1. Grammar Book By: Emily Daniel

2. Table of Contents 3. Presente -ar –er –ir 4. Stem Changers 5. Irregulars –go –zco –yo 6. Saber vsconocer 7. Reflexives 8. ‘se’ impersonal 9. Dipthongs 10. Verbs like…Uir/guir 12. Verbs like…Cer/cir 13 Verbs like…Ger/gir 14. Hace +__+ que + present/presentente 15.Imperfecto

3. Ar, Er, Ir Los verbosregulares en el presente Ir- o imos es en e Ar- o amos as an a Er- o emos Es en e Caminar- Camino Caminamos CaminasCaminan Camina Vivir- Vivo Vivimos VivesViven Vive Comer- Como Comemos Comes Comen Come

4. Stem Changers aka Boot verbs The verbs change in the root They do not change in the nosotros form or the vosotros E  ie O ue U ue Pensar- Penso Pienso Yonosotros Túvosotros El/ella/utdEllos/Ellas/Utds

5. Irregulars -go -zco -yo The “go” “zco” verbs are only in the irregulars in the yo form “go” verbs- caer, decir, oir, puner, hacer, tener, traer, venir “zco” verbs (cer/cir)- conocer, producir, conducir y los demás – ser, ir, estar, ver, saber, dar Yo – Tengo Yo – Hago Yo - Vengo Yo - Conozco Yo - Produzco Yo - Conduzco Ser- Ir- Soy SomosVoyVamos Eres Son Vas Van Es Va

6. Saber Vs Conocer Both saber y conocer translate to the English verb to know Both “yo” forms are irregular Conocer- Conozcoconocemos ConocesConocen Conoce Saber – Sésabemos Sabessaben Sabe

7. Reflexives Brenda se lava- se is reflexive Reflexives also can be added on the end of an infinitive. Such as…- Puedovermeen el espejo

8. ‘se impersonal pronoun ”se” is in front of verbs to make general statements. ¿cómo se dice man en español? In English it translates to either “you say” or “one says.”

9. Dipthongs w/accents Dipthongs are the strong or weak vowels in a word next to each other. Strong vowel sounds are a,e,o. Weak vowel sounds are i,u,y. puerto, ciudad, siete, hay. *two strong vowels cannot be in the same syllable

10. Verbs like…Uir/Guir

11. Verbs like…Cer/cir Verbs that end in a vowel + cer or cir add z before the c in the yo form only. Verbs that end in a consonant + cer or cir change the c to z in the yo form only. conducir = conduzco ejercer = ejerzo

12. Verbs like…Ger/gir Verbs that end in ger and gir change the g to j in the yo form only. coger = cojo fingir = finjo

13. Hace +__+ que + Present/Presentente The yo form is the only irregular Hago, haces, hace, hacemos, hacen

14. Imperfecto The imperfect tense is used to refer to actions in the past that occurred repeatedly. Yo caminaba todo los días. Er/Ir- íaíasíaíamosían Ar- abaabasabaábamosaban Ser- eraeraseraéramoseran Ver- veíaveíasveíaveíamosveían Ir- ibaibasibaíbamosiban