1. k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷1

2. k|sf]k–1fgdfnf–@
k|sf]k M sfg'g /
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k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷2

3. s[lt M k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g
n]vs M /fdrGb| Gof}kfg]
efiff ;Dkfbg M x]d/fh kf}8n ‘lxds/’
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k|sfzs M jftfj/0f tyf afn ;/f]sf/ ;+:yf–g]kfn (ECO-Nepal)
kf]i6aS; g+= !(&@), sf7df8f}, kmf]gM $$$%#@@, kmfS; M $$#%*$$
+
;jf{lwsf/ M k|sfzsdf ;'/lIft
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ISBN : 99946-937-1-2
k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug]{ ;fd'bflos Ifdtf clej[l4sf
nflu ;r]tg cleofgcGtu{t k|sf]k–1fgdfnf k|sfzgdf cf+lzs ¿kdf cfly{s
;xof]u ug]{ lgDg ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfx¿k|lt Osf]–g]kdn xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ub{5 M
PS;gP8 g]kfn cS;kmfd hLaL g]kfn
kf]= a= g+= ^@%&, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn kf]= a= g+= @%)), sf7df8f}+, g]kfn
kmf]gM $$#^$&& kmf]gM %%@)%*^
kmofS;M (&&–!–$$!(&!* kmofS;M (&&–!–%%@#!(&
j]e;fO6M www.actionaid.org/nepal j]e;fO6M www.oxfam.org.uk
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷3

4. n]vssf] egfO
k|sf]k–k|efljt gful/ssf] g};lu{s clwsf/sf b[li6n] g]kfn w]/} k5fl8 /x]sf] 5 . d'nsdf
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af9L, klx/f], x'/Latf;, cfunfuL tyf dxfdf/Lh:tf k|sf]kdf k/L jif]gL Ps xhf/eGbf
{
a9L dflg;sf] Hofg uO/x]sf] 5 eg] xhf/f}F dflg; 3fOt] eO/x]sf 5g . k|sf]ks} sf/0f
x/]s jif{ xhf/eGbf a9L kl/jf/ lj:yflkt x'G5g / !^ xhf/eGbf a9L kl/jf/ k"0f{ ¿kn]
k|efljt x'G5g .
k|sf]khGo 36gfdf lg/Gt/ eO/x]sf] j[l4 tyf hgwgsf] a9bf] Iflt 36fpg d2t ug]{ /
p4f/ tyf /fxt sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfP/ k|efljt ;d'bfosf clwsf/sf] /Iff ug{ ;Sg]
sfg'gL Joj:yf g]kfndf clxn];Dd x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . k|sf]k–Joj:yfkg;DaGwL sfg'g
gePs} sf/0f :yfgLo txdf sfd ug]{ ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L lgsfon] cg]sf}+ ;d:ofsf]
;fdgf ug'{ kl//x]sf] 5 . cem k|sf]kaf6 k|efljt ;d'bfon] t p4f/ tyf /fxt kfpg]
k|lqmofnfO{ bof nfu]/ s;}n] lbg] bfgsf ¿kdf :jLsf/ ug'{ kl//x]sf] 5 . /fHon] jf ;]jf
k|bfg ug]{ s'g} klg lgsfon] kLl8tsf] clwsf/ s] xf] eGg] ga'em];Dd / kLl8tn] cfˆgf]
clwsf/af/] hfgsf/L gkfP;Dd k|sf]k–Joj:yfkgsf ;a} sfo{ cw'/} /xG5g . p4f/ tyf
/fxtsf qmddf dfgjLo clwsf/ / kLl8tsf] clwsf/af/] 1fg ePg eg] To;n] klg k"0f{tf
kfpFbg . /fxtsf ;fdu|L, ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ / ;xof]usf] k|lqmofdf q'l6 gxf]; eGgfsf nflu
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klg dfgjLo sfg'gsf] 1fg x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . d'nsdf k|sf]k–Joj:yfkg;DaGwL sfg'gsf]
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cefj /xsf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf o; If]qdf sfo{/t ;a}nfO{ kLl8tsf clwsf/sf] /Iff ub]{
dfgjLo cjwf/0ffcg'¿k sfo{ ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] ljZjf;;lxt k|sf]k–1fgdfnfcGtu{t
…k|sf]k M sfg'g / dfgjclwsf/Ú ljifosf] k':ts k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
k|sf]ksf] Joj:yfkg, kLl8tsf dfgjLo clwsf/sf] /Iff, p4f/ tyf /fxt / k'gM:yfkgsf
If]q ;d]l6Psf] ;dofg'sn sfg'gL Joj:yfsf] cefj /x]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf klg o;
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If]qdf sfo{/t JolQm, ;+:yf tyf ;d'bfonfO{ o; k':tsn] dfgjLo cjwf/0ffsf ljifodf
yf]/} dfq 1fg lbg;Sof] eg] klg xfd|f] k|of; ;fy{s ePsf] 7fGg]5f}+ .
k|sf]k 1fgdfnf k|sflzt ug{ k|/0ff k|bfg ug]{ PS;gP8 g]kfnsf l;lgo/ lydln8/
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Zofd;'Gb/ 1jfnL / cS;kmfd hLaL g]kfnsf sfo{qmd ;+of]hs lji0f'k;fb v/]n / o;sf]
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efiff ;Dkfbg u/L ;xof]u ug'xg] >L x]d/fh kf}8n …lxds/Ú k|lt cfef/ JoQm ub{5' .
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To;}u/L k|sf]k–1fgdfnfsf] k|sfzgsf nflu sfo{qmds} ¿kdf cfly{s ;fem]bf/L ug]{
PS;gP8 g]kfn / cS;kmfd hLaL g]kfnk|lt d]/f] JolQmut tyf k|sfzs ;+:yf …Osf]–
g]kfnÚ sf tkm{af6 cfef/ JoQm ub{5' .
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k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷4

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k|sf]k;DaGwL g]kfnsf] sfg'g &–!@
p4f/ tyf /fxt *
b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldltsf] Joj:yf (
k|sf]kkLl8tnfO{ /fxt lbg] ;/sf/L dfkb08 !)
cfly{s ;|f]t;DaGwL Joj:yf !@
dfgjclwsf/k|lt df}g / ck"0f{ !@
k|sf]kk|lt ljZjJofkL rf;f] !#–!^
xØf]uf] sfo{of]hgfsf] d"n lgisif{ !$
ljZj d~rdf g]kfnsf] ;xeflutf !^
k|sf]k / dfgjclwsf/ !&–!(
dfgjclwsf/ !&
k|sf]k / dfgjclwsf/aLr ;DaGw !*
k|sf]k / cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g !(
clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ff @!–@^
clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffsf] cy{ @!
clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; @!
clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffsf d"n dfGotf @#
k|sf]k–Joj:yfkg / clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ff @%
dfgjLo ;xfotf kfpg] kLl8tsf] clwsf/ @^
:km]o/ kl/of]hgf @&–$)
kl/ro @&
:km]o/ kl/of]hgfsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGt @*
:km]o/ kl/of]hgfsf Go"gtd dfkb08 @*
dfgjLo ;xfotfsf Go"gtd dfkb08 #)
cfwf/e"t clwsf/ M ;ªs6sfnLg ;dodf lzIff $)–*^
kl/ro $)
;ªs6sfnLg ;dosf z}lIfs dfkb08 $)
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷5

6. k|sf]k M
dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g
k[i7e"ld
g]kfn ljZjsf b'O{ ;o d'nsdWo] e'Orfnf]sf nflu P3f/f}+ hf]lvdk"0f{ :yfgdf
' F
kb{5 eg] hnpTkGg k|sf]ksf lx;fan] tL;f}+ :yfgdf kb{5 . g]kfndf @)$)
b]lv @)^) ;fn;Ddsf] @! jif{leq k|sf]kdf k/L @! xhf/ @ ;o $^
dflg;sf] d[To' ePsf] 5 . o; tYofªsnfO{ x]bf{ k|To]s jif{ ;fnfvfnf !,)!@
dflg;sf] d[To' ePsf] b]lvG5 . To:t} @)%@ b]lv @)^) ;fn;Ddsf] cfly{s
Iflt @* ca{ (# s/f]8 &@ nfv ?k}ofFa/fa/ /x]sf] 5 . of] Iflt cf};tdf
jflif{s # ca{ @! s/f]8 %@ nfveGbf a9L x'G5, h'g cfly{s jif{ @)^@÷^#
sf] nflu ;/sf/n] ljlgof]hg u/]sf] sl/a ! va{ @^ ca{ ah]6sf] @=%%
k|ltzt x'g cfpF5 .
plNnlvt tYofªsn] g]kfndf k|sf]kaf6 x/]s jif{ 7"nf] dfqfdf hgwgsf]
Iflt eO/x]sf] k|i6 kfb{5 . o;sf ;fy} xhf/f}F kl/jf/ cfˆgf] ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQ
u'Dgfn] lj:yflkt x'g] ub{5g . 3/af/ljxLg cj:yfdf pgLx¿ km]l/ af9L
cfpg ;Sg] vf]nf / klx/f] hfg ;Sg] eL/kfvfd} a:g afWo x'G5g . o;/L
Psk6s k|sf]kdf k/]sf dflg; g} k'gM k|sf]ksf] kL8fdf kmF:b5g .
k|sf]ksf] ;dodf kLl8tsf nflu p4f/ / /fxtsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o:tf
sfo{ ;/sf/ tyf ;xof]uLn] bofk"js lbOg] bfgsf ¿kdf ug'{ x'bg . s'g} klg
{ F }
;ªs6df k/]sf gful/ssf] /Iff / ;xof]u ug'{ ;/sf/ / l5d]sLsf] bfloTj
xf] . ;ªs6df k/]sf x/]s gful/sn] /fHoaf6 ;Ddfgk"js vfgf, cfjf; /
{
cf}ifwf]krf/ kfpg' cfwf/e"t dfgjclwsf/ klg xf] .
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷6

