SlideShare uma empresa Scribd logo
1 de 119
FLUID & ELECTROLYTE BALANCE
BODY FLUIDS - 60% BODY WEIGHT ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Major Compartments for Fluids ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Distribution of solutes in body ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ELECTROLYTES ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
MILLIEQUIVALENT (mEq) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
DEFINITIONS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
METHODS OF FLUID & ELECTROLYTE MOVEMENT ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
DIFFUSION ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
 
FACILITATED DIFFUSION ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
OSMOSIS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
 
OSMOTIC PRESSURE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE OR ONCOTIC PRESSURE ,[object Object],[object Object]
ISOTONIC  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
HYPOTONIC  HYPERTONIC ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
OSMOLALITY ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Osmolality In Clinical Practice * ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Other Lab Tests*  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ACTIVE TRANSPORT SYSTEM ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
FILTRATION ,[object Object],[object Object]
 
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
THIRD SPACING  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
PLASMA PROTEINS (Primarily Albumin) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
INTAKE  FLUIDS OUT  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
THIRST ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
 
 
Neuro Endocrine Mechanisms ,[object Object],[object Object]
 
ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
 
 
ALDOSTERONE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
 
RENIN ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
 
 
You just ate 4 bags of potato chips so what would you expect? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
You decide to drink 5 gallons of water so what do you expect ? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Quiz ???? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
More Questions  ???? ,[object Object],[object Object]
Methods of Monitoring Fluid Balance !!!! ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Pulmonary Artery Catheter !!!! ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
IV Fluid Tonicity !!!! ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Dehydration !!!! ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
INTAKE & OUTPUT  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
1-Pure water Depletion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Pathophysiology and Effects ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Biochemical findings ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
2- Pure Salt Depletion ,[object Object],[object Object]
Pathophysiology and effects ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Biochemical findings ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
3-FLUID VOLUME DEFICIT  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CAUSES OF FVD ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
LAB VALUES IN FVD ,[object Object]
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF FVD ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
NURSING MANAGEMEMT  OF FVD ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
FLUID VOLUME EXCESS  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF FVE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
NURSING MANAGEMENT OF FVE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Water Intoxication !!!! ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ISOTONIC SOLUTIONS  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
HYPOTONIC SOLUTIONS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
HYPERTONIC SOLUTIONS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
SODIUM (NA + ) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
SODIUM  (NA)* ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
SODIUM (NA + ) ,[object Object],[object Object]
 
HYPERNATREMIA ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
HYPONATREMIA ,[object Object],[object Object]
POTASSIUM (K + ) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
POTASSIUM  (K)* ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
POTASSIUM (K + )   ,[object Object],[object Object]
HYPERKALEMIA ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
HYPERKALEMIA TX ,[object Object],[object Object]
HYPOKALEMIA ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
HYPOKALEMIA TX ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
ACID-BASE BALANCE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
HENDERSON - HASSELBALCH EQUATION ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
ACID-BASE REGULATORY MECHANISMS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
 
 
 
 
Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ACID-BASE PARAMETERS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Which way will the scale tip???* ,[object Object]
Respiratory Acidosis* ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Respiratory Alkalosis* ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Metabolic Acidosis* ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Metabolic Alkalosis* ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
EVALUATING ABGs* ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ABG ASSESSMENT* ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ABGs* ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
FASTING BLOOD GLUCOSE 70-110mg/dl ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
HYPER  HYPOGLYCEMIA ,[object Object],[object Object]

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Mais procurados

Body fluid compartments slide share
Body fluid compartments slide shareBody fluid compartments slide share
Body fluid compartments slide shareAnu Priya
 
Acid Base Balance
Acid Base BalanceAcid Base Balance
Acid Base BalanceAshok Katta
 
Acid base balance
Acid base balanceAcid base balance
Acid base balancerijaa
 
Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis and alkalosisRespiratory acidosis and alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis and alkalosisAnwar Siddiqui
 
