters which did not loaded on any factor were lead, cadmium, magnesium and copper, since the feeding sources of the ground water did not exhibit noticeable variation in these parameters. Fig. 5: The weights of factor 1 parameters versus factor 4 parameters Fig. 6: The weights of factor 1 parameters versus factor 5 parameters -1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 -1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 [Factor 1 Factor 4 Cl Mg Cd AlKA PO4 SO4 Na Ca K Pb NO3 pH Turb Cu Zn DO -1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 -1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 Factor 1 Factor 5 AlkA Ca PO4 Cd Cl SO4 Mg pH Turb Pb DO NO3 Cu Na K Zn
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International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 57-70 © IAEME 66 Classification of the Wells The complete linkage cluster analysis extracts five cluster depending on similarity index of 50% between ground water quality among the wells (Fig. 7). The first cluster included lower Bjwania and Tal Teba wells which represents 7.4% of the studied wells. The water quality of this cluster had the highest electrical conductivity, salt, dissolved oxygen, total hardness, magnesium, sodium, sulfate, nitrate and lead concentrations among the studied wells. The second cluster included upper Bjwania and Al-Shak wells which represents 7.4% of the studied wells. These two wells exhibited the water quality of highest calcium, phosphate, cadmium, zinc and turbidity. Additionally, lower pH was recorded in this cluster in comparison with the other clusters (tables 4, 5 and 6). Fig. 7: Complete linkage Hierarchical cluster analysis dendrogram of water quality parameters of the studied wells (No. of wells as in table 1) Cluster 4 contained Al-Adla and Ibrahim Al-Khaleel wells with 7.4% of the studied wells. These wells lies on the left side of Tigris river and had the highest alkalinity among the studied wells. Cluster 3 included the remaining 21 wells with 77.78%. The water quality of the wells of this cluster showed the lowest concentrations of sodium, while the concentrations of the other parameters were near the mean values.
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International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 57-70 © IAEME 67 Table (4): The characteristics of the ground water quality of the groups of wells extracted from cluster analysis Parameters Cluster No. No. of wells Mean SD Min. Max. Electrical 1 2 9684 1862 8367 11001 Conductivity 3 2 6174 1676 4989 7359 µmos/cm 4 21 4205 473 3122 5189 5 2 1710 755 1175 2244 1 2 6528.8 1085.8 5761 7296.5 TDS (mg/l) 3 2 4529 605 4101 4957 4 21 3167.3 353.1 2175.5 3931.5 5 2 933.3 430.3 629 1237.5 1 2 2.4 1.6 1.3 3.5 Turbidity 3 2 3.6 0.2 3.5 3.8 Ntu 4 21 1.2 0.7 0.3 2.7 5 2 0.8 0.7 0.4 1.3 Table (5): Trace elements concentration in the ground water quality of the groups of wells extracted from cluster analysis Parameters Cluster No. No. of wells Mean SD Min. Max. 1 2 7.50 1.41 6.5 8.5 Lead 2 2 7.13 0.18 7.0 7.25 3 21 4.63 1.54 2.0 8.0 4 2 2.63 0.18 2.5 2.75 1 2 4.33 0.42 4.03 4.63 Cadmium 2 2 4.55 0.85 3.95 5.15 3 21 2.58 0.86 1.15 4.28 4 2 1.09 0.44 0.78 1.4 1 2 6.88 1.59 5.75 8.0 Zinc 2 2 39.13 14.32 29 49.25 3 21 8.60 4.15 2.5 19.25 4 2 5.75 2.83 3.75 7.75 1 2 26.63 3.36 24.25 29.0 Copper 2 2 22.38 2.65 20.5 24.25 3 21 30.89 3.56 24.25 36.5 4 2 25.88 3.71 23.25 28.5 This cluster can be divided into three sub-clusters at 6.5% similarity (Fig. 7). Sub-cluster 3 which included Al-Adla well showed higher mean concentration for sodium, chloride, electrical conductivity and TDS than sub-cluster 1 and 2. On the other hand, sub-cluster 2 showed higher alkalinity and lower sodium and chloride concentration than sub-cluster 1.