7. k|sf]kn] Iflt k'¥ofPsf If]qdf p4f/, /fxt, cfktsfnLg cfjf;, vfgf,
n'ufkmf6f], :jf:Yo;]jf tyf cf}ifwf]krf/h:tf cTofjZos j:t'sf] Joj:yf
ug'kb{5 . o;sf nflu ;d'bfo, ;dfh / ;/sf/;Fu cfjZos ;|ft tyf
{ ]
;fwgsf] cefj x'g;S5 . cfktsfnLg ;xof]usf nflu /]8qm;, u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿, l5d]sL tyf ldq/fi6«x¿ ;xof]u ug{ ;b}j tTk/ x'G5g . o;/L
k|fKt x'g] ;xof]usf] ;xL kl/rfng ug],{ unt a:t' / ;fwgsf] ljt/0f x'g
glbg] tyf kLl8tsf] cfjZostfcg';f/ /fxt;fdu|L Jojl:yt ¿kdf ljt/0f
ug{ sfg'g tyf Go"gtd dfkb08sf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
k|sf]kkl5 3/af/ljxLg kl/jf/sf] a;f]af; / cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"lt{sf]
nflu klg sfg'gcg'¿k Joj:yf ug'kb{5, ;fy} k|sf]ksf] Iflt sd ug{ ul/g]
{
k"jtof/Lsf nflu gLltut Joj:yf ePdf ;dfhnfO{ p;sf bfloŒjsf] af]w
{
u/fpg ;lhnf] x'G5 . k|sf]ksf] ;Defjgf /x]sf 7fpFdf ;'/Iffsf pkfo
cjnDag u/L k|sf]k ;fdgfsf nflu sfo{ ug{ cfwf/e"t sfg'gsf] e"ldsf
dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . k|sf]k ePsf ;dodf p4f/ tyf /fxt sfo{nfO{ e]befj/lxt
¿kdf ;~rfng ug{, k|sf]kkl5 k'gM:yfkg, k'glg{df{0fh:tf sfo{ ug{ klg
Go"gtd dfkb08;lxtsf] sfg'gL Joj:yf rflxG5 . To;}n] k|sf]ksf] Joj:yfkg,
p4f/, /fxt / k'gM:yfkg tyf k'glg{df{0fh:tf sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{,
dfu{bz{g lbg tyf unt sfo{nfO{ lgolGqt ug{ ;/sf/n] nfu" u/]sf] sfg'gnfO{
k|sf]k–Joj:yfkg sfg'g elgG5 .
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷7

8. k|sf]k;DaGwL g]kfnsf] sfg'g
k|sf]ksf]hGo 36gfaf6 pTkGg x'g;Sg] c;xh cj:yfdf sfd ug]{
Wo]on] tTsfnLg ;/sf/n] @)#( ;fndf b}jL k|sf]k -p4f/_ P]g agfPsf]
lyof] . g]kfnsf] ToxL P]g k|sf]kkLl8tsf] p4f/ / /fxt tyf Joj:yfkg ug]{
Psdfq sfg'gL b:tfj]h xf] . k|sf]k;Fu ck|ToIf ¿kdf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] cGo
s]xL P]g klg 5g, t/ tL P]g cg'¿k k|sf]ksf ;dodf ug'kg]{ p4f/, /fxt,
{
k"jtof/L / k'glg{df{0fsf s'g} klg sfo{ k|efljt ;d'bfosf] cfjZostfcg'¿k
{
x'g ;ls/x]sf 5}gg .
b}jL k|sf]k -p4f/_ P]g, @)#( k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ug{ k"0f{ ¿kn] ;Ifd 5}g .
of] P]g d"ntM cfktsfnLg p4f/ / /fxtsf sfo{df dfq ;Lldt 5 . k|sf]kk|efljt
ePsf] jf x'g;Sg] If]qsf] ;Ldf lgwf{/0f u/]/ cfktsfnLg cj:yfsf] ;fdgf
ug]{ Wo]on] ;ªs6u|:t If]q 3f]if0ff ug];Ddsf] clwsf/ P]gn] lbPsf] 5 . o;
{
sfg'gsf cfwf/df p4f/ tyf /fxtsf nflu ;/sf/n] cfjZostfcg';f/
;/sf/sf s'g} klg lgsfo, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf
gful/s ;dfhnfO{ cfjZos cfb]z lbg;Sg] / o:tf] If]qdf ljb]zL gful/s
jf ;+:yfn] k|jz ug{;d]t :jLs[lt lng'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o:tf sfo{ ug]{
]
clwsf/ sfg'gn] s]Gb|Lo :t/df u[xdGqfno / :yfgLo txdf lhNnf k|zf;g
sfof{nonfO{ lbPsf] 5 .
g]kfndf ljBdfg b}jL k|sf]k -p4f/_ P]g, @)#( cg'¿k ;/sf/n] s]Gb|bl] v
ufpF;Dd k|sf]k p4f/ tyf /fxt ;ldlt u7g ug{ ;S5 . ;/sf/åf/f ul7t
;a} txsf k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldltn] cfˆgf If]qdf /x]sf] k|sf]ksf] cj:yf, ePsf]
Iflt / tTsfn jf eljiodf x'g;Sg] Iflt sd ug{ sfd ug'kg]{ pNn]v u/]sf]
{
eP klg To;sf] sfo{ljlw lbg ;s]sf] 5}g . P]gn] lgwf{l/t u/]sf sfo{qmdsf]
d"n p2]Zo cfktsfnLg p4f/ / /fxtsf] ljt/0fdf dfq s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 . of]
k"jtof/L, k'glg{df{0f / k'gM:yfkgh:tf k|sf]ksf] bL3{sfnLg Joj:yfkgtkm{
{
df}g /x]sf] 5 .
xfnsf jif{x¿df cltj[li6, af9L, klx/f], dxfdf/L, lxdtfn ljikmf]6 cflb
36gfdf j[l4;Fu} k|sf]ksf] vt/f klg a9b} cfPsf] 5 . ljZJofkL ¿kdf
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷8

9. eO/x]sf]] tfkqmd j[l4åf/f b]vfk/]sf] hnjfo'–kl/jt{g klg k|sf]khGo 36gf
a9fpg] sf/s b]lvPsf] 5 . ljz]ifu/L jgljgfz, kfgLsf ;|ft ;'Sg' jf b"lift
]
x'g,' ;/;kmfOsf] cefj, clgof]lht ljsf;lgdf{0f, vlgh tyf h}ljs OGwgsf]
cTolws pkef]u / jftfj/0fLo k|bif0fdf j[l4 k|sf]k lj:tf/ x'g] sf/0fsf
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¿kdf b]lvPsf 5g .
dfgjLo sf/0faf6 pTkGg eO/x]sf k|sf]khGo 36gf lgoGq0f ug]{ ljifodf
g]kfnsf] k|sf]k P]gn] rf;f] b]vfPsf] 5}g . jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, ul/aL lgjf/0f,
k|fs[lts ;|ftsf] a'l4dQfk"0f{ pkof]u, of]hgfa4 sfo{, :yfgLo / s]Gb|Lo:t/sf
]
of]hgfaLr ;+of]hg k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf dxŒjk"0f{ kIf x'g . To;}u/L gful/s
;dfh / /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] e"ldsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L
agfpg ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] ljsf;, ;j{;'ne ;"rgfk|jfx, hgr]tgf
clej[l4h:tf ljifo klg k|sf]khGo hf]lvd 36fpg] cfwf/ x'g . o:tf If]qdf
sfd ug{ ;/sf/n] :ki6 sfg'gL Joj:yf u/]/ sfo{/t ;ª3;+:yfx¿aLr
;dGjostf{ tyf ;xhstf{sf ¿kdf cfk"mnfO{ k|:t't ug'{ cfjZos 5 .
p4f/ tyf /fxt
k|sf]khGo 36gfåf/f kLl8t JolQm, kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfonfO{ ;a}n] cfjZos
;xof]u ug'kb{5 . o:tf] sfo{ 5/l5d]s, /]8qm;, k|x/L / ;]gf ;a}sf] bfloTjleq
{
kg{ cfpF5 . o;/L k|sf]ksf cj:yfdf kLl8tnfO{ tTsfn ;xof]u ug]{ sfo{nfO{
p4f/ elgG5 / cfktsfnLg af;, vfgf tyf pkrf/ ug]{ sfo{nfO{ /fxt
elgG5 . g]kfnsf] lj= ;+= @)$( df bf];fk6s ;+zf]wg ePsf] …b}jL k|sf]k -
|]
p4f/_ P]g, @)#(Ú n] b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ sfo{ eGgfn] …b}jL k|sf]kaf6 c;/
k/]sf] jf kg{;Sg] If]qdf b}jL k|sf]ksf] lgoGq0f / /f]syfd tyf tt;DaGwL
k"jtof/L / b}jL k|sf]kaf6 hgtfnfO{ k/]sf] kL/dsf{ tyf c;'ljwf x6fpgsf
{
nflu b}jL k|sf]kaf6 kLl8t hgtfsf] k'gM:yfkg tyf b}jL k|sf]kaf6 c;/
k/]sf If]qsf] k'glg{df{0f ug]{ sfo{nufot b}jL k|sf]kaf6 ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf]
lhpwg / ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] ;'/Iffsf nflu ul/g] h'g;'s} p4f/ sfo{
;Demg'k5{Ú egL b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ sfo{nfO{ kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . o; kl/efiffn]
k|sf]kaf6 p4f/ ul/Psf kLl8tsf] clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf ;fdfGo JofVof ug]{
k|of; u/]sf] eP klg / p4f/, /fxt, cfktsfnLg ;xof]udf hf]8 lbP klg
o;n] k'gM:yfkgsf bL3{sfnLg sfo{qmd / dfgjclwsf/sf kIfnfO{ ;Daf]wg
ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . xfd|f] k/Dk/f / ;/sf/n] sfof{Gjog ul//x]sf] df}hbf sfg'gL
'
Joj:yfcg';f/ k|sf]kkLl8tn] p4f/ kfpg' ltgsf] clwsf/ geP/ k/f]ksf/L
sfo{ dfq ag]sf] 5 .
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷9

