1. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 5, September – October (2013), © IAEME
33
MITIGATION OF COLOUR AND COD FROM TEXTILE WASTEWATER
BY HMS, POLYMERIC COAGULANTS AND AIDS – INCLUDING
LONGITUDINAL STUDY
Mukherjee. S.* 1,2
, Bhattacharya A. K. 3
, Mandal. S. N.1
1
National Institute of Technical Teachers’ Training and Research, Kolkata, India
2
Ramakrishna Mission Shilpapitha, Belgharia, Kolkata, India
3
Tellab Chemicals, Mumbai, India
ABSTRACT
Textile is one of the most polluting industries in the world. The objective of this study was to
evaluate hydrolyzing metal salts (HMS) in the form of Al2(SO4)3, 16H2O and FeCl3 independently
and also in conjunction with polymeric coagulant (PACl) and recently developed cationic coagulants
(Telfloc 01, Telfloc 185K and Telfloc 2840) for clarifying textile wastewater. Though parameters
like pH, TSS, BOD, Sludge Volume were studied the major emphasis was on the two principal
parameters Colour and COD. The experimental results show that each of the HMS was good in
reducing colour, COD and other parameters significantly (more than 90% for colour and 70% for
COD). However the generated sludge volumes were large (about 300mL/L). However the use of
Telfloc 01, Telfloc 2840 in addition to HMS reduced the sludge volume considerably (about
100mL/L) while achieving colour and COD removal about 80% and 70% respectively. Addition of
PACl with both HMS and Telfloc 01 & Telfloc 2840 in low dosages achieved colour and COD
removal comparable to that of HMS, Telfloc 01 and Telfloc 2840. When only cationic polymeric
coagulants and aids were used in the form of Telfloc 185K, Telfloc 01 and Telfloc 2840, colour and
COD removal of about 90% and 80% respectively were achieved.
Keywords: dye; coagulant; flocculant; hydrolyzing metal salt; polymeric coagulant;
cationic coagulant.
1. INTRODUCTION
Textile industry is one of the biggest users of water and discharges coloured wastewater of
extremely heterogeneous composition and great quantity of toxic materials. This effluent if directly
thrown into the water bodies will pollute the water and affects the flora and fauna. Effluent from
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2. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 5, September – October (2013), © IAEME
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textile industries contains different types of dyes, which because of high molecular weight and
complex structure shows very low biodegradability [9, 12, 15, 18].
Reactive dyes are widely used in textile industry because of their high stability during
washing and because of their simple dying procedure. These being the main class of dyes used to dye
cellulose and cotton [3]. However these dyes are highly soluble in water and also have low levels of
fixing to fibers, most of their initial concentration being lost to the effluent [8]. Apart from this large
number of chemical constituents such as alkali, acids, bleaching materials, enzymes, starch, resins,
solvents, waxes, oils etc. are used in various steps during textile processing and finally comes out in
the effluent after their consumption. Textile industries typically generate 200-350 m3
of wastewater
per ton of finished product [11,20] resulting in an average pollution of 100 kg COD per ton of fabric
[14]. Typical characteristics of textile industry wastewater generally include wide range of pH, COD,
dissolved solids and strong colour [5, 6, 7, 16, 19].
Different physico-chemical methods in the form of pretreatment, post treatment or main
treatment have been investigated by different researchers all over the world. However in wastewater
treatment coagulation as pretreatment is regarded as the most successful [13,17]. It also involves low
capital cost [1,10]. However, very limited work has been carried out on the decolourisation of textile
wastewater containing multiple dyes.
Present study is designed to verify the efficiency in terms of removal of colour and COD
from actual textile plant effluent, of some less used poly-electrolytes either independently or in
conjunction to hydrolyzing metal salts (HMS) traditionally used in coagulation of wastewater.
As the parameters for textile wastewater vary widely, a longitudinal study of textile wastewater was
imperative. Accordingly removal of colour and COD was studied using the successful coagulants
from cross sectional study.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Composite samples were obtained from a textile industry effluent pond. The samples are
collected in polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) containers. The samples were labeled, sealed and tested
as soon as possible after collection. The sample collection, transport and preservation were done in
accordance to section 1060B and 1060C of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater APHA, AWWA, WEF. The characteristics of the raw effluent are presented in Table-1.