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International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 57-70 © IAEME 68 Table (6): The chemical characteristics of the ground water quality of the groups of wells extracted from cluster analysis Parameters Cluster No. No. of wells Mean SD Min. Max. 1 2 7.58 0.09 7.51 7.64 pH 2 2 7.5 0 7.5 7.5 3 21 7.53 0.15 7.32 7.86 4 2 8.14 0.13 8.05 8.23 1 2 2.93 0.53 2.55 3.3 Dissolved 2 2 2.84 0.41 2.55 3.13 Oxygen 3 21 2.59 0.36 2.1 3.43 4 2 2.05 0.14 1.95 2.15 1 2 2752.5 148.49 2647.5 2857.5 Total 2 2 2375 60.1 2332.5 2417.5 Hardness 3 21 2173.18 255.18 1350 2465 4 2 520 141.42 420 620 1 2 490.22 15.21 479.46 500.97 Calcium 2 2 513.52 10.63 506 521.04 3 21 484.79 64.07 356.56 617.14 4 2 110.27 73.79 58.09 162.44 1 2 329.87 31.74 307.42 352.31 Magnesium 2 2 244.48 21.77 229.08 259.87 3 21 209.7 42.14 97.42 275.51 4 2 84.57 40.53 55.91 113.23 1 2 1530 374.77 1265 1795 Sodium 2 2 781.88 366.81 522.5 1041.25 3 21 349.38 214.14 140 967.5 4 2 388.13 389.79 112.5 663.75 1 2 9.77 1.15 8.95 10.58 Potassium 2 2 8.25 2.26 6.65 9.85 3 21 8.63 4.15 2.8 20.3 4 2 2.63 1.27 1.73 3.53 1 2 175.13 23.51 158.5 191.75 Alkalinity 2 2 390.25 1.77 389 391.5 3 21 219.95 31.5 172.5 272.5 4 2 102.75 13.08 93.5 112 1 2 855.9 365.38 597.53 1114.26 Chlorides 2 2 212.97 229.67 50.57 375.37 3 21 142.65 107.84 47.52 437.15 4 2 124.74 99.12 54.65 194.83 1 2 12.69 0.08 12.63 12.75 Nitrate 2 2 1.9 0.97 1.21 2.58 3 21 4.1 4.1 0.02 11.79 4 2 10.83 0.96 10.15 11.51 1 2 1690.09 10.68 1682.54 1697.64 Sulfate 2 2 1534.16 96.92 1465.63 1602.69 3 21 1196.6 149.6 884.14 1449.17 4 2 361.52 21.44 346.36 376.68 1 2 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.04 Phosphate 2 2 0.09 0.03 0.07 0.11 3 21 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.12 4 2 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.06 All parameters in mg/l except pH (unitless)
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International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 57-70 © IAEME 69 CONCLUSIONS 1. Correlation analysis showed direct significant relationships between salts and the ions: sulfate, chloride, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, lead and cadmium. Weak non-significant relationship recorded between nitrate and each of cadmium, lead and zinc. Alkalinity correlated significantly with cadmium, lead and zinc,. 2. Factor analysis found that 69% of the variation in ground water quality among the studied wells corresponded to the measured parameters. Sodium, chloride and nitrate was the earliest, while phosphate and pH in the last. 3. The wells were classified into four water quality groups using cluster analysis. REFERENCES 1. Al-Naqib, S. Q. and Aghwan, TH. A., (1993). Sedimentological Study of the Clastic Unit of the Lower Fars Formation. Iraqi Geology. Journal, Vol. 26. NO. 3, pp. 126-188. 2. Al-Rawi S.M. and Shihab, M.S. Application of factor analysis as a tool for water quality management of Tigris river within Mosul city. Raf. J. Sci. 2005; 16(1): 56-64. 3. Andrade J.M., Padra D, Muniategui S. (1992). Multivariate analysis of environmental data for two hydrologic basins. Analytical Letter 25, 379-399. 4. APHA, AWWA, and WEF., "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater",19th Edition, 1998. 5. Appelo C.A.J. and Postma D. (1998). Geochemistry, groundwater and pollution. Balkema, Rotterdam. 6. Aruga R., Castaldi D., Negro G., Ostacoli G. (1995). Pollution of a river basin and its evolution with time studied by multivariate statistical analysis. Analytical Chimica Acta 310, 15-25. 7. Ashley R.P. and Lloyd J.W. (1978). An example of the use of factor analysis and cluster analysis in groundwater chemistry interpretation. J. of Hydrology 39, 441-444. 8. Davis, J.G. 1973. Statistics and data analysis in geology. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York, 1973, pp. 473-524. 9. Gangopadhyay S., Gupta A.S., Nachabe M.H. (2001). Evaluation of groundwater monitoring network by principal component analysis. Ground Water 39(2), 181-191. 10. Helena B, Pardo, B., Vega M., Barrado ., Fernandez J.M., Fernandez L. (2000). Temporal evolution of groundwater composition in an alluvial aquifer (Pisuerga River, Spain) by principal component analysis. Water Ressearch 32, 19-30. 11. Jackson J.E. (1991). A User's Guide of Principal Component. Wiley, New York. 12. Liu W.X., Li X.D., Shen Z.G., Wang D.C., Wai O.W.H. Li Y.S. (2003). Multivariate statistical study of heavy metal enrichment in sediments of the Pearl River Estuary. Environmental Pollution 121, 377-388. 13. Meglen R.R. (1992). Examining large databases: a chemometric approach using principal component analysis. Marine Chemistry 39, 217-237. 14. Shihab A.S. (2007). Factor analysis for water quality and quantity of Tigris river at selected sites south Mosul city. Tikrit J. Eng. Sci, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 35-53. 15. Shihab A.S. and Hashim A. (2006). Cluster analysis classification of groundwater quality in wells within and around Mosul city, Iraq. J Envir Hydrology, Vol 14, paper 24. 16. Shihab, A.S. Application of multivariate methods in the interpretation of water quality monitoring data of Mosul Dam Reservoir. Confidential, SRCD, Mosul University, 1993 17. Tao S. (1998). Factor score mapping of soil trace element contents for the Shenzhen area. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 102, 415-425.
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International Journal of
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