10. b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldltsf] Joj:yf
b}jL k|sf]k -p4f/_ P]g, @)#( n] k|sf]ksf ;dodf ul/g] p4f/ / /fxtsf
nflu s]Gb|Lo :t/b]lv ufpF;Ddsf rf/ txdf b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldlt u7g
ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . xfn;Dd s]Gb|, If]q / lhNnfdf k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldltsf]
Joj:yf ePsf] 5Ù t/ ufpF:t/df x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . xfn ePsf ;ldltsf]
cj:yf lgDgcg';f/ 5 M
s]Gb|Lo b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldlt
b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ sfo{;DaGwL gLltsf] th'{df ug{, sfo{qmd agfpg /
sfof{Gjog tyf cfjZos sfd ug{–u/fpg ;/sf/n] u[xdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf
s]Gb|Lo b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldlt u7g u/]sf] 5 . ;ldltdf k|sf]k–Joj:yfkg;Fu
;DalGwt pRrkb:y kbflwsf/L ;b:osf ¿kdf /xg] Joj:yf 5 . ;ldltn]
k|sf]kaf6 k|efljt If]qdf ul/g] p4f/ tyf ljt/0f ul/g] /fxt /sd, nQfsk8f,
cf}ifwf]krf/ / cGo cTofjZos ;fdu|L k7fpg], p4f/ tyf /fxtsf nflu
sfd ug]{ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf jf gful/s ;dfhaLr ;dGjo ug],{ If]qLo,
lhNnf:t/Lo / :yfgLo ;ldltsf] kl/rfngsf nflu lgb]zg lbg]h:tf sfo{
{
ub{5 . o;sf cltl/Qm k|sf]kk|efljt If]qnfO{ ;ªs6u|:t If]q 3f]if0ff ug{
;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/; ug],{ k|sf]ksf] lgoGq0f tyf /f]syfd, k"jtof/L tyf
{
k|sf]kaf6 kLl8tsf] k'gM:yfkg / Ifltu|:t ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df{0f;DaGwL /fli6«o
gLltsf] th'df klg o;} ;ldltsf] sfo{If]qleq kb{5 .
{
k|sf]ksf] cj:yfdf s]Gb|Lo ;ldltnfO{ cfjZos ;Nnfx tyf gLltlgb]zg lbg
{
/sfof{Gjogdf ;3fpg ljleGg pk;ldlt u7g ug]{ clwsf/ klg s]Gb|Lo
;ldltn] kfPsf] 5 . k|sf]kkLl8tsf] p4f/ / /fxtnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg
p4f/ tyf pkrf/ pk;ldlt / cfk"lt{, cf>o tyf k'gM:yfkg pk;ldlt
;d]t u7g ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . o:tf pk;ldltdWo] pkrf/ pk;ldltsf]
;+of]hsdf :jf:YodGqL, k'gM:yfkg pk;ldltsf] ;+of]hsdf ef}lts of]hgf
tyf lgdf{0f dGqL / cfk"lt{ tyf cf>o pk;ldltsf] ;+of]hsdf pBf]u,
jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqL /xg]] Joj:yf 5 .
If]qLo b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldlt
If]qLo k|zf;ssf] cWoIftfdf k|sf]ksf] ;dodf If]qLo tyf :yfgLo :t/df
p4f/ tyf /fxtsf nflu rflxg] cfjZos ;|ft tyf ;fwgsf] d"Nofªsg ug{,
]
:jo+;js 6f]nL u7g ug{ tyf cGo p4f/ sfo{;d]t ug{ …If]qLo b}jL k|sf]k
]
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷10

11. p4f/ ;ldltÚ u7g ePsf] 5 . kfFr} ljsf; If]qsf If]qLo k|zf;g sfof{non]
lhNnf / s]Gb|;u ;dGjo u/L sfo{ ug]{ Joj:yf ;d]t o; cGtu{t kb{5 .
F
lhNnf b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldlt
k|sf]kkLl8t JolQm tyf ;d'bfonfO{ tTsfn p4f/ ug{, /fxt pknAw u/fpg,
k|sf]ksf] 36gf /f]syfd ug{ tyf c:yfoL cf>osf] Joj:yf;d]t ug{–u/fpg
k|dv lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] cWoIftfdf …lhNnf b}jL k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ;ldltÚ
'
sfo{/t /xg] Joj:yf 5 . o; ;ldltdf k|dv lhNnf clwsf/Ln] k|sf]ksf
'
If]qdf sfo{/t ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / gful/s ;dfhsf k|ltlglw;d]t
;+nUg u/fpg ;Sg] Joj:yf P]gn] u/]sf] 5 .
:yfgLo b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldlt
ufpF ljsf; ;ldltcGtu{t :yfgLo b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldlt u7g x'g]
Joj:yf P]gdf /x]sf] 5, t/ uflj; cWoIfsf] ;+of]hsTjdf u7g x'g ;Sg]
:yfgLo ;ldlt eg] u7g x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
k|sf]kkLl8tnfO{ /fxt lbg] ;/sf/L dfkb08
b}jL k|sf]k -p4f/_ P]g, @)#( cg';f/ s]Gb|Lo b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldltn]
k|sf]kkLl8t JolQm tyf kl/jf/nfO{ Iflt / k|efjsf cfwf/df tTsfn /fxt
;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] gLltut lg0f{o ug]{ ub{5 . o;/L pknAw u/fpg]
cfly{s tyf ef}lts ;xof]usf] dfqfdf ;do–;dodf kl/jt{g x'G5 . s]Gb|Lo
;ldltn] kl5Nnf]k6s u/]sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ kLl8tnfO{ /fxt:j¿k lgDgcg';f/
;xof]u x'g;S5 M
!= k|sf]kdf k/L s'g} JolQmsf] d[To' ePdf /fxt:j¿k k|ltd[ts !% xhf/
?k}ofFsf b/n] d[tssf kl/jf/nfO{ ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] .
@= k|sf]kdf k/L 3fOt] ePsfnfO{ lhNnf b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldltn]
cf}ifwf]krf/sf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
#= b}jL k|sf]kaf6 3/ gi6 ePdf c:yfoL cf>osf nflu k|ltkl/jf/ $
xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd pknAw u/fpg] .
$= af9L, klx/f] jf e"sDkaf6 3/ k"0f{ ¿kn] gi6 geP klg ;Defljt
vt/faf6 hf]lug cGoq ;g'kg]{ eP To:tf kLl8t kl/jf/nfO{ /fxt:j¿k
{
k|ltkl/jf/ b'O{ xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] .
%= k|sf]kaf6 3/ gi6 ePsf JolQmnfO{ k|ltJolQm & s]hLsf b/n] rfdn
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷11

12. pknAw u/fpg] . rfdn pknAw u/fpg g;lsg] cj:yf ePdf To;afkt
!@% ?k}ofF k|ltJolQm pknAw u/fpg] . rfdn pknAw u/fPafktsf]
/sd lhNnf b}jL k|sf]k ;xfotf sf]ifaf6 e'QmfgL lbO{ ;f]sf] ljj/0f u[x
dGqfno b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ zfvfdf k7fpg] .
^= k|sf]ksf 36gfaf6 3/ gi6 ePsf kLl8t kl/jf/nfO{ tTsfn cfjZos
kg]{ nQfsk8f / efF8fs'8fsf] Joj:yf ug{sf nflu /fxt ;xof]u:j¿k
F
k|ltJolQm kfFr ;o ?k}ofFsf b/n] pknAw u/fpg] .
&= k|sf]kdf k/L vfBfGgafnL tyf hUufhldg;d]t gf]S;fg eO{ tTsfn
u'hf/fsf nflu vfBfGg;d]t gePsf kLl8t kl/jf/nfO{ k|ltkl/jf/ kfFr
;o ?k}ofF pknAw u/fpg] .
*= k|sf]kkLl8tnfO{ k'gM:yfkg tyf k'glg{df{0fsf nflu k|rlnt gLltadf]lhd
jg dGqfnocGtu{tsf] lhNnfl:yt tf]lsPsf] lgsfon] ;x'lnot b/df
sf7 pknAw u/fpg] .
(= k|sf]ksf] ;dodf kLl8t kl/jf/nfO{ ;'/lIft :yfgdf /fvL lzlj/ ;~rfng
ug'kg]{ cj:yf ePdf lhNnf b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldltn] tTsfn u[xdGqfnodf
{
;Dks{ /fvL cfjZos sfo{ ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
!)= k|sf]kdf k/L vfBfGg jf yk cfly{s ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg'kg]{ kl/jf/sf]
;b:o ;ªVof;d]t v'nsf] nut 36gf x'gl] alQs} u[x dGqfnodf k7fpg] .
]
!!= kLl8tnfO{ /fxt ljt/0f ubf{ :yfgLo ;ldlt u7g ePsf] :yfgdf ;f]
;ldltdfkm{t / cGo 7fpFsf] xsdf lhNnf b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldltdfkm{t
g} /fxt ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] .
!@= pko'Qmadf]lhdsf] ;xof]u e"sDk, af9L, klx/f], cfunfuL, cl;gfkfgL,
{
x'/Latf; / r6Øfªaf6 k|efljt kLl8tnfO{ dfq pknAw u/fpg] .
!#= lgwf{l/t dfkb08adf]lhd /fxt ;xof]u pknAw u/fpFbf lhNnf b}jL
k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldltn] 36gf ePsf] #) lbgleq ;"rgf k|fKt ePsf]
36gfsf nflu dfq /fxt ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] .
cfly{s ;|ft;DaGwL Joj:yf
]
k|sf]ksf avt p4f/ tyf /fxtnfO{ rflxg] /sdsf] Joj:yf ug{ s]Gb|Lo b}jL
k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldltcGtu{t ;~rfng x'gu/L Pp6f s]Gb|Lo b}jL k|sf]k ;xfotf
]
sf]if /x]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm k|wfgdGqLsf] dftxtdf …k|wfgdGqL b}jL
k|sf]k ;xfotf sf]ifÚ klg 5 . To;}u/L If]qLo / lhNnf b}jL k|sf]k ;xfotf
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷12

