Classification (IB Biology)

ClassificationStephen Taylor
Photo: © All rights reserved by Stephen Taylor i-Biology at Flickr:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/sciencevideos/5664230154/

Assessment Statements from the IB Biology Subject Guide.
Extension:
• How does taxonomy connect to the big ideas of:
• Evolution?
• Structure & Function?
• TOK: What are the benefits of a single global naming system for species based on latin?

Living MRS GREN: Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity (to
change), Growth, Reproduction, Excretion (of waste), Nutrition
Image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification

Living MRS GREN: Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity (to
change), Growth, Reproduction, Excretion (of waste), Nutrition
Three main ‘Domains’ in the
Phylogenetic Tree of Life
Tree of life from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-domain_system

Six Kingdoms from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)

Six Kingdoms from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)
Some examples of Phyla we need to know
Kingdom Animalia
• Porifera
• Cnidaria
• Platyhelminthes
• Annelida
• Mollusca
• Arthropoda
Kingdom Plantae
(Plant phyla are better known as divisions)
• Bryophyta
• Filicinophyta
• Coniferophyta
• Angiospermophyta

Tree of life, from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree
Click here for full size.
As we move down the taxonomic levels, groups become
smaller and more closely related. For example, the Phylum
Chordata includes the Classes: Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves,
Mammalia.

Photo © Stephen Taylor
What’s the common name
for this species
in your
mother tongues?
manusia

Binomial Nomenclature
“Two-name naming system”
Homo
sapiens
Homo sapiensGenus name is
capitalized
species name is
NEVER capitalized
If it has been used in your piece of work
already, the name can be abbreviated to:
H. sapiens
(or H. sapiens)
typed binomial names MUST be
italicized
handwritten binomial names
MUST be underlined
Photo © Stephen Taylorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature

Binomial
Nomenclature
From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature
Carolus Linneus (Carl von Linné)
1707-1778
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus

DOMAIN
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
species
subspecies

Mnemonic (memory aid)
D __________
K __________
P __________
C __________
O__________
F__________
G__________
S __________
DOMAIN
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
species
subspecies

Classification & Naming 10-minute Poster Task
• Use the template on the GoogleSlides and access Arkive.org
• Complete one poster each for an animal and a plant
• Include IUCN database conservation status information
• Include citations, photo credit and license
Peer-check:
• formatting
• naming
• taxonomy
• citations
• status
MrT will access the
slides from your
folder for printing
& display.

Explore this interactive tool: how closely related are your two species?
• What does the scale represent?
• What is the effect of changing the scale?
http://www.wellcometreeoflife.org/interactive

Images from wikipedia. “Anya and Doggie” by Stephen Taylor

Click on the images above to find out more about each division (phylum). Images from wikipedia.

Chlorophyta(algae)
Appearance:
Photosynthetic, small.
Marine, freshwater, terrestrial.
Image: 'MAGIA EN HYDRODICTYON' Found on flickrcc.net
http://www.flickr.com/photos/25898159@N07/3654846926
Vasculature:
None.

Image: 'White Branch Falls' Found on flickrcc.net
Appearance:
Very simple, small plants. (under 50cm)
Furry Appearance
Vasculature:
None: bryophytes absorb moisture from
their humid surroundings and have
minimally specialised structures.
Reproduction:
Spores released from stalk capsules
(sporangia)

Vascular tissues (xylem and
phloem) are transport
networks to carry resources
and waste around the plant.
This allows the plant to be
bigger, with more
specialised parts.
Image: 'Green Leaf' Found on flickrcc.net

Filicinophyta (ferns)
Appearance:
Roots, leaves, short stems
Max. height 15m.
Leaves in section &
may be curled up.
Vasculature:
Xylem & Phloem
Not woody.
Reproduction:
Spores released sporangia
(capsules under the leaves) Image: 'His Fingerprints' Found on flickrcc.net

Image: I am in love with the green earth, Charles Lamb' Found on flickrcc.net
Coniferophyta(conifers)
Appearance:
Woody trees
Leaves are needles
Up to 100m
Vasculature:
Xylem & Phloem
Woody
Reproduction:
Female cones contain seeds

Photo by Stephen Taylor
Angiospermophyta Flowering
plants
Appearance:
Flowering plants
Roots, stems, leaves
Up to 100m.
Vasculature:
Xylem & Phloem
Reproduction:
Seeds dispersed through fruits.
Pollination through flowers.