7) regulation of respiration
7) regulation of respiration7) regulation of respiration
7) regulation of respirationAyub Abdi
 
Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxideTransport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxideRaju Jadhav
 
Non respiratory functions of lungs
Non respiratory functions of lungsNon respiratory functions of lungs
Non respiratory functions of lungsAli Faris
 
Water, Electrolyte, And Acid-Base Balance
Water, Electrolyte, And Acid-Base BalanceWater, Electrolyte, And Acid-Base Balance
Water, Electrolyte, And Acid-Base Balancegetyourcheaton
 
Metabolic alkalosis Dr. Mohamed Abdelhafez
Metabolic alkalosis Dr. Mohamed AbdelhafezMetabolic alkalosis Dr. Mohamed Abdelhafez
Metabolic alkalosis Dr. Mohamed Abdelhafeznephro mih
 
Respiratory physiology h.o.d.
Respiratory physiology h.o.d.Respiratory physiology h.o.d.
Respiratory physiology h.o.d.KGMU, Lucknow
 
Fluid andelectrolyte balance
Fluid andelectrolyte balanceFluid andelectrolyte balance
Fluid andelectrolyte balancerekha
 
Fluid and electrolyte balance
Fluid and electrolyte balanceFluid and electrolyte balance
Fluid and electrolyte balanceUtkal University
 
Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis -
Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis - Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis -
Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis - Ahmad Qudah
 
TRANSPORT OF CARBON DIOXIDE
TRANSPORT OF CARBON DIOXIDETRANSPORT OF CARBON DIOXIDE
TRANSPORT OF CARBON DIOXIDEDr Nilesh Kate
 
Colloids & Crystalloids
Colloids & CrystalloidsColloids & Crystalloids
Colloids & CrystalloidsFarhana Atia
 

Mais procurados (20)

Body fluid compartments slide share
Body fluid compartments slide shareBody fluid compartments slide share
Body fluid compartments slide share
 
Acid Base Balance
Acid Base BalanceAcid Base Balance
Acid Base Balance
 
Acid base balance
Acid base balanceAcid base balance
Acid base balance
 
Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis and alkalosisRespiratory acidosis and alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis
 
Acid base disorders
Acid base disordersAcid base disorders
Acid base disorders
 
Mechanism of-respiration
Mechanism of-respirationMechanism of-respiration
Mechanism of-respiration
 
7) regulation of respiration
7) regulation of respiration7) regulation of respiration
7) regulation of respiration
 
Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxideTransport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
 
Non respiratory functions of lungs
Non respiratory functions of lungsNon respiratory functions of lungs
Non respiratory functions of lungs
 
Water, Electrolyte, And Acid-Base Balance
Water, Electrolyte, And Acid-Base BalanceWater, Electrolyte, And Acid-Base Balance
Water, Electrolyte, And Acid-Base Balance
 
Metabolic alkalosis Dr. Mohamed Abdelhafez
Metabolic alkalosis Dr. Mohamed AbdelhafezMetabolic alkalosis Dr. Mohamed Abdelhafez
Metabolic alkalosis Dr. Mohamed Abdelhafez
 
Respiratory physiology h.o.d.
Respiratory physiology h.o.d.Respiratory physiology h.o.d.
Respiratory physiology h.o.d.
 
Fluid andelectrolyte balance
Fluid andelectrolyte balanceFluid andelectrolyte balance
Fluid andelectrolyte balance
 
Fluid and electrolyte balance
Fluid and electrolyte balanceFluid and electrolyte balance
Fluid and electrolyte balance
 
Body fluid
Body fluidBody fluid
Body fluid
 
Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis -
Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis - Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis -
Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis -
 
TRANSPORT OF CARBON DIOXIDE
TRANSPORT OF CARBON DIOXIDETRANSPORT OF CARBON DIOXIDE
TRANSPORT OF CARBON DIOXIDE
 
Acid base balance
Acid base balanceAcid base balance
Acid base balance
 
Colloids & Crystalloids
Colloids & CrystalloidsColloids & Crystalloids
Colloids & Crystalloids
 