13. sf]ifsf] klg Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . s]Gb|Lo ;xfotf sf]ifdf cy{ dGqfnoaf6
ljlgof]hg ePsf] /sd / :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ;xof]usf] /sd ;d]t hDdf
x'G5 . o;sf cltl/Qm JolQm, ;ª3;+:yf, sd{rf/L, Jofkf/L cflbaf6 k|wfgdGqL
b}jL k|sf]k ;xfotf sf]ifdf hDdf ePsf] /sd cfjZostfcg';f/ s]Gb|Lo b}jL
k|sf]k ;xfotf sf]ifdf :yfgfGt/0f x'G5 . s]Gb|Lo b}jL k|sf]k ;xfotf sf]ifsf]
/sd cfjZostf / cf}lrTosf cfwf/df lgwf{l/t dfkb08cg';f/ kLl8tnfO{
/fxt pknAw u/fpg If]qLo ;xfotf sf]ifdfk{mt lhNnf b}jL k|sf]k ;xfotf
sf]ifdf lgsf;f x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
dfgjclwsf/k|lt df}g / ck"0f{
…b}jL k|sf]k -p4f/_ P]g, @)#(Ú tTsfnLg ;dosf nflu pko'Qm eP klg
jt{dfg ;dosf nflu o;sf] cf}lrTo ;dfKtk|foM eO;s]sf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o
;lGw;Demf}tf, k|sf]k–Go"gLs/0f /0fgLlt / dfkb08cg'¿k sfd ug]{ k|fjwfg
o;df 5}g . kLl8tsf cfwf/e"t dfgjclwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt gug',{ k"jtof/L
{
/ k'gM:yfkg;DaGwL Joj:yf gx'g' o; sfg'sf] sdhf]/ kIf dflgPsf] 5 .
p4f/ tyf /fxtsf kIfdf s]xL ug{ vf]hsf] eP klg ;xof]usf Go"gtd
]
dfkb08 lgwf{/0f ug]{ k|lqmofsf] cefjdf clgjfo{ 7flgPsf sltko sfo{n]
k|fyldstf kfpg ;s]sf 5}gg .
sfg'gn] lgwf{/0f ug{ g;s]sf sltko sfo{ lhNnf b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldltn]
cfk;L 5nkmnaf6 ug]{ u/]sf] kfOP klg k|sf]kaf6 lj:yflkt eP/ cfGtl/s
;'s'Daf;L aGg afWo gful/ssf] a;f]af; u/fpg] / pgLx¿sf] eljio
;'lglZrt ug]h:tf bL3{sfnLg sfo{qmd;DaGwL Joj:yfaf/] P]gdf pNn]v
{
gePsfn] kLl8t tyf lj:yflktsf] eljio ;w}F clglZrt /x]sf] 5 . o;sf
;fy} k|efljt If]qdf bL3{sfnLg k'gM:yfkg sfo{ ug{ rfxg] ;+:yf tyf
ljsf;–sfo{stf{n] gLltut sl7gfOsf] ;fdgf ug'{ kl//x]sf] 5 . o:tf sl7gfOsf]
lg/fs/0fsf nflu ;/sf/n] ;do;fk]If sfg'g Nofpg] / cfjZostfcg'¿k
;'wf/ tyf kl/dfh{g ub}{ hfg] k|lqmof ckgfpg' h?/L 5 .
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷13

14. k|sf]kk|lt ljZjsf] rf;f]
k|sf]ksf sf/0f ljZjdf x/]s jif{ hgwgsf] k|z:t Iflt eO/x]sf] 5 .
k|sf]kaf6 x'b} cfPsf] hgwgsf] Iflt Go"g ug{ ;g !(() df ;+oQm /fi6«;ª3Lo
F '
k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f ;lrjfnosf]
:yfkgf eof] . ;+oQm /fi6«;ª3n]
'
;g !(*( df !(() sf] bzsnfO{ slxn] s] eof] <
k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f bzs 3f]if0ff
;g !(*( M ;+oQm /fi6«;ª3åf/f
'
u/]kl5 k|sf]k lj?4sf] ljZjJofkL
;g !(() b]lv !((( ;Dd k|fs[lts
cleofg k|f/De ePsf] dflgG5 . k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f cGt/f{li6«o bzs
"
;g !(() b]lv k|To]s jif{sf] dgfpg] lg0f{o .
cS6f]a/ dlxgfsf] bf];|f] a'wjf/
ljZjJofkL ¿kdf k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f ;g !(($ M ‘;'/lIft ljZjsf nflu
k| s f] k Go" g Ls/0f’ gf/f ;lxt
lbj; klg dgfOG5 . hfkfgsf] of]sf]xfdfdf k|yd ljZj
;g !(($ df hfkfgsf] ;Dd]ng . ;Dd]ngåf/f ;fdflhs
of]sf]xfdfdf ;'/lIft ljZjsf nflu tyf gful/s ;dfhk|lt pQ/bfoL
klxnf] …ljZj k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f /xg] u/L klxnf] ‘k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f
;Dd] n gÚ ePkl5 ;+ o ' Q m gLlt’ tof/ .
/fi6«;ª3sf] k|sf]k Joj:yfkg tyf ;g !((% M hfkfgsf] sf]a] ;x/df
Go"gLs/0f;DaGwL k|of;n] yk ;DkGg Pl;ofnL /fi6x¿sf] k|fs[lts
tLj|tf k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f ;Dd]ng ;DkGg .
;Dd] n gåf/f Pl;ofnL k| s f] k
;g !((% df hfkfgsf] sf]adf ] Go"gLs/0f s]Gb| (Asian Disaster
;DkGg Pl;ofnL /fi6« x ¿sf] Reduction Center -ADRC)
k| f s[ l ts k| s f] k Go" g Ls/0f :yfkgfsf] 3f]if0ff .
;Dd] n gaf6 Pl;ofnL k| s f] k ;g @))% M hfkfgsf] sf]a] ;x/df
Go"gLs/0f s]Gb| (Asian Disas- k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f;DaGwL bf];f] ljZj
|
ter Reduction Center) sf] ;Dd] n g . ;g @)!% ;Dddf
:yfkgf ePkl5 Pl;ofnufot ;d'bfosf] k|sf]k ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtfdf
g]kfndf klg k|sf]k Go"gLs/0fsf] clej[l4 ug{ xØf]uf] sfo{of]hgf
sfo{n] k|fyldstf kfPsf] 5 . @))%–@)!% sf] 3f]if0ff .
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷14

15. k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f;DaGwL bf];f] ljZj;Dd]ng
|
;g @))% sf] hgj/L !* b]lv @@ ;Dd hfkfgsf] sf]a]df k|sf]k
Go"gLs/0f;DaGwL ljZj ;Dd]ng ePsf] lyof] . ;Dd]ngdf ljZjsf !^*
d'nssf ;/sf/L clwsf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, ;+oQm /fi6«;ª3Lo ;+:yf
' '
Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o ;~rf/dfWodsf] 7"nf] ;xeflutf lyof] . ;Dd]ngn] ljsl;t
d'nssf cg'ej / pRr k|ljlwaf6 cNkljsl;t d'nsn] / cNkljsl;t
' '
d'nssf :yfgLo k|ljlwaf6 ljsl;t d'nsn] ;do;'xfpFbf] nfe lng ;Sg'kg{]
' '
oyfy{kl| t hf]8 lbPsf] lyof] .
;Dd]ngsf] …lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu lzIffÚ ljifos ;qdf k|sf]k Joj:yfkg /
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu hgr]tgf cleofg Jofks agfpg'kg]df ;a}n]{
P]Soa4tf hgfpg' o; ;Dd]ngsf] dxŒjk"0f{ pknlAw dflgPsf] 5 . k|sf]kk|efljt
;d'bfosf] ;'/lIft eljiosf nflu lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] pRrtd pkof]uaf6
k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;lsg] lgSof]n lgsfNb} ;Dd]ngn] ;+oQm /fi6«;ª3sf]
{ '
…;g @))% b]lv @)!% ;Dddf ;'/lIft eljiosf nflu lzIffÚ eGg] gf/f
;fy{s agfpg ;/sf/x¿nfO{ kf7Øqmddf cfjZos ;'wf/ ug{ klg cfXjfg
u/]sf] 5 .
;Dd]ngåf/f hf/L 3f]if0ffkqdf cfufdL !) jif{sf nflu z}lIfs ljsf;åf/f
k|sf]k ;fdfgf Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu lgDgcg';f/sf sfo{ ug]{ k|lta4tf
hgfOPsf] 5, h;nfO{ …xØf]uf] sfo{of]hgf– ;g @))%–@)!%Ú elgG5 .
xØf]uf] sfo{of]hgfsf] d"n lgisif{
!= /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo k|fyldstfcg';f/ ;+:yfut ;'b9Ls/0fsf cfwf/df k|sf]k
[
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{ ;~rfng ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
;+:yfut ;'b9Ls/0fsf nflu /fli6«o 9fFrf, ;+:yfut 9fFrf tyf sfg'gL
[
9fFrf, ;|ftsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg / ;fd'bflos ;xeflutfnfO{ ;zQm
]
agfpg] .
@= k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd klxrfg, d"Nofªsg / cg'udg ug]{ tyf k"jrtfjgL
{ ]
k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] .
:yfgLo, If]qLo / /fli6«o txsf] hf]lvd klxrfg, d"Nofªsg / cg'udg
ug],{ k"jrtfjgL k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ / ;Defljt hf]lvdsf] ;fdgf
{ ]
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷15

