function of kidney and lab test

2. The Kidney

3. The Kidney
 In humans, the kidneys are two small organs
located near the vertebral column at the small of
the back. The left kidney lies a little higher than
the right kidney. They are bean-shaped .

4. FUNCTI ONS OF KI DNEY
 excretory function
 homeostatic function
 endocrine function
 metabolic function

5. EXCRETORY FUNCTI ON
 This include formation and excretion of urine.
 The main step involved are
 Glomerular filtration
 Tubular reabsorption
 Tubular secretion

6. Homeostatic Functions of Urinary System
1. Regulate blood volume and blood pressure:
 by adjusting volume of water lost in urine
 releasing erythropoietin and renin
2. Regulate plasma ion concentrations:
– sodium, potassium, and chloride ions (by controlling quantities
lost in urine)
– calcium ion levels
 Help stabilize blood pH:
 by controlling loss of hydrogen ions and bicarbonate
ions in urine

7. continues
 4. Conserve valuable nutrients:
 by preventing excretion while excreting organic
waste products
5. Assist liver to detoxify poisons

8. ENDOCRINE FUNCTIONS…
 Kidneys have primary endocrine function since they
produce hormones
 In addition, the kidneys are site of degradation for
hormones such as insulin and aldosterone.
 In their primary endocrine function, the kidneys produce
erythropoietin, renin and prostaglandin.

9. METABOLIC FUNCTION
 Kidney perform gluconiogenesis during periods of
starvation.

10. renal physiology

13. RENAL
DIAGNOSTIC
TESTS
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14. 1. LABORATARY
STUDIES
a) Tests of Renal Function.
b) Prostate-specific antigen
(PSA)
c) Urinalysis.
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15. a) TESTS OF RENAL FUNCTION
 Renal function tests are used to determine
effectiveness of the kidneys' excretory
functioning, to evaluate the severity of
kidney disease, and to follow the patient's
progress.
 There is no single test of renal function; best
results are obtained by combining a
number of clinical tests.
 Renal function is variable from time to time.
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16. WHAT ARE THE TESTS OF RENAL
FUNCTION ? ? ?
1.Renal concentration test.
 Specific gravity
 Osmolality of urine
2. Creatinine clearance.
3. Serum creatinine.
4. Serum urea nitrogen (Blood urea nitrogen [BUN]).
5. Protein.
6. Microalbumin /Creatinine ratio.
7. Urine casts. 16

17. 1. LABORATARY
STUDIES
a) Tests of Renal Function.
b) Prostate-specific antigen
(PSA)
c) Urinalysis.
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18. c) URINALYSIS
Involves examination of the urine for overall
characteristics, including appearance, pH, specific
gravity, and osmolality as well as microscopic
evaluation for the presence of normal and abnormal
cells.
 Appearance - normal urine is clear
 Odour - normal urine has a faint aromatic odor
 Colour - Normal urine is clear yellow or amber
 pH of urine - Normal pH is around 6 (acid); may
normally vary from 4.6 to 7.5.
 Specific gravity - Normal specific gravity ranges
from 1.005 to 1.025
 Osmolality - Average value is 300 to 1,090 mOsm/ kg
for females; 390 to 1,090 mOsm/kg for males.
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