3. THE ROAD TO WORLD WAR

5. HITLER IN POWER

6. HITLER IN POWER

7. HITLER IN POWER
1933 - Hitler becomes
Chancellor

8. HITLER IN POWER
1933 - Hitler becomes
Chancellor
Set out to overturn
much of the T. of V.

10. Appeals for disarmament - refusal of other powers to
disarm

11. Appeals for disarmament - refusal of other powers to
disarm
Hitler withdraws germany from the Disarmament
Conference (1932-1934)

12. Appeals for disarmament - refusal of other powers to
disarm
Hitler withdraws germany from the Disarmament
Conference (1932-1934)
1933 - Germany withdraws for the L. of N.

13. Appeals for disarmament - refusal of other powers to
disarm
Hitler withdraws germany from the Disarmament
Conference (1932-1934)
1933 - Germany withdraws for the L. of N.
Hitler clamied the right of Germany to build armed
forces - No longer able to rely on Collective Security

15. Germany carries on ‘secretly’ building its armed foreces

16. Germany carries on ‘secretly’ building its armed foreces
Few politicians in other countries objected, excepting
W.C. :)

17. Germany carries on ‘secretly’ building its armed foreces
Few politicians in other countries objected, excepting
W.C. :)
German non-agrerssion pact w/ Poland in 1934

18. Germany carries on ‘secretly’ building its armed foreces
Few politicians in other countries objected, excepting
W.C. :)
German non-agrerssion pact w/ Poland in 1934
reduced fears of British & French

19. Germany carries on ‘secretly’ building its armed foreces
Few politicians in other countries objected, excepting
W.C. :)
German non-agrerssion pact w/ Poland in 1934
reduced fears of British & French
March 1935 - Hitler announces the existence of the
Lufwaffe

20. Germany carries on ‘secretly’ building its armed foreces
Few politicians in other countries objected, excepting
W.C. :)
German non-agrerssion pact w/ Poland in 1934
reduced fears of British & French
March 1935 - Hitler announces the existence of the
Lufwaffe
Introduction of conscription - army to reach 550 000
men

22. ANGLO-FRENCH RESPONSE

23. ANGLO-FRENCH RESPONSE
1935 - Stresa Front - Italy, France & Britain

24. ANGLO-FRENCH RESPONSE
1935 - Stresa Front - Italy, France & Britain
Failed to last as Brit. gov’t sympathized with
German right to re-arm (not W.C.)

25. ANGLO-FRENCH RESPONSE
1935 - Stresa Front - Italy, France & Britain
Failed to last as Brit. gov’t sympathized with
German right to re-arm (not W.C.)
1935 - Anglo-German Naval Agreement

26. ANGLO-FRENCH RESPONSE
1935 - Stresa Front - Italy, France & Britain
Failed to last as Brit. gov’t sympathized with
German right to re-arm (not W.C.)
1935 - Anglo-German Naval Agreement
Germany allowed parity in submarines & 35% of
British surface fleet strength

27. ANGLO-FRENCH RESPONSE
1935 - Stresa Front - Italy, France & Britain
Failed to last as Brit. gov’t sympathized with
German right to re-arm (not W.C.)
1935 - Anglo-German Naval Agreement
Germany allowed parity in submarines & 35% of
British surface fleet strength
Thus begins the policy of ‘appeasement’

28. ANGLO-FRENCH RESPONSE
1935 - Stresa Front - Italy, France & Britain
Failed to last as Brit. gov’t sympathized with
German right to re-arm (not W.C.)
1935 - Anglo-German Naval Agreement
Germany allowed parity in submarines & 35% of
British surface fleet strength
Thus begins the policy of ‘appeasement’
Breaks up the ‘Stresa Front’ and alienates France
& Italy from Great Britain

31. APPEASEMENT

33. THE RHINELAND

34. THE RHINELAND
March 1936 - Hitler orders troops (a relatively small
force) into the Rhineland

35. THE RHINELAND
March 1936 - Hitler orders troops (a relatively small
force) into the Rhineland
Breach of Treaties of Versailles and Locarno

36. THE RHINELAND
March 1936 - Hitler orders troops (a relatively small
force) into the Rhineland
Breach of Treaties of Versailles and Locarno
Big risk for Hitler - German troops had been ordered to
back down and withdraw if the French intervened

37. THE RHINELAND
March 1936 - Hitler orders troops (a relatively small
force) into the Rhineland
Breach of Treaties of Versailles and Locarno
Big risk for Hitler - German troops had been ordered to
back down and withdraw if the French intervened
British & French did nothing

40. THE ‘GOOSE-STEP’

42. APPEASEMENT

43. APPEASEMENT
Important historical debate

44. APPEASEMENT
Important historical debate
Was appeasement the best policy to follow?

45. APPEASEMENT
Important historical debate
Was appeasement the best policy to follow?
Generally associated with Neville Chamberlain - Actually
pre-dates him, but he was in office during the crises.

