2. Under guidance of:
Dr. Kiran Desai sir
Dr. Navin Shah sir
Dr. Rakesh Shah sir
Dr. Kruti Shah mam
Dr. Amit Mahajan sir
Dr. Dixit Shah sir
Dr. Rohit Tatu sir
Dr. Prachur Kumar sir
Dr. Rushit Patel sir
3. CONTENTS
Introduction
Brain
Cranial nerve
Cranial nerve vs Spinal Nerve
Topography of nerves.
Functional Anatomy of Cranial nerves.
Examination of Cranial nerves.
Surgical Aspects of Nerves.
6. Parts of Brain:
1. Forebrain
(prosencephalon)
a) Telencephalon (cerebrum)
b) Diencephalon
(thalamecephalon)
2. Midbrain
(mesencephalon)
3. Hindbrain
(rhombencephalon)
a) Metencephalon (pons+
cerebellum)
b) Myelencephalon or
medulla oblongata.
8. Brain Stem
Anatomy:
Medulla oblongata
Pons
Midbrain
Medulla:
-Relays motor and
sensory information.
-Regulates heartbeat,
breathing and blood
vessel dilation.
Pons: Control breathing.
Mid Brain:
vision, hearing,
motor control,
sleep/wake, arousal
(alertness), and
temperature
regulation
9.
10.
11.
12.
13. Protective Coverings
(Meninges)
Dura mater:
Dense connective tissue.
Arachnoid:
Nonvascular connective tissue.
Pia mater:
Highly vascular.
Covers surface of the brain and spinal cord and
invaginates along cortical surface to form
perivascular spaces.
14.
15. Cerebral Spinal Fluid
Formed in the choroid plexus of leteral ventricles
and 3rd and 4th ventricles, capillaries of brain and
spinal cord.
Total contain 150 ml formation rate 500ml/day.
Absorbed arachnoid villi layer to cranial venous
sinus, spinal nerve.
Protects, nutritive and pathways for metabolisum.
16.
17. Nerves that emerge directly from the
brain (spinal nerves emerge from
segments of the spinal cord).
12 pairs of cranial nerves.!!!!!?
18.
19. Numbered Anterior to Posterior
Attach to Ventral surface of brain
Exit brain through foramina in skull
I + II attach to Forebrain
III-XII attach to Brainstem (midbrain, pons,
medulla)
Only X goes beyond the head-neck
20.
21.
22. Cranial nerve v/s spinal nerve
Contain inflow/outflow of brain; spinal nerves contain
inflow/outflow of spinal cord.
Certain types of similar to those found in spinal nerves; ex.
Sensory axons to skin.
Certain types of neurons not found in spinal nerves; ex. taste
fibers.
Many cranial nerves contain more than one type of neuron.
23. BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION
1) First letter: G = General = types of neurons found both in
spinal nerves and cranial nerves.
S = Special = types of neurons only found in
cranial nerves not spinal nerves.
2) Second letter: S = Somatic = types of neurons innervating
structures derived from somites.
V = Visceral = types of neurons innervating
gut, structures derived from or associated with gut and brachial
arches; also vascular system, smooth muscle, internal organs
and glands.
3) Third letter: A = Afferent = sensory neurons.
E = Efferent = motor neurons to skeletal and
smooth muscle; also secretomotor neurons to glands.
24. A. General Innervation - like spinal cord
1. GSE (General Somatic Efferent) - motor to somatic
voluntary skeletal muscles (derived from somites).
2. GSA (General Somatic Afferent) - sensory to skin,
joints, muscle and tendon receptor endings, nasal and oral cavity.
3. GVE (General Visceral Efferent) = Autonomic
Efferents - motor to smooth muscles in general and smooth
muscles of skin (arrector pilae muscles) and blood vessels,
secretomotor to glands.
4. GVA (General Visceral Afferent) - sensory to gut and its
derivatives, pharynx, blood vessels, glands and internal organs.
25. B. Special Innervation - only found in head.
1. SSA (Special Somatic Afferent) - special senses of vision,
auditory sensation and vestibular apparatus.
2. SVA (Special Visceral Afferents) – chemical senses of taste
and by analogy smell.
3. SVE (Special Visceral Efferents) - motor to voluntary
skeletal muscles derived from branchial arches (these muscles
develop in association with pharynx, which is rostral end of gut
and therefore visceral).
28. According to functions
Sensory cranial nerves: contain only afferent (sensory) fibers
ⅠOlfactory nerve
ⅡOptic nerve
Ⅷ Vestibulocochlear nerve
Motor cranial nerves: contain only efferent (motor) fibers
Ⅲ Oculomotor nerve
Ⅳ Trochlear nerve
Ⅵ Abducent nerve
Ⅺ Accessory nerve
Ⅻ Hypoglossal nerve
29. Mixed nerves: contain both sensory and motor
fibers---
ⅤTrigeminal nerve
Ⅶ Facial nerve
ⅨGlossopharyngeal nerve
ⅩVagus nerve
30. Mnemonic for CN Function
I. Some
II. Say
III. Marry
IV. Money
V. But
VI. My
VII. Brother
VIII. Says
IX. Big
X. Brains
XI. Matter
XII. Most!
S = Sensory function
M = Motor
function
B = BOTH (Sensory
and Motor function
31. Cooks Out Spurt Some Spunk Right Over
Silly Isabel's Incredible Jiggling Jizz Jet
hole
Cribiform plate (Olfactory)
Optic canal (Optic)
Superior Orbital
Fissure(Oculomotor)
Superior Orbital
Fissure(Trochlear)
Superior Orbital
Fissure(Trigeminal -
Ophthalmic)
Foramen Rotundum
(Trigeminal- Maxillary),
Foramen Ovale (Trigeminal -
Mandibular),
Superior Orbital Fissure
(Abducens)
• Internal Acoustic Meatus
(Facial)
• Internal Acoustic Meatus
(Vestibulocochlear)
• Jugular Foramen
(Glossopharyngeal)
• Jugular Foramen (Vagus)
• Jugular Foramen
(Accessory)
• Hypoglossal Canal
(Hypoglossal)