1. Ghaiath Hussein MBBS, MHSc. (Bioethics)

11. Waterborne pathogens and their significance in water supplies

13. Public Health Issues Pathogenic bacteria, viruses and protozoa in water and wastewater represent potential risks to public health. ( Giardia ) ( Cryptosporidium ) Viruses (Hepatitis, Polio) Bacteria ( E.coli ) Protozoa

17. From a study by: Adnan J. Al-Saati (King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology, Riyadh)

18. Rapid Urbanization and Population Growth Urban and Rural Population Growth in Saudi Arabia for the period 2000-2030 (Millions) Source: ESCWA, 2001 Estimated Population of Saudi Arabia in the year 2000 Source: Ministry of Planning, 2002 Region 1421H (2000) Riyadh 4,730,330 Makkah 5,448,773 Madinah 1,378870 Eastern 3,008,913 Qasim 979,858 Asir 1.637,464 Hail 519,984 Al-Baha 476,382 Tabuk 593,706 Jazan 1,083,022 Najran 385,588 Al-Jouf 354,450 Northern 249,544 Kingdom 20,846,884

19. Meeting the Growing Water Demand 1024 633 376 295 233 187

24. Number of people receiving Household Water through alternative water sources for the Year 2000 Sources of Household Water Region Public Water Tank Well Water Container Other Total Riyadh 3,081,613 702,640 38,384 899,811 7,882 4,730,330 Mekkah 2,883,279 1,424,108 121,663 1,013,809 5,914 5,448,773 Madinah 786,529 411,485 9,693 167,094 4,069 1,378,870 Eastern 737,618 1,154,910 9,678 1,094,048 12,659 3,008,913 Qasim 661,371 297,388 9,505 9,804 1,790 979,858 Asir 389,500 975,606 204,363 64,492 3,503 1,637,464 Hail 98,051 381,319 23,303 9,139 8,172 519,984 Al-Baha 56,361 147,221 89,995 182,686 119 476,382 Tabuk 240,238 166,177 28,954 149,198 9,139 593,706 Jazan 605,183 331,657 66,406 4,774 75,002 1,083,022 Najran 58,411 245,408 73,136 8,211 422 385,588 Al-Jouf 228,734 103,914 17,075 4,727 - 354,450 Northern 74,841 173,329 1,374 - - 249,544 Kingdom 9,901,729 6,515,162 693,529 3,607,793 128,671 20,846,884

25. Diarrhoeal cases by age and sex in 1421H (2000) Population by age and sex in 1421H (2000) Rate of diarrhoeal cases by age and sex in 1421H (2000) (cases per 1,000 of population) Incidents of water-borne related diseases Age Group Male Female Total % of Total 0-4 Years 115,189 86,356 201,545 73 5 Years and More 42,389 32,124 74,513 23 Total 157,578 118,489 276,058 100 Age Group Male Female Total % of Total 0-4 Years 1,538,508 1,476,477 3,014,985 14.5 5 Years and More 9,776,458 8,055,441 17,831,699 85.5 Total 11,314,966 9,531,918 20,846,884 100 Age Group Male Female % of Total 0-4 Years 74.5 58.5 66.8 5 Years and More 4.3 4.0 4.2 Total 13.9 12.4 13.2

26. Diarrhoeal Cases by result of treatment in 1421H (2000) Incidents of water-borne related diseases Result of Treatment Number of Cases % Improved 251,923 91.3 Admitted to hospital 5,990 2.2 Death 1 0.0003 Unknown 18,144 6.6 Total 276,056 100

27. Reported Cases of Diarrhoeal Related Diseases in KSA for the year 2000 Year Diseases Cases Salmonellosis Shigellosis 1996 Reported cases 2349 925 Incidence rate per 100,000 12.80 5.04 1997 Reported cases 2379 819 Incidence rate per 100,000 12.62 4.34 1998 Reported cases 2383 628 Incidence rate per 100,000 12.35 3.25 1999 Reported cases 2145 551 Incidence rate per 100,000 10.69 2.75 2000 Reported cases 2045 501 Incidence rate per 100,000 10.02 2.45 Incidents of water-borne related diseases

28. Reported cases of diarrhoeal related diseases in KSA during the period (19996-2000) Incidents of water-borne related diseases

29. Reported monthly cases of diarrhoeal related diseases in KSA during for the 2000 Incidents of water-borne related diseases

30. Reported cases of environmental health related diseases by region for 2000 Incidents of water-borne related diseases Region Amoebic dysentery Typhoid & Paratyphoid Shigellosis salmonellosis Hepatitis A Riyadh 96 52 78 320 164 Makkah 2058 60 72 106 656 Madinah 19 32 9 33 189 Eastern 246 73 120 1321 195 Qassim 94 17 25 39 98 Asir 419 76 1 35 254 Hail 29 40 1 0 10 Al-Baha 0 3 0 34 8 Tabuk 75 28 90 92 176 Jazan 98 22 1 2 100 Najran 80 2 74 143 202 Al-Jouf 30 3 29 1 78 Northern 0 12 1 1 20 Kingdom 3244 420 501 2045 2250