Chemical coagulation flocculation experiments were performed using hydrolyzing metal salts (HMS)
namely Al2(SO4)3,16H2O and FeCl3 supplied by Merck Specialties Private Limited, India and Poly
Aluminum Chloride (PACl) (Commercial) supplied by GRASIM, India. Telfloc 01, Telfloc 185-K
and Telfloc 2840 were obtained from Tellabs Chemicals Private Limited, India.
Characteristics of PACl
Characteristics Value
Appearance Pale yellow powder
Bulk density 0.75 ± 0.10
pH of 1% solution (w/v) 3.5 – 5.0
Al2O3 30 ± 1%
Sulphate Nil
The Standard Practice for Coagulation-flocculation Jar Test of Water was first adopted in
1980 and re-approved in 1999 [4]. Since coagulant interactions are very complex, laboratory studies

3. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 5, September – October (2013), © IAEME
35
are needed to determine the suitable coagulant, optimal dosage, duration and intensity of mixing and
flocculation. The coagulation and flocculation experiments were carried out by Jar test (by
Programmable Phipps and Birds Jar Test Apparatus, Richmond, VA USA Model – PB – 900). Based
on a series of studies the following operating conditions were selected
• Rapid mixing speed 150 rpm
• Rapid mixing time 1 min.
• Flocculation speed 25 rpm
• Flocculation time 20 min.
• Settling time 30 min.
The analytical methods were adopted from the Standard Methods for the Examination of
Water and Wastewater [2].
Telfloc 2840 was added in the flocculation stage while all the other coagulants were added
before rapid mixing.
The supernatant obtained after settling in Jar Tester were taken for measurement of different
parameters. pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) were determined using HACH multi-parameter meter
(Model HQ40d) using glass electrode & LBOD probe respectively. COD was measured using COD
digester (Model DRB 200 by HACH, USA) followed by UV-VIS Spectrophotometer (DR 5000 by
HACH, USA). True colour was measured by UV-VIS Spectrophotometer (DR 5000) after filtration
through 0.45µm filter under suction by Cole-Palmer Air Cadet pump (Model no. 07530-50).
TABLE -1
Raw effluent characteristic
Parameters Value
pH 9.1 ± 0.8
Total Suspended Solid (TSS) 272 ± 52 mg/L
True Colour 90 ± 11 mg/L Pt-Co
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 1475 ± 201 mg/L
Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand 286 ± 50 mg/L
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1 Cross sectional study
3.1.1 Impact on Colour
Figure 1 Figure 2
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Al2
(SO4
)3
FeCl3
Dosages (in mg/L) -->
(Al2
(SO4
)3
,16H2
O / FeCl3
)
TrueColour(%decrease)-->
0 50 100 150 200 250
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
TrueColour(%decrease)-->
Dosages of Telfloc 01 (in ppm) -->
(Along with Al2
(SO4
)3
,16H2
O / FeCl3
-1000ppm and Telfloc2840- 5ppm)
Al2
(SO4
)3
FeCl3

4. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 5, September – October (2013), © IAEME
36
Figure 3 Figure 4
Colour removal increased with increasing dosages of HMS and goes beyond 90 percent.
However such high percentage of colour removal accompanied very high volume of sludge. Telfloc
01 when applied in varying dosages along with fixed dosages of HMS and Telfloc 2840. The
removal of colour varied from about 60 to 80 percent for Al2(SO4)3,16H2O and 45 to 75 percent for
FeCl3. PACl when used with fixed quantity of HMS, Telfloc 01 and Telfloc 2840 removed colour
from about 65 to 80 percent, with the slope of the curves being mild and the curves being similar for
both the HMS. Colour removal was highly satisfactory when Telfloc 185K was applied with fixed
dosages of Telfloc 01 and Telfloc 2840. The range varied from about 88 percent and went beyond 95
percent. However the increase was not significant beyond a dosage of 1000 ppm of Telfloc 185K.