16. ug{] Ifdtfdf clej[l4 ug]{ .
#= 1fg, vf]h / lzIffsf] pkof]u u/]/ ;a} txdf ;'/IffTds ;+:s[lt /
k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtfdf clej[l4 ug]{ .
:yfgLo / /fli6«o txdf ;"rgf–Joj:yfkg tyf cfbfg–k|bfg, lzIff
tyf tflnd / cg';Gwfg;lxt hgr]tgf clej[l4 u/]/ ;a} txdf
;'/IffTds ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; tyf k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtfdf clej[l4
ug]{ .
$= hf]lvdsf cfwf/e"t sf/s tŒjx¿df sdL Nofpg] .
jftfj/0f tyf k|fs[lts ;|ft Joj:yfkg, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf
]
cEof; / e"–pkof]u of]hgf tyf cGo k|fljlws pkfo ckgfP/
hf]lvdsf d"n sf/0fx¿nfO{ 36fpg] .
%= ;a} txdf k|sf]ksf] k|efjsf/L k|ltsf/sf nflu ;zQm k"jtof/L ug]{ .
{
k|sf]k–Joj:yfkgsf nflu If]qLo, /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo :t/df ;DalGwt
k|ljlw, tflnd Pj+ dfgj tyf ef}lts ;+;fwg ljsf; u/L gLltut,
k|fljlws tyf ;+:yfut IfdtfnfO{ ;zQm agfpg] .
k|sf]k;DaGwL hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] k|of;nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] p2]Zon]
k"jrtfjgL, hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f, k|sf]k–;fdgf / ljsf;sf If]q;Fu
{ ]
;DalGwt ;a} txsf ;+:yf / lgsfoaLrsf] 5nkmn, ;"rgf cfbfg–
k|bfg / ;dGjodf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] Pj+ To;df clej[l4 ug]]{ .
/fi6«sf] k|sf]k–;dgf ug]{ IfdtfnfO{ k|sf]kn] pl5Gg] cj:yfdf klg
To;sf] k|efjsf/L ;Daf]wg ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ tof/Lsf nflu If]qLo
:t/df ;dGjofTds kxnsf] ljsf; Pj+ ;'b9Ls/0f, If]qLo gLltlgdf{0f
[
jf ;'wf/ u/]/ sfo{;oGq, of]hgf tyf ;"rgfk|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
+
k|sf]ksf] clthf]lvdsf If]q / ;d"xnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ;a} txdf k"jtof/L
{
jf k'g/fjnf]sg / ;do;fk]If kl/dfh{g u/L pko'Qm of]hgf tyf gLlt
agfpg] . k|sf]ksf cj:yfdf tLj| / k|efjsf/L ;Daf]wg ePsf] tyf
:yfgLo cfjZostfcg'¿k plrt 9ªun] vfB tyf cGo cfjZos
j:t'sf] ;xof]u k'usf] ;'lglZrt ug{ tyf k|sf]k–k|efljt :yfg vfnL
]
u/fpg]h:tf k"jtof/Lsf lgoldt cEof;nfO{ a9fjf lbg] .
{
k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf, Ifltsf] e/y]u tyf k"jtof/Lsf pkfonfO{ ;xof]u
{
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷16

17. k'¥ofpg kof{Kt x'g] u/L cfjZostfcg';f/sf :yfgdf ;ªs6sfnLg
sf]ifsf] :yfkgf ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ k|>o lbg]] .
k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd 36fpg, ljz]if u/L :jo+;jL efjgf a9fP/ ;lqmo
]
;xeflutfdf k|j4{g ug{ ;Sg] k|0ffnL tyf ;d'bfo / ;/f]sf/jfnfdf
:jfldTjsf] efjgf ljsl;t ug]{ .
:yfgLo / /fli6«o k|fyldstfsf] klxrfg u/L ;+:yfut ;'b9Ls/0f Pj+
[
sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
k|sf]k–Go"gLs/0fsf If]qdf g]kfnsf] ;xeflutf
g]kfnn] ;g !(($ sf]] d] dlxgfdf hfkfgsf] of]sf]xfdfdf ;DkGg klxnf] ljZj
k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f ;Dd]ngdf ;lqmo ¿kdf efu lnPsf] lyof] . g]kfnn]
Pl;ofnL k|sf]k–Go"gLs/0f s]Gb|sf] ;b:otf lnPs} sf/0f klg k|sf]ksf]
Joj:yfkgsf If]qdf g]kfnsf] ljZjJofkL ;xeflutf ;lqmo /x]sf] cg'ej
x'G5 . To;}u/L ;g !((% df hfkfgsf] sf]adf ePsf] Pl;ofnL k|fs[lts
]
k|sf]k–Go"gLs/0f ;Dd]ng / ljleGg d'nsdf ePsf a}7sdf g]kfnsf] ;lqmo
'
;xeflutf /x]sf] kfOG5 . !^* d'nssf k|ltlglwsf] ;xeflutfdf ;g @))%
'
sf] hgj/L !* b]lv @@ ;Dd hfkfgsf] sf]adf ePsf] k|sf]k–Go"gLs/0f;DaGwL
]
bf];f] ljZj ;Dd]ngdf klg g]kfnsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . ;Dd]ngdf
|
k|sf]ksf] Joj:yfkg ljZjJofkL rf;f]sf] ljifo ePsfn] o;sf] Joj:yfkgdf
;3fpg k|sf]k Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ljZjsf]ifsf] :yfkgf ug]{ k|:tfj g]kfnn]
/fv]sf] lyof] . ;Dd]ngn] o; ljifodf 7f]; lg0f{o gu/] klg ;xefuL /x]sf
clwsf+z k|ltlglwn] o; k|:tfjnfO{ ;sf/fTds 7fg]sf lyP .
ljZjdf ePsf ljleGg ;ef, ;Dd]ng, a}7s tyf sfo{qmdx¿df efu lnP/
k|fKt u/]sf] cg'ejsf cfwf/df g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|sf]k;DaGwL ;"rgf tyf
tYofªs– ;ªsng, cWoog, ;"rgf k|jfx / k|sf]k–Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{ ug{
u[xdGqfnodf 5'§} dxfzfvfsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . k|sf]ksf] lj:tf/ /
k|efj a9b} uPsf] jt{dfg ;dodf eg] ;/sf/n] pQm dxfzfvfnfO{ zfvfdf
dfq ;Lldt ug]{ sfo{ u/]sf] 5Ù oBlk hfkfgsf] sf]adf ;DkGg ljZj
]
;Dd]ngdf k|sf]ksf] Joj:yfkg;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} lgsfonfO{ ;d]6L ;do;fk]If
;+/rgfTds ;'wf/ ug]{ / lgs6 eljiod} k|sf]k–Go"gLs/0f Joj:yfkg Pj+
;dGjo kl/ifb :yfkgf ug]{ k|lta4tf hgfO;s]sf] 5 .
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷17

18. k|sf]k / dfgjclwsf/
dfgj clwsf/
:jtGqtfk"js afFRg kfpg' k|To]s dflg;sf] k|sl[ tk|bQ clwsf/ xf] . bf];f]
{ |
JolQm jf ;d'bfosf] clwsf/dfly cltqmd0f gu/L cfˆgf b}lgs lqmofsnfk
;~rfng ug{, hLljsf]kfh{gsf ;|ft k|fKt ug{ / :jtGqtfk"js afFRg kfpg'
] {
x/]s JolQmsf] dfgjclwsf/ xf] . ctM ;fdfGo cy{df eGg'kbf{ c? s;}sf]
:jtGqtfdf x:tIf]k gu/L cfˆgf] :jtGqtfsf] pkef]u ug{ kfpg] g};lu{s
clwsf/ g} dfgjclwsf/ xf] . hfthflt, efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt tyf lnªusf
cfwf/df s;}dfly e]befj gug'{ dfgjclwsf/sf] d"n dd{ klg xf] .
jt{dfg ;dodf klg ljZjsf w]/} d'nsdf lg/ªsz tyf aa{/ zf;gk|0ffnL
' '
sfod} 5 . ul/a / wgL tyf uf]/f / sfnfaLr lje]b ;dfKt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
/fli6«o ljsf;sf] d"nk|jfxaf6 aflx/ kf/]/ ul/aLdf afFRg / lg0ff{os :yfgdf
k|ltlglwTj ug{af6 tNnf] ju{nfO{ jl~rt u/fOPsf] 5 . o:tf dfgjLo
lje]bnfO{ clxn] klg hfthflt, prgLr jf sd{sf] k|ltkmn dfGg] ul/G5 .
k|sf]ksf ;DaGwdf klg oxL e|dn] ;d'bfodf h/f uf8]sf] 5 . hLjgsf x/]s
;'v–b'MvnfO{ efUosf] kl/0ffd dfGg] cGwljZjf; ;dfhdf JofKt 5 . /fhgLlts,
cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / wfld{s If]qdf /x]sf o:tf lje]bsf] cGTo
u/]/ ;Dk"0f{ gful/sn] ;dfg cj;/sf ;fy afFRg kfpg', :jljj]sn] sfd ug{
kfpg' tyf hLjglgjf{x ug{ kfpg'kg]{df dfgjclwsf/n] hf]8 lbG5 .
dfgjclwsf/n] JolQm, ;d'bfo / /fHo;+/rgfleq s'g} k|sf/n] s;}dfly
lje]b ug{ gx'gdf hf]8 lbG5 .
]
dflg;aLr k|sl[ ts ¿kdf lje]b x'bg . xfjfkfgL, e"uf]n / >dsf] k|sl[ tcg'¿k
F }
dflg;sf] /ª, ¿k tyf ljj]sdf leGgtf x'g;S5 . t/, k|sl[ tn] dflg;aLr
s'g} lsl;dsf] e]befj u/]sf] x'bg . To;}n] sf]xL dflns / sf]xL gf]s/ x'g]
F }
k|Zg g} p7bg . zf;s jf wgLn] h;/L hLjglgjf{x ub{5, To;}u/L ul/an]
}
klg cfˆgf] hLjg afFRg kfpg'kb{5 . To:t} /fli6«o ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn x/]s
gful/sdf ;dfg ¿kdf ljt/0f x'gkg]{ dfGotf klg ljsl;t eO;s]sf] 5 .
'
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷18

