1. Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus Screening should be performed to all pregnant women at 24-28 weeks of gestation. First-trimester screening should be performed on patients with risk factors.

3. Past history of GDM

4. Past obstetric history of IUFD, macrosomia or congenital anomalies.

5. Maternal age older than 35 years

6. Obesity

10. 100g Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT): Done for those with an abnormal screening result. plasma glucose is measured during fasting state then 100g glucose is administered and plasma glucose is measured after 1, 2 and 3 hours.

12. Overnight fast of 8–14 hours

13. Following at least 3 days of unrestricted diet (>150 g carbohydrate) and physical activity

16. When left untreated, they are at higher risk for macrosomia and neonatal morbidity.

19. Maternal HbA1CDiagnosis of diabetes in pregnancy should never be based on urine analysis for glucose since 18% of pregnant women have glucosuria.

21. Close monitoring of blood pressure

22. Uric acid

23. Urine analysis for protein

24. Renal function tests (urea and creatinine)

25. Urine culture

27. Detect congenital anomalies

28. Monitor fetal growth

30. Fetal ECG to detect cardiac anomalies

31. Fetal movement assessment

32. Fetal umbilical Doppler studies

33. Amniocentesis for fetal lung profile if delivery is expected prior to 39 weeks’ gestation.