3.1.2 Impact on COD
Figure 5 Figure 6
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Al2
(SO4
)3
FeCl3
Dosages (in mg/L) -->
(Al2
(SO4
)3
,16H2
O / FeCl3
)
COD(%decrease)-->
0 50 100 150 200 250
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
COD(%decrease)-->
Dosages of Telfloc 01 (in ppm) -->
(Along with Al2
(SO4
)3
,16H2
O / FeCl3
-1000ppm and Telfloc2840- 5ppm)
Al2
(SO4
)3
FeCl3
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
TrueColour(%decrease)-->
Dosages of PACl (in mg/L) -->
(Along with Al2
(SO4
)3
,16H2
O / FeCl3
-1000ppm, Telfloc01- 50ppm and Telfloc2840- 5ppm)
Al2
(SO4
)3
FeCl3
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Dosages of Telfloc 185K (in ppm) -->
(Along withTelfloc 01 - 250ppm & Telfloc 2840 - 10ppm)
TrueColour(%decrease)-->

5. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 5, September – October (2013), © IAEME
37
Figure 7 Figure 8
Performance of FeCl3 for COD removal was better than Al2(SO4)3,16H2O. For FeCl3, COD
removal increased rapidly upto dosages of 1500 mg/L, after that it became asymptotic. For
Al2(SO4)3, removal efficiency increased gradually. The difference may be attributed to the
phenomenon of sweep flocculation as FeCl3 generates more sludge at lower dosages compared to
Al2(SO4)3. With increase in dosages of Telfloc 01 along with fixed dosages of FeCl3 and Telfloc
2840 there is not much improvement in COD reduction. Whereas when Al2(SO4)3 was added in place
of FeCl3 initially COD removal percentage increased rapidly with stabilization at higher dosages.
PACl was not very effective in increasing the COD removal percentage when added with fixed
dosages of HMS, Telfloc 01 and Telfloc 2840. When only synthetic coagulants like Telfloc 185K
was used with fixed dosages of Telfloc 01 and Telfloc 2840, COD removal increased rapidly upto
dosage of 1000 ppm thereafter attaining a stable value with minor increase.
3.1.3 Variation of Sludge Volume
Figure 9 Figure 10
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Dosages of Telfloc 185K (in ppm) -->
(Along withTelfloc 01 - 250ppm & Telfloc 2840 - 10ppm)
COD(%decrease)-->
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
COD(%decrease)-->
Dosages of PACl (in mg/L) -->
(Along with Al2
(SO4
)3
,16H2
O / FeCl3
-1000ppm, Telfloc01- 50ppm and Telfloc2840- 5ppm)
Al2
(SO4
)3
FeCl3
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
0
100
200
300
400
500
Al2
(SO4
)3
FeCl3
Dosages (in mg/L) -->
(Al2
(SO4
)3
,16H2
O / FeCl3
)
SludgeVolume(mL/L)-->
0 50 100 150 200 250
0
100
200
300
400
500
SludgeVolume(mL/L)-->
Dosages of Telfloc 01 (in ppm) -->
(Along with Al2
(SO4
)3
,16H2
O / FeCl3
-1000ppm and Telfloc2840- 5ppm)
Al2
(SO4
)3
FeCl3

6. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 5, September – October (2013), © IAEME
38
Figure 11 Figure 12
As expected sludge volumes were higher reaching upto about 500 mL/L with increasing
dosages of HMS. However when Telfloc 01 was added to fixed dosages of HMS and Telfloc 2840,
the sludge volume remained within 200 mL/L. PACl when added to fixed dosages of HMS, Telfloc
01 and Telfloc 2840 kept the sludge volume below or near 200 mL/L. Varying dosages of Telfloc
185K with fixed dosages of Telfloc 01 and Telfloc 2840 maintained the sludge volume between
about 100 mL/L to 200 mL/L.
