Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...
Free to teach, free to learn
1. Free To Teach, Free To Learn:
Private Schooling on Debate
Helena Ribeiro de Castro
hribeiro.castro@gmail.com
2. Keywords:
• Freedom
• Schooling
• Teaching / Learning
• Public school /Private school
• Public service
• Free choice
HRC 18.09.2012
3. In Portugal as in other European
countries, education started around religious
communities. In the XVIIIth century the State
ruled about this matter, claiming the responsibility
to build schools and spread scholar education all
over the country.
However, scholarization will go on linked to the
action of social groups mainly religious groups
while the State insisted on monopolizing both this
responsibility and its efective concretion.
HRC 18.09.2012
4. Inhabitants per
Country
school
Portugal 1100
Spain 600
Baviera
1870 France
500 – 400
Netherlands
Italy
Sweden 300
USA 160
Prussia 150
HRC 18.09.2012
5. Students per
Country
inhabitants
Portugal 1/32
Italy 1/15
Spain 1/14
France 1/8
1870 Belgium
Netherlands 1/7
England
Prussia 1/6
Baviera
Sweden 1/5
Switzerland
USA 1/4 – 1/3
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6. Country Number of schools
needed in Portugal
Spain 7 000
Baviera
1870 Belgium 8 000
France
Netherlands
England
10 000 – 12 000
Prussia
Sweden
USA 21 000
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7. 1870
4 200 000 inhabitants in Portugal (continental)
4 000 parishes
2 350 state schools / 2 240 private schools
2 000 state schools (boys) / 1 700 private schools (boys)
350 state schools (girls) / 840 private schools (girls)
132 000 students / 757 000 children (7-15 years old)
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8. The incapacity of the Portuguese
State in spreading scholar
education all over the country
has been supplied by private
initiative.
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9. Freedom to teach
A Constitutional right since 1822 (art. 239):
“Any citizen is free to open classes
to public teaching…”
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10. Free access to public teaching
A Constitutional right in 1838 (art. 29)
“Public teaching is free to any citizen…”
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11. Private schools for public teaching
Private initiative / anyone can attend
The promotor is free to teach accordingly to his
own ideas and to the Portuguese laws: the school
must accomplish the legal determinations and be
submitted to the inspection of the State.
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12. Private schools for public teaching
Private initiative Public service
Private school Public school
ideologic… tendentially ideologic…
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13. Scholar question in Europe,
XIXth century
FRANCE
ENGLAND
NETHERLANDS
BELGIUM
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14. France, 1831
Montalembert, Lacordaire
“We demand freedom for teaching as it is a
natural right, the first freedom, of the family;
without it there will be no religious freedom, or
freedom of opinion.” (Le manifeste de l’Avenir)
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15. During the XIXth and XXth centuries, private
schools were mainly catholic or protestant
Anticlerical groups The Republic
were not very fond movement destroyed
of them… them in 1910
They reappeared silently during the third decade of
the XXth century
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16. Where is freedom?
Constitutional Law, 1911 (art. 3)
No one can be obliged to do or not to do anything that is not
legally ordered. (…)
Teaching in public and in private establishments
[are] supervised by the State [and] will be neutral
in what concerns to religion.
Elementar primary school is compulsory and free of charge.
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17. Freedom to teach
Constitutional Law, 1933 (art. 42, 43, 44)
• Education is compulsory and belong to families and
public or private establishments cooperating with them.
• Religious teaching in private schools do not depend on
any authorization.
• The establishment of private schools is free; they will be
supervised by the State and can be funded…
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18. Freedom to teach
Constitutional Law, 1933 (art. 8)
Freedom to teach is one of the individual rights
and guarantees of Portuguese citizens.
“Specific laws will rule the exercise of freedom of
(…) teaching (…)”
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19. Human Rights Declaration, 1948 (art. 26)
1. Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be
free, at least in the elementary and fundamental
stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. (…)
2. Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of
education that shall be given to their children.
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20. Freedom to learn and to teach
Constitutional Law, 1976 (art. 43)
…is guaranteed the freedom to learn and to teach;
The State cannot programme the education under any
philosophical, ideological (…) or religious guidelines;
… public teaching [public/state school] won’t be
confessional.
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21. Private schools for public teaching
Private initiative Public service
Private school Public school
ideologic… tendentially neutral…
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22. Freedom to learn and to teach
Constitutional Law, 1976 (art. 75)
The State will create a net of teaching establishments
that covers the needs of the whole population.
The State will supervise the private schools …
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23. Free to teach. Free to learn.
Actual Constitution (art. 43)
…is guaranteed the freedom to learn and to teach;
The State cannot programme the education under any
philosophical, ideological (…) or religious guidelines;
… is guaranteed the right to create private schools.
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24. Free to teach. Free to learn.
Actual Constitution (art. 74, 75)
Everyone has the right to teaching with the guaranty of
equal opportunities to scholar access and success.
The State will create a net of public shools that covers the
needs of all the population.
The State recognizes and supervises private and
cooperative schools in the terms of the law.
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25. Individual freedom
Free to think and
to give one’s
own opinion
Familial freedom ?
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26. Free to teach! Free to learn?
The national ranking of schools puts private schools
on the top 7 places.
Which can mean (means?) that… in many cases (?)
public schools cannot achieve the same quality
private ones do concerning either resources or
pedagogical conditions and management.
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27. Free to teach! Free to learn?
PUBLIC SCHOOL: universal, free of charge
vs
Private school: paid; mostly expensive; discriminatory?
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28. Freedom to teach and to learn is
not efective in Portugal.
What happens in other European countries?
Is this a pertinent problem?
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