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Continental Drift & Plate Tectonics
Plate Tectonics Explains…
The formation of:
1. Oceans
2. Mid-ocean Ridges
3. Trenches
4. Mountains
5. Earthquakes
6. Volcanoes
Drifting Continents

             Continental Drift
• (1912) Wegener proposed that continents
  began to break apart about 200 million years
  ago
• He called this continental drift, where
  continents continue to slowly move to their
  present positions.
• Pangaea, a Greek word that means “all the
  earth,” refers to the combined landmass.
  Wegener proposed that the continents were
  joined as a single landmass called Pangaea.
Drifting Continents

       A Rejected Hypothesis
• In the early 1900s, most scientists rejected
  Wegener’s hypothesis of continental drift.


• Two unanswered questions—what forces
  could move continents and how continents
  could move without shattering—were the
  main reasons that the hypothesis of
  continental drift was rejected.
Pangaea
The Tethys Sea existed between the continents of Gondwana
and Laurasia before the opening of the Indian Ocean.
Historical Overview
Drifting Continents

              Continental Drift
       Evidence from Rock Formations

a) Wegener reasoned mountain ranges would
  have fractured as the continents separated.
b) Using this reasoning, Wegener hypothesized
  that similar rock types are on opposite sides of
  the Atlantic Ocean.
c) That similar groups of rocks were observed in
  the South America, Africa, United States,
  Greenland, and Europe supported Wegener’s
  idea.
Evidence of Continental Drift
        Rock Record
Evidence of Continental Drift
                 Fossil Record

Similar animal and plant fossils were found on opposite
sides of the Atlantic Ocean.
Drifting Continents

Continental Drift
Evidence from Fossils
Drifting Continents

  Continental Drift
Ancient Climatic Evidence
               • Coal deposits
               found in
               Antarctica.
               • Glacial rock
               deposits in
               Africa.
Seafloor Spreading        Seafloor Spreading


• Seafloor spreading states that new ocean
  crust is formed at ocean ridges and destroyed
  at deep-sea trenches.
• An American scientist named Harry Hess proposed
  the theory of seafloor spreading.

    – Magma is forced
      toward the crust
      along an ocean
      ridge and fills the
      gap that is
      created.
Seafloor Spreading

      Seafloor Spreading
– When the magma hardens,
  a small amount of new
  ocean floor is added to
  Earth’s surface.

                 – Each cycle of spreading
                   and the intrusion of
                   magma results in the
                   formation of another
                   small section of ocean
                   floor, which slowly moves
                   away from the ridge.
Theory of Plate Tectonics

     Theory of Plate Tectonics
• The theory of plate tectonics states that
  Earth’s crust is broken into slabs called
  plates.

• There are a dozen major plates and
  several smaller ones.
• Tectonic plates move in different
  directions and at different rates over
  Earth’s surface.
Theory of Plate Tectonics

Theory of Plate Tectonics
Theory of Plate Tectonics

              Plate Boundaries
• Tectonic plates interact at places called
  plate boundaries.

• At some plate boundaries:
– Plates come together, or converge
– Plates move away from one another, or diverge
– Plates move horizontally past one another, or
  transform.
Theory of Plate Tectonics
             Plate Boundaries (3)
           1. Divergent Boundaries
– Divergent boundaries are places where two
  tectonic plates are moving apart.
– Most divergent boundaries are found in rifts, or
  fault-bounded valleys, which form along the axis
  of an
  ocean ridge.
– A rift valley, which is a
  narrow depression, is
  created when a
  divergent boundary
  forms on a continent.
Divergent Boundaries
              cont…
– Some of the magma forms new oceanic crust at
  the ridge or is forced back to the surface, forming
  an arc of volcanic islands that parallel the trench.
– Oceanic plates are always YOUNGER than
  continental plates.
Theory of Plate Tectonics
               Plate Boundaries
         2. Convergent Boundaries
– Convergent boundaries are places where
  two tectonic plates are moving toward each
  other.
– There are three types of convergent boundaries:
a. Oceanic crust converging with oceanic crust
b. Continental crust converging with continental crust.
c. Oceanic crust converging with continental crust
Plate Boundaries
Convergent Boundaries cont…
– Subduction occurs when one of the two converging
  plates descends beneath the other.
– A subduction zone forms when one oceanic plate, which has
  become denser as a result of cooling, descends below another
  plate creating a deep-sea trench.
– The subducted plate descends into the mantle
  and melts.
Theory of Plate Tectonics
                 Plate Boundaries
3. Transform Boundaries
– A transform boundary is a
  place where two plates slide
  horizontally past each other,
  deforming or fracturing the
  crust.
– Transform boundaries are
  characterized by long faults
  and usually offset sections
  of ocean ridges.
– The San Andreas Fault is an
  exception to the fact that transform
  boundaries rarely occur on
  continents.
Plate Boundaries           Stress/Force   Description/Facts