Fluid And Electrolytes1
Fluid And Electrolytes1Fluid And Electrolytes1
Fluid And Electrolytes1
 

Destaque

Fluids & Electrolytes Imbalances - BMH/Tele
Fluids & Electrolytes Imbalances - BMH/TeleFluids & Electrolytes Imbalances - BMH/Tele
Fluids & Electrolytes Imbalances - BMH/TeleTeleClinEd
 
Gastrointestinal medications
Gastrointestinal medicationsGastrointestinal medications
Gastrointestinal medicationsCarmina Gurrea
 
G iagents
G iagentsG iagents
G iagentscqpate
 
Drugs acting on the gastrointestinal tract
Drugs acting on the gastrointestinal tractDrugs acting on the gastrointestinal tract
Drugs acting on the gastrointestinal tractBruno Mmassy
 
fluid, electrolytes, acid base balance
fluid, electrolytes, acid base balancefluid, electrolytes, acid base balance
fluid, electrolytes, acid base balancetwiggypiggy
 

Destaque (12)

Ms.fluid&electrolytes
Ms.fluid&electrolytesMs.fluid&electrolytes
Ms.fluid&electrolytes
 
SEE-SAW: HOMEOSTASIS
SEE-SAW: HOMEOSTASISSEE-SAW: HOMEOSTASIS
SEE-SAW: HOMEOSTASIS
 
Fluids & Electrolytes Imbalances - BMH/Tele
Fluids & Electrolytes Imbalances - BMH/TeleFluids & Electrolytes Imbalances - BMH/Tele
Fluids & Electrolytes Imbalances - BMH/Tele
 
Antacids
AntacidsAntacids
Antacids
 
ANTACID
ANTACIDANTACID
ANTACID
 
Antacid ppt
Antacid pptAntacid ppt
Antacid ppt
 
Gastrointestinal medications
Gastrointestinal medicationsGastrointestinal medications
Gastrointestinal medications
 
G iagents
G iagentsG iagents
G iagents
 
Fluids and electrolytes (1)
Fluids and electrolytes (1)Fluids and electrolytes (1)
Fluids and electrolytes (1)
 
gastrointestinal agents
 gastrointestinal agents gastrointestinal agents
gastrointestinal agents
 
Drugs acting on the gastrointestinal tract
Drugs acting on the gastrointestinal tractDrugs acting on the gastrointestinal tract
Drugs acting on the gastrointestinal tract
 
fluid, electrolytes, acid base balance
fluid, electrolytes, acid base balancefluid, electrolytes, acid base balance
fluid, electrolytes, acid base balance
 

Semelhante a Fluid and electrolytes

Fluids And Electrolytes
Fluids And  ElectrolytesFluids And  Electrolytes
Fluids And ElectrolytesRia Pineda
 
Fluid & Electrolytes Balance
Fluid & Electrolytes  BalanceFluid & Electrolytes  Balance
Fluid & Electrolytes Balancemohammed indanan
 
Fluid Electrolyte Imbalance - Acid Base Balance
Fluid Electrolyte Imbalance - Acid Base BalanceFluid Electrolyte Imbalance - Acid Base Balance
Fluid Electrolyte Imbalance - Acid Base BalanceAby Thankachan
 
3. Renal Block-Water and Electrolyte Balance-MBBS-2024.pptx
3. Renal Block-Water and Electrolyte Balance-MBBS-2024.pptx3. Renal Block-Water and Electrolyte Balance-MBBS-2024.pptx
3. Renal Block-Water and Electrolyte Balance-MBBS-2024.pptxRajendra Dev Bhatt
 
Fluid & electrolytes cld part 1
Fluid & electrolytes cld part 1Fluid & electrolytes cld part 1
Fluid & electrolytes cld part 1Carmela Domocmat
 