Distinguish between these phyla of plants.
Appearance
Max.
Size
Reproduction Memorandum
Bryophyta
(mosses)
Filicinophyta
(ferns)
Coniferophyta
(conifers/pines)
Angiospermophyta
(flowering plants)

Distinguish between these phyla of plants.
Appearance
Max.
Size
Reproduction Memorandum
Bryophyta
(mosses)
Small, furry, no
vasculature. Cover rocks,
trees, etc. in wet areas.
50cm
Spores, from
sporangia on stalk
capsules.
Chlorophyte
=
Covers phloor
(floor)
Filicinophyta
(ferns)
Non-woody. Leaves in
sections, may be curled
up.
15m
Spores, from
sporangia under
leaves.
Filicinophyta
=
Ferns
Coniferophyta
(conifers/pines)
Woody trees with
needle-like leaves and
cones.
100m
Seeds stored and
released from female
cones.
Conifer
=
Cones
Angiospermophyta
(flowering plants)
Roots, stems and leaves.
Produce flowers.
100m
Spores, distributed
through fruits.
Flowers for
pollination.
Angiosperm
=
Pollen  flowers

Image: 'remparts' Found on flickrcc.net
Porifera (sponges)
Symmetry
None
Digestion
No mouth or anus
Filter food from currents
Segmentation
None
Notes
Pore = hole
Attached to rocky surfaces

Image: 'jellies01' Found on flickrcc.net
Image: ‘Clownfisch/ Anemonenfisch (cc)’ Found on flickrcc.net
Symmetry
Radial
Digestion
Mouth, no anus
Segmentation
None
Notes
Tentacles around mouth
Many have stinging cells
Cnidaria (jellies & anemones)

Image: 'Pseudoceros dimidiatus' Found on flickrcc.net
Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Symmetry
Bilateral
Digestion
Mouth, no anus
Segmentation
None
Notes
Ribbon-shaped
Many are parasites

Annelida (segmented worms)
Symmetry
Bilateral
Digestion
Mouth & anus
Segmentation
Yes – segmented
Notes
May be bristled
Includes earthworms, leeches
Image from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alitta_virens

Image from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alitta_virens
Annelida(segmentedworms)

Mollusca
Symmetry
Bilateral
Digestion
Mouth & anus
Segmentation
Not visibly
Notes
Hugely diverse group Image: 'slow down' Found on flickrcc.net

Mollusca
Symmetry
Bilateral
Digestion
Mouth & anus
Segmentation
Not visibly
Notes
Hugely diverse group Image: 'Squid' Found on flickrcc.net

Arthropoda
Symmetry
Bilateral
Digestion
Mouth & anus
Segmentation
Segmented, jointed
Notes
Exoskeleton, jointsImage: 'Out for a Stroll' Found on flickrcc.net

Distinguish between these phyla of invertebrates.
Symmetry Digestive Tract Segmentation Other Features
Porifera
(sponges)
None
No mouth or anus
(filter feeders)
None
Porifera (porous),
attached to rocks/
coral
Cnidaria
(jellies &
anemones)
Radial Mouth, no anus None
Tentacles around
mouth, may have
stinging cells
Platyhelminthes
(flat worms)
Bilateral Mouth, no anus None
Many flatworms are
parasites
Annelida
(segmented worms)
Bilateral Mouth & anus
Highly
segmented
Often bristly
Includes earthworms
and leeches
Mollusca Bilateral Mouth & anus Not visible
Very diverse, including
snails, squid
Arthropoda Bilateral Mouth & anus Segmented
Exoskeletons
Jointed limbs

Distinguish between these phyla of invertebrates.
Symmetry Digestive Tract Segmentation Other Features
Porifera
(sponges)
Cnidaria
(jellies &
anemones)
Platyhelminthes
(flat worms)
Annelida
(segmented worms)
Mollusca
Arthropoda

Dominoes: print 2-3 sets per group.

Classification Dominoes
spares
• Groups of 2-4.
• Each player needs a set of dominoes.
• Put all the dominoes together & mix them up.
• Deal out 6 dominoes per player.
• The leftovers go in the ‘spare’ pile, face-down.
Playing The Game:
1. Take one ‘spare’ and place it face-up on the desk.
2. The first player to spot that they can connect
one of their dominoes goes first.
3. Play continues clock-wise until all players have
correctly used all their dominoes.
4. If you cannot place a domino correctly on your
turn, take one of the spares. Play passes you.