46. APPEASEMENT
Important historical debate
Was appeasement the best policy to follow?
Generally associated with Neville Chamberlain - Actually
pre-dates him, but he was in office during the crises.
Result of the overwhelming desire not to go to war
again.

48. ANSCHLUSS

49. ANSCHLUSS
Anschluss - UNION

50. ANSCHLUSS
Anschluss - UNION
Civil disorder in Austria - mostly a result of Nazi
agitation

51. ANSCHLUSS
Anschluss - UNION
Civil disorder in Austria - mostly a result of Nazi
agitation
Austrian Chancellor (disputed) asked for German help
to restore order

52. ANSCHLUSS
Anschluss - UNION
Civil disorder in Austria - mostly a result of Nazi
agitation
Austrian Chancellor (disputed) asked for German help
to restore order
German troops enter Austria in March of 1938 -
Anschluss announced the following day.

54. Again, an explicit violation of the T. of V.

55. Again, an explicit violation of the T. of V.
Reaction of European powers:

56. Again, an explicit violation of the T. of V.
Reaction of European powers:
Britain & France - Surprised and did
nothing. Unwilling to risk war. ‘Fait Accompli’

57. Again, an explicit violation of the T. of V.
Reaction of European powers:
Britain & France - Surprised and did
nothing. Unwilling to risk war. ‘Fait Accompli’
Italy - no longer allied with Britain & France
- Empire in Africa

58. Again, an explicit violation of the T. of V.
Reaction of European powers:
Britain & France - Surprised and did
nothing. Unwilling to risk war. ‘Fait Accompli’
Italy - no longer allied with Britain & France
- Empire in Africa
Churchill - Spoke out against appeasement.

60. “Europe is faced with a program of aggression, there is
only one choice open, not only to us but to other
countries, either to submit like Austria, or else take
effective measures while time remains to ward off the
danger... Where are we going to be in two years time,
when the German army will certainly be much larger
than the French army”

61. “Europe is faced with a program of aggression, there is
only one choice open, not only to us but to other
countries, either to submit like Austria, or else take
effective measures while time remains to ward off the
danger... Where are we going to be in two years time,
when the German army will certainly be much larger
than the French army”
Winston Churchill
Quoted in Tony Rea’s International Relations

63. CZECHOSLOVAKIA

64. CZECHOSLOVAKIA
By summer of 1938, Hitler was in a much stronger
position and growing confident

65. CZECHOSLOVAKIA
By summer of 1938, Hitler was in a much stronger
position and growing confident
3 million Germans living in the Sudetenland - including a
strong Nazi Party

66. CZECHOSLOVAKIA
By summer of 1938, Hitler was in a much stronger
position and growing confident
3 million Germans living in the Sudetenland - including a
strong Nazi Party
Pressure on Czech gov’t led by Nazis to allow self-rule
for Sudeten Germans

67. CZECHOSLOVAKIA
By summer of 1938, Hitler was in a much stronger
position and growing confident
3 million Germans living in the Sudetenland - including a
strong Nazi Party
Pressure on Czech gov’t led by Nazis to allow self-rule
for Sudeten Germans
Hitler supported the the Nazi party in Sudetenland and
their aims

69. Sudetenland almost completely surrounded after
Anschluss

70. Sudetenland almost completely surrounded after
Anschluss
Hitler seemed willing to go to war with Czechoslovakia
over the Sudetenland

71. Sudetenland almost completely surrounded after
Anschluss
Hitler seemed willing to go to war with Czechoslovakia
over the Sudetenland
France had an alliance with Czechoslovakia & Britain had
one with France... remember WWI?