RENAL-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE, ACID BASE BALANCE-converted.pptx
RENAL-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE, ACID BASE BALANCE-converted.pptxRENAL-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE, ACID BASE BALANCE-converted.pptx
RENAL-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE, ACID BASE BALANCE-converted.pptxivvalashaker1
 
Fluid and electrolyte balance
Fluid and electrolyte balanceFluid and electrolyte balance
Fluid and electrolyte balanceSreekanth Bose
 
WATER AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in normal and abnorm'
WATER AND ELECTROLYTE  BALANCE in normal and abnorm'WATER AND ELECTROLYTE  BALANCE in normal and abnorm'
WATER AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in normal and abnorm'ivvalashaker1
 
Body Fluid And Electrolyte Balance
Body Fluid And Electrolyte BalanceBody Fluid And Electrolyte Balance
Body Fluid And Electrolyte Balancemvraveendrambbs
 
Basic body fluid homeostasis.pptx
Basic body fluid homeostasis.pptxBasic body fluid homeostasis.pptx
Basic body fluid homeostasis.pptxTadesseFenta1
 
FLUID & ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE
FLUID & ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCEFLUID & ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE
FLUID & ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCEFlavia Dass
 
fluid balance.pptx
fluid balance.pptxfluid balance.pptx
fluid balance.pptxhagiralhaj
 
fluid and electrolytes and acidosis and alkalosis
fluid and electrolytes and acidosis and alkalosisfluid and electrolytes and acidosis and alkalosis
fluid and electrolytes and acidosis and alkalosisAashish Parihar
 
Homeostasis- Patho.pptx
Homeostasis- Patho.pptxHomeostasis- Patho.pptx
Homeostasis- Patho.pptxKEVIN11381
 
Fluid and electrolyte balance powepoint
Fluid and electrolyte balance powepointFluid and electrolyte balance powepoint
Fluid and electrolyte balance powepointMarjo Malabanan
 

Semelhante a Fluid and electrolytes (20)

Fluids And Electrolytes
Fluids And  ElectrolytesFluids And  Electrolytes
Fluids And Electrolytes
 
Kideney & body fluids
Kideney & body fluidsKideney & body fluids
Kideney & body fluids
 
fluid electrolyte.pdf
fluid electrolyte.pdffluid electrolyte.pdf
fluid electrolyte.pdf
 
Fluid & Electrolytes Balance
Fluid & Electrolytes  BalanceFluid & Electrolytes  Balance
Fluid & Electrolytes Balance
 
Fluid And Electrolytes
Fluid And ElectrolytesFluid And Electrolytes
Fluid And Electrolytes
 
Fluid Electrolyte Imbalance - Acid Base Balance
Fluid Electrolyte Imbalance - Acid Base BalanceFluid Electrolyte Imbalance - Acid Base Balance
Fluid Electrolyte Imbalance - Acid Base Balance
 
3. Renal Block-Water and Electrolyte Balance-MBBS-2024.pptx
3. Renal Block-Water and Electrolyte Balance-MBBS-2024.pptx3. Renal Block-Water and Electrolyte Balance-MBBS-2024.pptx
3. Renal Block-Water and Electrolyte Balance-MBBS-2024.pptx
 
Fluid & electrolytes cld part 1
Fluid & electrolytes cld part 1Fluid & electrolytes cld part 1
Fluid & electrolytes cld part 1
 
RENAL-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE, ACID BASE BALANCE-converted.pptx
RENAL-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE, ACID BASE BALANCE-converted.pptxRENAL-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE, ACID BASE BALANCE-converted.pptx
RENAL-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE, ACID BASE BALANCE-converted.pptx
 
Fluid and electrolyte balance
Fluid and electrolyte balanceFluid and electrolyte balance
Fluid and electrolyte balance
 