1. Divergent               TENSION        -Plates move apart.
                                          -Lava creates new ocean
Example:                                  floor.
Mid Ocean Ridge (MOR)


2. Convergent              COMPRESSION    -Plates move together.
a.Ocean – Continent                       -Ocean floor is destroyed by
Example: Andes Mtns.                      subduction.
                                          -Mountains, volcanoes, and
b. Ocean – Ocean                          islands can be formed.
Example: Aleutian
Islands, Alaska. Japan.

c. Continent – Continent
Example: Himalayas.


3. Transform               SHEARING       -Plates move past each
Example:                                  other.
-San Andreas Fault, CA
-MOR.
Theory of Plate Tectonics

          Plate Boundaries
Convergent Boundaries
Activity: When Plates Create

You need:
4 Pages: Instructions, 114, 115, & 116.
5 colored pencils: orange, gray (or black), blue, brown, and red.

1. COLOR and LABEL puzzle pieces:

a. Orange (Magma)
b. Gray or Black(Oceanic Crust)
c. Gray or Black (Oceanic Crust)
d. Gray or Black(Oceanic Crust)
e. Orange (Magma)
f. Blue (water)
   Brown (Islands)
g. Gray or Black (Oceanic Crust)
h. Orange (Magma)
i. Blue (water)
   Brown (Islands/volcanoes)
   Orange (Magma)

2. Answer questions and STAPLE on your “Plates,” and turn in.

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Notes: Continental Drift Plate Tectonics