Dichotomous Key Practice
1. Cell walls:
Present: …………..Kingdom Plantae go to Q2
Not present: ……Kingdom Animalia go to Q5
2. Vasculature
Present: …………………………………………………Q3
Not present (too small): ………………………….Phylum Bryophyta
3. Reproduction:
Spores in sporangia under leaves: ………….Phylum Filicinophyta
Seeds …………………………………………………….. Q4
4. Seeds in:
Female cones: ………………………………………. Phylum Coniferophyta
Fruits: ……………………………………………………. Phylum Angiospermophyta
5. Symmetry:
None: …………Phylum Porifera
Radial: …………Phylum Cnidaria
Bilateral: ……..Q6
6. Segmentation
Visible: ………………… Q7
Not visible: …………… Q8
7. Exoskeleton:
Present: ………. Phylum Arthropoda
Not present: .. Phylum Annelida
8. Digestive tract:
Mouth, no anus: ………. Phylum Platyhelminthes
Mouth & anus: .. ………. Phylum Mollusca
Practice with a partner and play ‘guess who’ with
the 10 phyla you need to know.
• One partner picks a phylum at random
• The other uses the key to deduce the answer.
• Check each others’ understanding.
• What other features can you remember about
each phylum?

Design a dichotomous key that the other group can apply to correctly
identify the species on their cards.
proboscis
antennae
head
cephalothorax
thorax
legs
abdomen
wing casings
fangs
Order: Araneae Order: Coleoptera

Dichotomous Key: Spiders
1. Yellow stripes on abdomen
Yes …………Argiope keyserlingi
No: …………………………………. Q2
2. Brown body
Yes: …………………………………. Q3
No: …………………………………. Q6
3. Abdomen much larger than cephalothorax
Yes: ………… Loxosceles reclusa
No: …………………………………. Q4
4. White stripe on abdomen
Yes: ………… Hogna colinensis
No: …………………………………. Q5
5. Dark dots on abdomen
Yes: …………Heteropoda maxima
No: ………… Tegenaria agrestis
6. Red mark on abdomen
Yes: ………… Latrodectus tredecimguttatus
No: …………… Q7
7. Red fangs
Yes: …………… male Missulena bradleyi
No: ……………female Missulena bradleyi

Dichotomous Key: Beetles
1. Visible proboscis
Yes …………………………………. Q2
No: …………………………………. Q3
2. Brown body
Dark brown ……… Sitophilius granarius
Light brown……… Anthonomus grandis
3. Striped wing case
Yes: ……………………………….. Q4
No: …………………………………. Q5
4. Stripes are:
Black / light-brown - Leptinotarsa decemlineata
Black / white / brown – Leptinotarsa juncta
5. Wing casing is
Red & spotted … Coccinella septempunctata
Dark ……………….. Q6
6. Legs are:
Dark, yellow antenna: Tragodendron fascilatum
Yellow: …………………….. Q7
7. Yellow legs are adapted for:
Walking: …………… Sphaerius acaroides
Swimming: ………… Gyrinus natator

Dichotomous Key: Beetles
1. Visible proboscis
Yes …………………………………. Q2
No: …………………………………. Q3
2. Brown body
Dark brown ……… Sitophilius granarius
Light brown……… Anthonomus grandis
3. Striped wing case
Yes: ……………………………….. Q4
No: …………………………………. Q5
4. Stripes are:
Black / light-brown - Leptinotarsa decemlineata
Black / white / brown – Leptinotarsa juncta
5. Wing casing is
Red & spotted … Coccinella septempunctata
Dark ……………….. Q6
6. Legs are:
Dark, yellow antenna: Tragodendron fascilatum
Yellow: …………………….. Q7
7. Yellow legs are adapted for:
Walking: …………… Sphaerius acaroides
Swimming: ………… Gyrinus natator
Dichotomous Key: Spiders
1. Yellow stripes on abdomen
Yes …………Argiope keyserlingi
No: …………………………………. Q2
2. Brown body
Yes: …………………………………. Q3
No: …………………………………. Q6
3. Abdomen much larger than cephalothorax
Yes: ………… Loxosceles reclusa
No: …………………………………. Q4
4. White stripe on abdomen
Yes: ………… Hogna colinensis
No: …………………………………. Q5
5. Dark dots on abdomen
Yes: …………Heteropoda maxima
No: ………… Tegenaria agrestis
6. Red mark on abdomen
Yes: ………… Latrodectus tredecimguttatus
No: …………… Q7
7. Red fangs
Yes: …………… male Missulena bradleyi
No: ……………female Missulena bradleyi

http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/fisheries/species-identification/shark-identification-guide

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