WATER AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in normal and abnorm'
WATER AND ELECTROLYTE  BALANCE in normal and abnorm'WATER AND ELECTROLYTE  BALANCE in normal and abnorm'
WATER AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in normal and abnorm'
 
Body Fluid And Electrolyte Balance
Body Fluid And Electrolyte BalanceBody Fluid And Electrolyte Balance
Body Fluid And Electrolyte Balance
 
Basic body fluid homeostasis.pptx
Basic body fluid homeostasis.pptxBasic body fluid homeostasis.pptx
Basic body fluid homeostasis.pptx
 
FLUID & ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE
FLUID & ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCEFLUID & ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE
FLUID & ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE
 
fluid and electrolyte
 fluid and electrolyte fluid and electrolyte
fluid and electrolyte
 
fluid balance.pptx
fluid balance.pptxfluid balance.pptx
fluid balance.pptx
 
fluid and electrolytes and acidosis and alkalosis
fluid and electrolytes and acidosis and alkalosisfluid and electrolytes and acidosis and alkalosis
fluid and electrolytes and acidosis and alkalosis
 
Homeostasis- Patho.pptx
Homeostasis- Patho.pptxHomeostasis- Patho.pptx
Homeostasis- Patho.pptx
 
HOMEOSTASIS
HOMEOSTASISHOMEOSTASIS
HOMEOSTASIS
 
Fluid and electrolyte balance powepoint
Fluid and electrolyte balance powepointFluid and electrolyte balance powepoint
Fluid and electrolyte balance powepoint
 

Mais de hussamdr

Humoral immunity
Humoral immunityHumoral immunity
Humoral immunityhussamdr
 
Pathology healing and repair
Pathology healing and repairPathology healing and repair
Pathology healing and repairhussamdr
 
Inflammation Part (2)
Inflammation Part  (2)Inflammation Part  (2)
Inflammation Part (2)hussamdr
 
Inflammation Part 2
Inflammation Part 2Inflammation Part 2
Inflammation Part 2hussamdr
 
Inflammation part 1 by
Inflammation  part 1 byInflammation  part 1 by
Inflammation part 1 byhussamdr
 
Lipid metabolism
Lipid  metabolismLipid  metabolism
Lipid metabolismhussamdr
 
Informational macromolecules (2)
Informational macromolecules (2)Informational macromolecules (2)
Informational macromolecules (2)hussamdr
 
Biological oxidation
Biological oxidationBiological oxidation
Biological oxidationhussamdr
 
Informational macromolecules (2)
Informational macromolecules (2)Informational macromolecules (2)
Informational macromolecules (2)hussamdr
 
Biological oxidation
Biological oxidationBiological oxidation
Biological oxidationhussamdr
 

Mais de hussamdr (12)

Humoral immunity
Humoral immunityHumoral immunity
Humoral immunity
 
Pathology healing and repair
Pathology healing and repairPathology healing and repair
Pathology healing and repair
 
Inflammation Part (2)
Inflammation Part  (2)Inflammation Part  (2)
Inflammation Part (2)
 
Inflammation Part 2
Inflammation Part 2Inflammation Part 2
Inflammation Part 2
 
Inflammation part 1 by
Inflammation  part 1 byInflammation  part 1 by
Inflammation part 1 by
 
Lipid metabolism
Lipid  metabolismLipid  metabolism
Lipid metabolism
 
Informational macromolecules (2)
Informational macromolecules (2)Informational macromolecules (2)
Informational macromolecules (2)
 
Biological oxidation
Biological oxidationBiological oxidation
Biological oxidation
 
diabetes
diabetesdiabetes
diabetes
 
Dm
DmDm
Dm
 
Informational macromolecules (2)
Informational macromolecules (2)Informational macromolecules (2)
Informational macromolecules (2)
 
Biological oxidation
Biological oxidationBiological oxidation
Biological oxidation
 

Fluid and electrolytes