  • 1. Continental Drift & Plate Tectonics
  • 2. Plate Tectonics Explains… The formation of: 1. Oceans 2. Mid-ocean Ridges 3. Trenches 4. Mountains 5. Earthquakes 6. Volcanoes
  • 3. Drifting Continents Continental Drift • (1912) Wegener proposed that continents began to break apart about 200 million years ago • He called this continental drift, where continents continue to slowly move to their present positions. • Pangaea, a Greek word that means “all the earth,” refers to the combined landmass. Wegener proposed that the continents were joined as a single landmass called Pangaea.
  • 4. Drifting Continents A Rejected Hypothesis • In the early 1900s, most scientists rejected Wegener’s hypothesis of continental drift. • Two unanswered questions—what forces could move continents and how continents could move without shattering—were the main reasons that the hypothesis of continental drift was rejected.
  • 6. The Tethys Sea existed between the continents of Gondwana and Laurasia before the opening of the Indian Ocean.
  • 8. Drifting Continents Continental Drift Evidence from Rock Formations a) Wegener reasoned mountain ranges would have fractured as the continents separated. b) Using this reasoning, Wegener hypothesized that similar rock types are on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean. c) That similar groups of rocks were observed in the South America, Africa, United States, Greenland, and Europe supported Wegener’s idea.
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  • 10. Evidence of Continental Drift Rock Record
  • 11. Evidence of Continental Drift Fossil Record Similar animal and plant fossils were found on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean.
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  • 14. Drifting Continents Continental Drift Ancient Climatic Evidence • Coal deposits found in Antarctica. • Glacial rock deposits in Africa.
  • 15. Seafloor Spreading Seafloor Spreading • Seafloor spreading states that new ocean crust is formed at ocean ridges and destroyed at deep-sea trenches. • An American scientist named Harry Hess proposed the theory of seafloor spreading. – Magma is forced toward the crust along an ocean ridge and fills the gap that is created.
  • 16. Seafloor Spreading Seafloor Spreading – When the magma hardens, a small amount of new ocean floor is added to Earth’s surface. – Each cycle of spreading and the intrusion of magma results in the formation of another small section of ocean floor, which slowly moves away from the ridge.
  • 17. Theory of Plate Tectonics Theory of Plate Tectonics • The theory of plate tectonics states that Earth’s crust is broken into slabs called plates. • There are a dozen major plates and several smaller ones. • Tectonic plates move in different directions and at different rates over Earth’s surface.
  • 18. Theory of Plate Tectonics Theory of Plate Tectonics
  • 19. Theory of Plate Tectonics Plate Boundaries • Tectonic plates interact at places called plate boundaries. • At some plate boundaries: – Plates come together, or converge – Plates move away from one another, or diverge – Plates move horizontally past one another, or transform.
  • 20. Theory of Plate Tectonics Plate Boundaries (3) 1. Divergent Boundaries – Divergent boundaries are places where two tectonic plates are moving apart. – Most divergent boundaries are found in rifts, or fault-bounded valleys, which form along the axis of an ocean ridge. – A rift valley, which is a narrow depression, is created when a divergent boundary forms on a continent.
  • 21. Divergent Boundaries cont… – Some of the magma forms new oceanic crust at the ridge or is forced back to the surface, forming an arc of volcanic islands that parallel the trench. – Oceanic plates are always YOUNGER than continental plates.
  • 22. Theory of Plate Tectonics Plate Boundaries 2. Convergent Boundaries – Convergent boundaries are places where two tectonic plates are moving toward each other. – There are three types of convergent boundaries: a. Oceanic crust converging with oceanic crust b. Continental crust converging with continental crust. c. Oceanic crust converging with continental crust
  • 23. Plate Boundaries Convergent Boundaries cont… – Subduction occurs when one of the two converging plates descends beneath the other. – A subduction zone forms when one oceanic plate, which has become denser as a result of cooling, descends below another plate creating a deep-sea trench. – The subducted plate descends into the mantle and melts.
  • 24. Theory of Plate Tectonics Plate Boundaries 3. Transform Boundaries – A transform boundary is a place where two plates slide horizontally past each other, deforming or fracturing the crust. – Transform boundaries are characterized by long faults and usually offset sections of ocean ridges. – The San Andreas Fault is an exception to the fact that transform boundaries rarely occur on continents.
  • 25. Plate Boundaries Stress/Force Description/Facts 1. Divergent TENSION -Plates move apart. -Lava creates new ocean Example: floor. Mid Ocean Ridge (MOR) 2. Convergent COMPRESSION -Plates move together. a.Ocean – Continent -Ocean floor is destroyed by Example: Andes Mtns. subduction. -Mountains, volcanoes, and b. Ocean – Ocean islands can be formed. Example: Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Japan. c. Continent – Continent Example: Himalayas. 3. Transform SHEARING -Plates move past each Example: other. -San Andreas Fault, CA -MOR.
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  • 29. Theory of Plate Tectonics Plate Boundaries Convergent Boundaries
  • 30. Activity: When Plates Create You need: 4 Pages: Instructions, 114, 115, & 116. 5 colored pencils: orange, gray (or black), blue, brown, and red. 1. COLOR and LABEL puzzle pieces: a. Orange (Magma) b. Gray or Black(Oceanic Crust) c. Gray or Black (Oceanic Crust) d. Gray or Black(Oceanic Crust) e. Orange (Magma) f. Blue (water) Brown (Islands) g. Gray or Black (Oceanic Crust) h. Orange (Magma) i. Blue (water) Brown (Islands/volcanoes) Orange (Magma) 2. Answer questions and STAPLE on your “Plates,” and turn in.