72. Sudetenland almost completely surrounded after
Anschluss
Hitler seemed willing to go to war with Czechoslovakia
over the Sudetenland
France had an alliance with Czechoslovakia & Britain had
one with France... remember WWI?
By September it looked very much like another was
would happen

74. British children evacuated from cities, trenched dug, &
gas masks issued to citizens

75. British children evacuated from cities, trenched dug, &
gas masks issued to citizens
Most adults in Britain remembered WWI

76. British children evacuated from cities, trenched dug, &
gas masks issued to citizens
Most adults in Britain remembered WWI
Evidence from Spanish Civil War of the destructive
power of air bombardment

77. British children evacuated from cities, trenched dug, &
gas masks issued to citizens
Most adults in Britain remembered WWI
Evidence from Spanish Civil War of the destructive
power of air bombardment
Chamberlain flies off to meet Hitler face-to-face

79. Chamberlain & Hitler agree to terms

80. Chamberlain & Hitler agree to terms
all territory w/ more than 50% Germans
would go to Germany

81. Chamberlain & Hitler agree to terms
all territory w/ more than 50% Germans
would go to Germany
Hitler agrees to give Chamberlain time to
convince the Czechs

82. Chamberlain & Hitler agree to terms
all territory w/ more than 50% Germans
would go to Germany
Hitler agrees to give Chamberlain time to
convince the Czechs
Increased demands from Hitler

83. Chamberlain & Hitler agree to terms
all territory w/ more than 50% Germans
would go to Germany
Hitler agrees to give Chamberlain time to
convince the Czechs
Increased demands from Hitler
French PM and British parliament believe it is now time
to stand up to Hitler.

85. “How horrible, fantastic, incredible, itis that we should be
digging trenches and trying on gas masks here because of
a quarrel in a far away country between people of whom
we know nothing... I would not hesitate to pay even a
third visit to Germany, if I thought it would do any good.”

86. “How horrible, fantastic, incredible, itis that we should be
digging trenches and trying on gas masks here because of
a quarrel in a far away country between people of whom
we know nothing... I would not hesitate to pay even a
third visit to Germany, if I thought it would do any good.”
Neville Chamberlain
International Realtions

88. THE MUNICH AGREEMENT

89. THE MUNICH AGREEMENT
Four power conference in Munich (UK, France, Italy &
Germany)

90. THE MUNICH AGREEMENT
Four power conference in Munich (UK, France, Italy &
Germany)
What? no Czechoslovakia?

91. THE MUNICH AGREEMENT
Four power conference in Munich (UK, France, Italy &
Germany)
What? no Czechoslovakia?
Hitler gets Sudetenland w/o any vote

92. THE MUNICH AGREEMENT
Four power conference in Munich (UK, France, Italy &
Germany)
What? no Czechoslovakia?
Hitler gets Sudetenland w/o any vote
Hitler signs ‘piece of paper’ - last territorial claim. HA.

94. THE PIECE OF PAPER

95. THE PIECE OF PAPER

96. THE PIECE OF PAPER
“My good friends, this is
the second time in our
history that there has
come back from
Germany to Downing
Street peace with
honour... I believe it is
peace for our time”
International Relations

98. ASSESSING APPEASEMENT

100. WAS THE POLICY OF
APPEASEMENT JUSTIFIED?

101. WAS THE POLICY OF
APPEASEMENT JUSTIFIED?
1. Working with a partner

102. WAS THE POLICY OF
APPEASEMENT JUSTIFIED?
1. Working with a partner
2. Find as many sources re: appeasement as you can.

103. WAS THE POLICY OF
APPEASEMENT JUSTIFIED?
1. Working with a partner
2. Find as many sources re: appeasement as you can.
3. Make two lists in your notes:

104. WAS THE POLICY OF
APPEASEMENT JUSTIFIED?
1. Working with a partner
2. Find as many sources re: appeasement as you can.
3. Make two lists in your notes:
1. Arguments criticizing Chamberlain

105. WAS THE POLICY OF
APPEASEMENT JUSTIFIED?
1. Working with a partner
2. Find as many sources re: appeasement as you can.
3. Make two lists in your notes:
1. Arguments criticizing Chamberlain
2. Arguments in favour of appeasement

106. SOURCES
1. Rea, Tony & John Wright, International Relations
1914-1945. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
2. All pictures from Wikimedia Commons except ‘the
Goose-Step’ from International Relations.