19. To;f] eP klg ljZjdf dfgjaLrsf] lje]b ;dfKt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o;tkm{
;r]t eP/ g} cGt/f{li6«o jf /fli6«o :t/sf dfgjtfjfbL ;+:yfx¿n] clwsf/d'vL
cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;dfhsf x/]s tx;Dd lj:tf/ ug{ / cfˆgf] clwsf/af/] ;r]t
u/fpg ax;k}/jL ub}{ cfPsf 5g . dfgjaLr /x]sf] lje]b tyf c;dfgtflj?4sf
o:t} d'2f cl3 ;fl/Pkl5 dfgjclwsf/ ljZjJofkL rf;f]sf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 .
k|sf]k / dfgjclwsf/aLr ;DaGw
dfgjclwsf/ / clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffn] k|sf]kkLl8tnfO{ dfq ;d]6bg . }
o;n] ;'sDaf;L, z/0ffyL{, blnt, pTkLl8t / ckx]lnt ;d'bfosf] clwsf/–
'
k|flKtnfO{ ;d]t d"n d'2fsf ¿kdf cufl8 a9fpF5 . clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffnfO{
dfgjtfjfbL b[li6sf]0faf6 klg x]g{] ul/G5 . k|sf]k–1fgdfnfsf] o; efudf
ljz]ifu/L k|sf]kkLl8tsf] clwsf/ / /fHosf] bfloTj;DaGwdf ljj]rgf ul/g]
ePsfn] clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffsf] rrf{ klg k|sf]ks} ;Gbe{df ul/Psf] 5 .
k|sf]khGo 36gf ePkl5 ;ªs6 pTkGg x'G5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf cfktsfnLg
p4f/ / /fxt kfpg' k|sf]kkLl8tsf] dfgjclwsf/ xf] . k|sf]ksf] kL8faf6
d'lQm / hLjglgjf{xsf cfwf/e"t cj;/ k|fKt ug'{ k|To]s kLl8tsf] g};lu{s
clwsf/ xf] . k|sf]ksf sf/0f k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ;DklQ u'dfP/ kL8fk"0f{ hLjglgjf{x
ul//x] s f, vfgf, n' u f, cfjf;, lzIff, :jf:Yonufotsf cfwf/e" t
cfjZostfaf6 jl~rt ePsf k|To]s JolQmn] /fHoaf6 ;'ljwf / ;'/Iff
kfpg'kb{5 .
ljz]if u/L k|fs[lts / dfgjLo sf/0fn] x'g] k|sf]khGo 36gfaf6 kLl8t
;d'bfosf clwsf/sf] /Iff ug{ ljleGg If]qaf6 k|of; eO/x]sf] 5 . ToxL
dfgjtfjfbL b[li6sf]0fsf sf/0f cGt/f{li6«o /]8qm;, :sfp6h:tf ;+:yfsf]
pbo eof] . k|f/Dedf /]8qm; o'4df 3fOt] ePsf ;}lgs / ;j{;fwf/0fsf]
;]jfdf ;Lldt lyof] . jt{dfg ;dodf o;n] af9L, klx/f], e'Orfnf]h:tf
F
k|sf]kaf6 kLl8t ;d'bfonfO{ klg ;xof]u ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L ljleGg
/fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx¿ klg o; k|of;df nfu]sf 5g . k|sf]kkLl8tsf]
;xof]u / k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtfdf clej[l4sf nflu dfgjLo ;xof]u
sfo{qmdcGtu{t o'/f]knL ;ª3, ;+oQm /fi6«;ª3sf lgsfox¿, cS;kmfd,
] '
PS;gP8, s]o/ OG6/g]zgn, n'y/g jN8{ km]8/]zg, k|flS6sn PS;g,
hfOsfh:tf ;+:yf sfo{/t 5g . ;fdflhs ljsf;sf If]qdf sfo{/t ;a}h;f]
;+:yfn] dfgjclwsf/ / clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffnfO{ g} cufl8 ;f/]sf 5g .
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷19

20. k|sf]ksf s'g} klg 36gfaf6 kLl8t ;d'bfon] tTsfn p4f/, /fxt / k'gM:yfkgsf
nflu ;/sf/nfO{ bjfj lbg] sfo{ klg dfgjclwsf/sf] /0fgLlts kIf xf] .
To;}n] s'g} klg d'nssf] ;/sf/n] k|sf]kkLl8tsf clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt lbg
'
;Sg] cj:yf gb]lvPdf cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08cg';f/ sfo{ ug{ u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿n] bafj lbg] ub{5g . To;}u/L /fHosf] k|sf]k–Joj:yfkg sfg'gnfO{
;dofg'sn kl/dfh{g ug{ klg bafj / ;xof]u ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . To;}n]
"
dfgjclwsf/sf] ;DaGw cGo If]qdf h:t} k|sf]ksf If]qdf klg cljlR5Gg
/x]sf] :ki6 x'G5 .
k|sf]k / cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g
cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gn] k|sf]kkLl8tsf clwsf/sf] /Iffsf nflu
k|ToIf Joj:yf u/]sf] gb]lvP klg dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gn] k/f]If ¿kdf
:yflkt u/]sf dfgjLo l;4fGtn] k|sf]kk|efljt ;d'bfosf ;xof]usf] dfu{
k|z:t u/]sf] kfOG5 . cGt/f{li6«o /]8qm; / :km]o/ kl/of]hgfn] dfgjclwsf/
sfg'gn] k|ltkfbg u/]sf dfgjLo l;4fGtsf cfwf/df k|sf]kkLl8t JolQm tyf
;d'bfonfO{ k|sf]ksf] kL8faf6 d'Qm ug{ cfjZos dfkb08sf] ljsf; klg
u/]sf 5g . k|sf]kkLl8tsf nflu ;d]t pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] dfgjLo l;4fGtsf]
k|ltkfbgdf pNn]Vo of]ubfg lbg] lgDgfg';f/sf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g g}
dfgjclwsf/sf d"n sfg'g dflgG5g M
a]nfotdf k|ltkflbt DofUgfsf6f{, ;g !@!%
dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq, ;g !($*
gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/sf] cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGw, ;g !(^^
cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGw,
;g !(^^ .
plNnlvt l;4fGt / cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gnfO{ dfgjclwsf/sf d"ndGq dflgG5 .
To;}n] k|sf]ksf ;dodf k|Tofe"t x'gkg]{ clwsf/sf nflu klg log} 3f]if0ffkq
'
/ cg'aGwsf] pkof]u x'g] u5{ .
/fHon] ljz]if kl/l:ylt l;h{gf ePsf cj:yfdf dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL sfg'gsf
s]xL efunfO{ lglZrt cjlwsf nflu lgnDag ug{ ;S5 . /fHon] To:tf] ug{
;Sg]] eP klg k|sf]k jf o'4u|:t cj:yfdf ;d]t lgnDag jf aGb]h ug{
gkfOg] ljifonfO{ dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL 3f]if0ffkq, !($* sf] wf/f ! n] :ki6
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷20

21. ul/lbPsf] 5 . ;f] wf/fdf :ki6;Fu …k|To]s JolQm;Fu :jtGqtf tyf v';L /
cfgGbk"js afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ ;'/lIft /xG5 (Everyone has the right
{
to life, liberty and Persuit of happiness) elgPsf] 5 . o;af6 d'nsdf
'
h:tf];s} ;ªs6sfnLg cj:yf pTkGg eP klg gful/sn] :jtGqtfk"js
' {
hLjglgjf{x ug{ kfpg] l;4fGtsf] k|ltkfbg ePsf] 5 / /fHon] To;sf]
k|Tofe"lt lbg ;Sg'kb{5 .
k|sf]khGo cj:yfdf klg k|To]s gful/sn] cfˆgf] g};lu{s clwsf/ k|fKt ug{
kfpg] Joj:yf /fHon] ug'kb{5 eGg] b[li6sf]0f cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/
{
sfg'gn] k|Tofe"t ul/lbPsf] 5 . o;cGtu{t k|To]s gful/s / ljz]if u/L
kLl8tn] kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ ;'lgZrt ul/lbPsf] kfOG5 M
x/]s gful/ssf] ;'/Iff ug'{ /fHosf] clgjfo{ st{Jo xf],
/fHon] kLl8tsf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"lt{ ub}{ u'0f:t/Lo hLjglgjf{xsf]
k|Tofe"lt lbg'kb{5,
k|sf]khGo cj:yfdf kLl8tsf :jfledfgsf] cfb/ tyf ;+/If0f ug'kb{5 .{
/fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ;ª3;+:yfaLr ;dGjo sfod u/L k|sf]k–
Go"gLs/0fsf nflu lgDg sfo{ ug'kb{5M
{
k|sf]k;DaGwL k"jtof/L,
{
hf]lvdo'Qm If]q vfnL u/fP/ ;'/lIft :yfgdf :yfgfGt/0f ug],{
k|sf]kaf6 ;a}eGbf a9L kLl8t x'g] a"9fa"9L, czQm, afnaflnsf /
dlxnfsf] /Iffsf nflu ljz]if Wofg lbg],
k|sf]kdf k/]sfsf] p4f/ tyf vf]hL ug],{
k|sf]kk|efljt ;d'bfosf nflu ;Ddfghgs /fxtsf] Joj:yf ug],{
:jf:Yof]krf/, :jR5 vfg]kfgL, vfgf tyf cfjf;sf] Joj:yf tTsfn}
ug]{,
k|sf]kkl5 ug'kg]{ sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ cfjZos kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x¿aLr
{
;dGjo ub}{ gful/ssf ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/sf] /Iff ug],{
kLl8tn] kfpg] ;a}vfn] ;xof]u bof jf bfg geP/ g};lu{s clwsf/
x'g eGg] efjgfsf] ljsf; u/L To;sf] ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug]{ .
cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gdf ePsf o:tf Joj:yfn] k/f]If ¿kd} eP
klg k|sf]kLl8tsf clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt lbPsf] kfOG5 .
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷21

22. clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ff
clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffsf] cy{
clwsf/d' v L cjwf/0ff dfgjclwsf/sf] dxŒjk" 0 f{ kf6f] xf] . o;
cjwf/0ffcGtu{t /fHon] cfˆgf k|To]s gful/snfO{ :jtGqtf tyf ;Ddfgk"js
{
afFRg kfpg] clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt ug'kg]df hf]8 lbOG5 .
{ {
ljsf;f]Gd'v / lk5l8Psf d'nssf ;a} gful/s Go"gtd dfgjclwsf/sf]
'
pkef]u ug{af6 jl~rt 5g . pgLx¿ /fHosf] lg/ªsz zf;g jf hldGbf/
'
jf clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/Laf6 s'g} g s'g} ¿kaf6 lylrPsf x'G5g . of]
cj:yf ljsl;t d'nsdf klg gePsf] xf]Og . ;d'bfoaLr hflt, wd{, /ªu,
'
j0f{ / lnªusf cwf/df lje]b ug]{ k|rng ljZjJofkL ¿kd} sfod /x]sf] 5 .
dflg;aLr b]lvPsf o:tf lje]bsf] cGTo ug{ lk5l8Psf jf /fHoåf/f lbOg]
clwsf/af6 jl~rt ul/Psf gful/snfO{ cfˆgf] clwsf/sf af/]df hfgsf/L
lbP/ ;r]t u/fpg] k|of; ul/Fb} cfPsf] 5 . o:tf k|of;åf/f ;d'bfon]
cGofolj?4 cfjfh p7fpFb} cfˆgf] g};lu{s clwsf/sf] k|flKtsf nflu ug]{
k|of; g} clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ff xf] . lk5l8Psf jf clwsf/af6 jl~rt
;d'bfosf clwsf/sf k|Tofe"ltsf] k|of; ub}{ clwsf/k|lt ;r]t u/fpg]
sfo{qmdnfO{ clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffaf6 k]l| /t sfo{qmd dflgG5 .
dfgjclwsf/df ljleGg ljwf / cjwf/0ff k|rlnt 5g . k|sf]k–1fgdfnfsf]
o; v08df eg] dfgjclwsf/ / clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffnfO{ k|sf]k;Fu ;DalGwt
/x]/ k|sf]kkLl8t JolQm tyf ;d'bfosf g};lu{s clwsf/ / ;/f]sf/sf
ljifodf rrf{ ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0fsf] ljsf;
;g !@!% df a]nfotsf] DofUgfsf6f{af6 k|f/De ePsf] dfgjtfjfbL cjwf/0ff
c7f/f}F ztfAbLsf cd]l/sL tyf k|mfG;]nL qmflGtkl5 yk kl/is[t ePsf]
kfOG5 . k/f]ksf/df cfwfl/t dfgjtfjfbL wf/0ffcg';f/ jt{dfg ;dodf
dfgjclwsf/ k|fs[lts clwsf/sf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ePsf] 5 .
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷22

23. clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lqmof xf] . dfgj;Eotf;Fu}
ljsl;t x'b} cfPsf] ;f]r / ;dtfd"ns l;4fGtn] o;df kl/dfh{g ub}{ cfPsf]
F
5 . lzIff, r]tgf, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s, cfly{s, k|fljlws / ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf
cfO/xg] ;'wf/;Fu} clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffsf cfwf/ / dfGotf klg kl/is[t
x'b} cfPsf 5g . vf; u/L k|mfG;sf] uf}/jdo qmflGtkl5 tNnf] ju{df ;d]t
F
;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt nf]slk|o ePsf] dflgG5 . ;De|fGt ju{n] pkef]u ug]{
cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / ljz]if u/L /fHon] lbg] ;'ljwf ;dfhsf ;a}
ju{ / ;d'bfon] pkef]u ug{ kfpg'kg]{ dfGotfsf] ljsf;n] clwsf/d'vL
cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf;nfO{ ;fy{stf k|bfg u/]sf] dflgG5 .
b}jL zlQm tyf k|sl[ t g} dfgjclwsf/ tyf sfg'gsf] k|dv ;|ft xf] eGg]
' ]
k/Dk/fut wf/0ffn] dfgjclwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt lbg ;St}g . /fHosf] d"n
sfg'g jf ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg'g agfpFbf dfgjclwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug]{
k|rng ljsl;t x'b} cfPsf] 5 . ;g !($* sf] dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL ljZjJofkL
F
3f]if0ffkqnfO{ g} dfgjclwsf/sf] cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf ¿kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf]
5 . ToxL 3f]if0ffkq clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffsf] k|dv cfwf/ xf] .
'
clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf w]/} ;ª3;+:yfn]
e"ldsf v]Nb} cfPsf 5g . /fHodf ;ªs6 pTkGg ePsf cj:yfdf ;j{;fwf/0f
gful/ssf clwsf/sf] /Iff, cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] k"lt{ / p4f/ tyf /fxt
pknAw u/fpFbf lje]bk"0f{ Jojxf/ ug{ gkfOg] dfGotfsf] ljsf; eO/x]sf]
5 . oxL ;dtfd"ns ljrf/ / ;f]r g} clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffsf] dfu{bz{s
b[li6sf]0f xf] . ljz]if u/L ;ªs6sfnLg cj:yf jf ljkbdf k/]sf dflg;sf]
;xof]usf nflu cGt/f{li6«o /]8qm; tyf /]8lqm;]G6 ;f];fO6Lsf] :yfkgf
ePkl5 dfgjtfjfbL l;4fGtnfO{ Jofks ¿kdf :jLsf/ ug{ yflnPsf] kfOG5 .
;fdflhs åGå, o'4 / k|sf]kaf6 kLl8t ;d'bfosf] /fxt, p4f/ / k'gM:yfkgsf
nflu lglZrt dfkb08 tof/ ug{ ljZj–kl/of]hgf ;~rfng eof] . ljZjsf
w]/} d'nssf ;/sf/ / cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] ;xeflutfdf
'
;~rfng ePsf] o; kl/of]hgfn] ljkbdf k/]sf ;d'bfosf] cfwf/e"t
cfjZostf k"lt{ ug]{ Go"gtd dfkb08 lgwf{l/t u/]sf] 5 . of] klg clwsf/d'vL
cjwf/0ffsf ljsf;sf] dxŒjk"0f{ kIf dflgG5 .
clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffsf d"n dfGotf
clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0fsf dfGotf / l;4fGt w]/} 5g . tL dfGotfs} cfwf/df
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷23

24. clwsf/af6 aflx/ kfl/Psf ;d'bfonfO{ clwsf/ lbnfpg] k|of; x'G5 .
clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffsf d"ne"t dfGotfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ lng ;lsG5 M
dfgjtfjfbL l;4fGt
dfgjtfjfbL l;4fGt g} clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffsf] k|dv dfGotf xf] . dflg;
'
dflg;aLr lnªu, hft, wd{, ;+:s[lt, /ªu jf ju{sf cfwf/df lje]b x'gxbg .
' F' }
dfgjtfjfbL l;4fGtcg';f/ k|sf]kkLl8tnfO{ dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gcg'¿k p4f/
tyf /fxt pknAw u/fpg'kb{5 . kLl8t ;d'bfo;Fu cfb/o'Qm / ;Ddfghgs
Jojxf/ ug'kb{5 . ef}lts z/L/sf] /IffnfO{ dfq xf]Og, JolQmut :jtGqtf,
{
zflGt, :jfledfgsf] /Iff / ;DdfgnfO{ klg dfgjtfjfbL l;4fGtn] k|fyldstf
lbPsf] 5 . dfgjtfjfbL b[li6sf]0fn] ;Ddfg kfPdf dfq clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffn]
;fy{stf k|fKt ug]{ x'bf dfgjLo l;4fGt g} o; cjwf/0ffsf] dxŒjk"0f{ ;|ft
F ]
dflgPsf] 5 .
;Ddfgk"js af“Rg kfpg] clwsf/
{
;dfhsf ;a}df ;dfgtf tyf ;Ddfgk"js afFRg kfpg] g};lu{s clwsf/
{
/xG5 . To;}n] ;dfgtf tyf :jfledfgsf] /Iff g} clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffsf]
csf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ dfGotf xf] . cdfgjLo Jojxf/, zf/Ll/s tyf dflg;s oftgf
tyf kL8fbfoL Jojxf/af6 d'Qm eP/ :jtGqtfk"js afFRg kfpg] k|fs[lts
{
clwsf/ g} dfgjLo cjwf/0ffsf] ;|ft klg xf] . k|To]s JolQmn] k|fKt ug]{ o;
]
k|sf/sf] clwsf/dfly s'g} kIfaf6 cltqmd0f ePdf dfgjtfjfbL ;+:yfn]
JolQmsf] g};lu{s clwsf/sf] /Iffsf nflu kxn ug'kb{5 . cGt/f{li6«o dfgjtfjfbL
{
sfg'gcg';f/ k|sf]ksf ;dodf kLl8tnfO{ cTofjZos j:t' / ;]jf e]befj/lxt
9ªuaf6 pknAw u/fpg'kb{5 . o:tf sfo{sf] bfloTj /fHo / åGå/t cGo
kIfdf ;d]t ;dfg ¿kdf /xG5 .
lgMz:q JolQm tyf ;d'bfosf] ;'/Iff
jt{dfg ;dodf ljZjsf clwsf+z d'nsdf cfGtl/s åGåsf sf/0f lgMz:q
'
JolQmdfly klg cfqmd0f eO/x]sf] 5 . o; cj:yfdf lgMz:q JolQm jf
;d'bfon] ;'/Iff kfpg'kb{5 . ;fdflhs åGådf Pp6f kIfn] csf]{ kIfnfO{
zq'sf ¿kdf Jojxf/ ug]{ x'bf lgMz:q ;d'bfo a9L kLl8t x'G5g . ToxfF
F
lj/fdL, czQm, s}bL jf gful/s ;dfhsf] k|ToIf ;+nUgtf /x]sf] x'bg . o'4df
F }
k|ToIf ¿kn] ;xefuL gx'g] To:tf xltof/ljxLg ;d'bfosf] /Iff ug'{ dfgjtfjfbL
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷24