3.2 Longitudinal study
TABLE -2
Raw effluent characteristics for different samples
Parameters pH TSS True colour COD BOD
Sample 1 7.42 114 260 939 167.3
Sample 2 7.33 147 1050 980 134.3
Sample 3 7.36 117 51 573 137.9
Sample 4 9.43 124 85 1839 322.7
Sample 5 8.68 118 172 937 245.9
Sample 6 9.04 163 457 907 193.1
TABLE -3
Combinations adopted for treating different samples
Coagulants Al2(SO4)3,16H2O PACl Telfloc 01 Telfloc 185K Telfloc 2840
Combination 1 1250 ppm 75 ppm 5 ppm
Combination 2 1500 ppm 500 ppm 50 ppm 5 ppm
Combination 3 250 ppm 500 ppm 10 ppm
Combination 4 250 ppm 1000 ppm 10 ppm
Combination 5 250 ppm 1500 ppm 10 ppm
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
0
100
200
300
400
500
SludgeVolume(mL/L)-->
Dosages of PACl (in mg/L) -->
(Along with Al2
(SO4
)3
,16H2
O / FeCl3
-1000ppm, Telfloc01- 50ppm and Telfloc2840- 5ppm)
Al2
(SO4
)3
FeCl3
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
0
100
200
300
400
500
Dosages of Telfloc 185K (in ppm) -->
(Along withTelfloc 01 - 250ppm & Telfloc 2840 - 10ppm)
SludgeVolume(mL/L)-->

7. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 5, September – October (2013), © IAEME
39
3.2.1 Removal of colour
Figure 13
Percentage of colour removal was studied for five combinations of coagulants / flocculants
and coagulation aids. The results show that for all the samples the colour removal was the best with
combination five i.e. with synthetic polymeric coagulants and aids in the form of Telfloc 185K –
1500 ppm, Telfloc 01 – 250 ppm and Telfloc 2840 – 10 ppm. Colour removal increased with
increasing dosages of Telfloc 185K with the removal reaching above ninety percent for almost all the
cases at Telfloc 185K concentration of 1500 ppm.
3.2.2 Removal of COD
Figure 14
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1 00
sa m p le1 sa m p le2 sa m p le3 sa m p le4 sa m p le5 sa m p le6
Truecolor(%decrease)-->
D iff e re n t s a m p le s
C om b.1
C om b.2
C om b.3
C om b.4
C om b.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1 00
sa m pl e1 sa m pl e2 sam pl e3 sa m p le4 sa m p le5 sa m p le6
COD(%decrease)-->
D ifferent s am ples
C om b.1
C om b.2
C om b.3
C om b.4
C om b.5

8. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 5, September – October (2013), © IAEME
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From figure 14 it is observed that COD removal was the best achieved with the combination two i.e.
Al2(SO4)3,16H2O – 1500 ppm, PACl – 500 ppm, Telfloc 01 – 50 ppm and Telfloc 2840 – 5 ppm and
went beyond 70 percent for all the cases. This may be due to the sweep flocculation combined with
high volume of sludge. Combination five came a close second with COD removal percentage close
to 70 percent for three samples and above 70 percent for the other three. However the sludge volume
was considerably lower with combination five in all the cases compared with combination two.
4. CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results and discussions it may be concluded that colour removal was best
attained when Telfloc 185K was used along with Telfloc 01 and Telfloc 2840. Colour removal was
also good at high HMS dosages but the resultant sludge volume became enormous. The combination
five of Telfloc 185K – 1500 ppm, Telfloc 01 – 250 ppm & Telfloc 2840 – 10 ppm was proved to be
the best among all combinations when applied on different samples.
Maximum COD removal attained was between about 70 to 80 percent in each of the
combinations at some dosages of the coagulants during the cross sectional studies. During
longitudinal.study with different types of samples, combination two was proved to be the best.
However combination five was the next best option with COD removal reaching near 70 percent for
three samples and above 70 percent for the rest three.
Considering the sludge volume, combination five may be considered as the optimum choice
for treating different types of textile effluents.
Overall this research evaluated different coagulants and aids vis-à-vis their efficiency in
removing different parameters of the textile wastewater. Considering the major parameters such as
Colour and COD the combination of Telfloc 185K with Telfloc 01 and Telfloc 2840 at some dosages
proved to be very efficient in treating this type of textile wastewater.
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