25. cjwf/0ffsf] dfGotf xf] .
:jtGqtf
clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ff cGtu{t k|sf]kkLl8tsf] ;xof]u ug]{ ;/sf/L, cw{;/sf/L
tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / gful/s ;dfhsf] cl:tTj :jtGq x'gkb{5 . ;xof]ubftf
'
;+:yf tyf JolQm s'g} klg /fhgLlts, ;}lgs, cfly{s, wfld{s, ;fdflhs
tyf ;f+:s[lts :jfy{, x:tIf]k / lje]baf6 d'Qm /xg'kb{5 .
t6:ytf
;xof]u ug]{ ;+:yf ;b}j t6:y /xg'kb{5 . o; l;4fGtcg';f/ dfgjtfjfbL
;+:yfn] s;};u klg zq'tfk"0f{ Jojxf/ ug'{ x'bg . kLl8taLr ;dfg Jojxf/
F F }
ug]{ / kLl8tsf clwsf/sf] /Iff ug]{ qmddf dfgjtfjfbL ;+:yfn] /fhgLlt,
hft, wd{, jf j}rfl/s ljjfbaf6 cnu /xg'kb{5 .
lgikIftf
;a} lnªu, hft, wd{, /fHo, ju{ / /fhgLlts ljrf/sf cfwf/df e]befj
gu/L lgikIf Jojxf/ ug'{ dfgjtfjfbL l;4fGtsf] csf]{ dfGotf xf] . o;
l;4fGtn] JolQmut jf ;fdflhs lje]bsf] cGTo ug]{ k|of; ub{5 . k|sf]kkLl8t
;a} JolQm;Fu ;dfg / lgikIf Jojxf/ ug'kb{5 .
{
p4f/ tyf /fxt
k|sf]kkLl8t gful/sn] ;/sf/ jf ;xof]uLaf6 kfpg] p4f/ tyf /fxt bof jf
eLv xf]Og . ;ªs6df k/]sf JolQm tyf ;d'bfosf] /Iff, cfjf;, vfBfGg,
cf}ifwf]krf/ / cfo;|ftsf] ljsNk pknAw u/fpg' /fHosf] klxnf] st{Jo xf] .
]
To;}u/L k|sf]kk|efljt jf kLl8t ;d'bfo;Fu vfgf, cfjf;, cf}ifwf]krf/,
n'ufkmf6f] / hLjglgjf{xsf cfwf/e"t ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ /xG5 .
k|sf]k–Joj:yfkg / clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ff
k|sf]kk|efljt JolQm tyf ;d'bfonfO{ ttsfnLg ;xof]u ug'{ / ;fj{hlgs
k"jf{wf/sf] k'glg{df{0f ug'{ dfq k|sf]k–Joj:yfkgsf] dfgjLo kIf xf]Og .
k|sf]kkLl8t ;d'bfosf] tTsfnLg cfjZostf k"lt{ ub}{ ;Ddfghgs hLjgofkg,
k'gM:yfkg, ;'/Iff / bL3{sfnLg Joj:yfkgsf] k|Tofe"lt ug'kb{5 . tTsfnLg
{
p4f/ / /fxtsf nflu ul/g] ;xof]u klg ;Ddfghgs x'gkb{5 . clwsf/d'vL
'
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷25

26. cjwf/0ffaflx/ /x]sf] ;xof]u bfg jf leIffsf] ¿kdf x'g] ePsfn] /fHon]
To:tf] cj:yfsf] cGTo ub}{ k|sf]kkLl8t ;a}nfO{ ;dfg ¿kdf ;Ddfgk"js {
;xof]u lbg;Sg] Joj:yf ug'kb{5 . p4f/, /fxt tyf cGo ;xof]u ubf{ lgDg
{
ljifodf Wofg lbg'kb{5 M
!= k|sf]kkLl8t klg c¿;/x g} ;Ddflgt gful/s x'g . pgLx¿ cfˆgf
ljifodf x'g] 5nkmn jf lg0f{ok|lqmofdf :jtGq ¿kn] ;xefuL x'g
;S5g .
@= vfgf, 5fgf, gfgf, kfgf, :jf:Yo, lzIff / ;'/Iffnufotsf cfwf/e"t
cfjZostf k|sf]kk|efljt gful/ssf k|fs[lts clwsf/ x'g . tL
clwsf/ /fHon] ljgfzt{{ pknAw u/fpg'kb{5 .
#= k|sf]khGo ;ªs6 k|fs[lts 36gf dfq geP/ dfgjLo cfr/0f,
Jojxf/, cEof; / k/Dk/fut ;+:s[ltdf k|efj kfg]{ tŒj klg xf] .
;dfhdf rlncfPsf] k/Dk/fut dfGotf / ;+:s[ltlj?4sf sfo{ u/]/
;d'bfosf] cf:yfk|lt gsf/fTds k|efj kg{ lbg'xbg .
F' }
$= ul/aLleq k|sf]khGo hf]lvd a9L x'G5 . To;}n] ul/aLlgjf/0f
sfo{qmdnfO{ clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffcGtu{t sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|0ffnLsf]
ljsf; ug'kb{5 .
{
%= k|sf]k–Joj:yfkg tyf k"jtof/L :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] cfjZostf tyf
{
:yfgLo hf]lvdsf] Go"gLs/0fdf ;xof]u k'Ug] vfnsf] x'gkb{5 .
'
^= ;'/lIft hLjgofkg ug{ kfpg' dfgjLo sfg'gåf/f k|Tofe"t ul/Psf]
clwsf/ xf] . x/]s kLl8tn] cfkm" ;'/lIft 5' eGg] ljZjf; lng]
jftfj/0f agfpg'kb{5 .
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷26

27. dfgjLo ;xfotf kfpg] kLl8tsf] clwsf/
!= cfˆgf] /fHo jf lgolGqt If]qsf kLl8tnfO{ dfgjLo ;xfotf k|bfg ug'{
/fHosf] st{Jo x'g5 .
]
@= s'g} klg /fHo, cGt/f{li6«o ;/sf/L ;ª3;+:yf / u}/;/sf/L ;ª3;+:yf;Fu
csf]{ /fHodf dfgjLo ;xfotfsf] k|:tfj /fVg] clwsf/ x'g5 . ]
#= s'g} klg /fHo, cGt/f{li6«o ;/sf/L ;+:yf / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{
k|efljt /fHosf] ;xdltdf kLl8tnfO{ dfgjLo ;xfotf k|bfg ug]{
clwsf/ x'g5Ù zf;g;Qfsf] ljv08g jf u[xo'4sf] cj:yfdf ;Da4
]
:yfgLo clwsf/Lsf] ;xdltdf o:tf] clwsf/ k|fKt x'g5 .
]
$= Ps /fHon] csf]{ /fHosf kLl8tnfO{ dfgjLo ;xfotf k|bfg ug}kg]{
{
bfloTj x'g5g . t/, cGo /fHo, cGt/f{li6«o ;/sf/L jf u}/;/sf/L
] }
;+:yfaf6 pknAw dfgjLo ;xfotfnfO{ ;xh agfpg' /fHosf] st{Jo
x'g5 . olb s'g} /fHosf lj?4 bafasf pkfo cjnDag ul/Psf] /x]5
]
eg] ToxfFaf6 dfgjLo cfjZostfsf j:t' cfk"lt{ ug{ jlh{t ul/g]5 .
%= ;+oQm /fi6«;ª3sf] a8fkqsf] kl/R5]b & sf cfwf/df ;'/Iffkl/ifbn]
'
cGt/f{li6«o zflGt / ;'/Iffdf dfgjLo ljof]un] kf/]sf c;/sf] kl/df0f
lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg]5 / kLl8tnfO{ dfgjLo ;xfotf k'¥ofpg cfjZos
;a} pkfo cjnDag ug{ /fHox¿ jf ;+oQm /fi6«;ª3Lo ;]gfnfO{
'
clVtof/ k|bfg ug{ ;Sg]5 .
^= cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gadf]lhd ljb]zL d'nssf ;/sf/, cGt/f{li6«o ;/sf/L
'
;ª3;+:yf jf u}/;/sf/L ;ª3;+:yfaf6 k|bfg ul/Psf dfgjLo ;xfotf
u|x0f ug]{ st{Jo /fHosf] x'g5 . ltgLx¿n] :j]R5frf/L 9ªun] cfˆgf]
]
k"j;xdltnfO{ OGsf/ ug{xbg .
{ ' F' }
&= h'g /fHosf] lgoGq0fdf JolQmn] kfpg] dfgjLo ;xfotf /x]sf] x'G5,
To; /fHodfly kLl8t gful/ssf] clwsf/ x'g5 . To;}u/L dfgjLo
]
;xfotf pknAw u/fpg] jf lgod #, $ / ^ adf]lhd dfgjLo
;xfotf ljt/0f ug]{ cg'dlt k|bfg ug]{ /fHosf] st{Jo x'g5 .
]
–-dfgjLo ;xfotfsf] clwsf/ ;+oQm /fi6«;ª3Lo
'
z}lIfs, j}1flgs tyf ;fF:s[lts kl/ifb, k]l/;– !((%_
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷27

28. :km]o/ kl/of]hgf
kl/ro
kLl8tnfO{ dfgjLo cjwf/0fcg'¿k ;xfotf ug]{ sfo{df ;+nUg ;+:yfsf
k|ltlglwx¿aLr ;g !((& df 5nkmn k|f/De ePsf] lyof] . a[xt 5nkmnkl5
cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g, dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL lgb]zs l;4fGt,
{
/0fgLlt, z/0ffyL{ sfg'g, cGt/f{li6«o /]8qm; cfGbf]ng / ljleGg u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfsf cfrf/;+lxtf ;d]l6Psf] dfgjLo a8fkq hf/L eof] . ljkbdf k/]sf
kLl8tsf nflu ;xof]usf If]q / cfwf/x¿ klxrfg ul/P . ;xof]usf] cfwf/nfO{
lbuf], e/kbf]{ / u'0f:t/Lo agfpg Go"gtd dfkb08, ;"rsfªs / kyk|bz{s
l;4fGtsf] ljsf; ul/of] . o;} kl/of]hgfnfO{ …:km]o/ k|fhS6Ú cyf{t …:km]o/
] ]
kl/of]hgfÚ elgof] .
:km]o/ kl/of]hgfn] k|sf]khGo 36gfdf k/]sf kLl8t JolQm tyf ;d'bfodf
;xof]u k'¥ofpg] sfo{df k}/jL ub}{ ;xof]unfO{ ;Ddfghgs agfpg p4f/ /
/fxtsf cfwf/e"t dfkb08 lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] :km]o/nfO{ dfgjLo
;xfotfsf nflu kf/bzL{, u'0f:t/Lo / dfgjtfjfbL ljZj–kl/of]hgf dflgG5 .
k|sf]k jf åGåaf6 kLl8t ;d'bfosf nflu ;xof]u sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{
k|efljt ;d'bfosf] ;fdflhs, wfld{s Pj+ ;f+:s[lts dfGotf tyf ef}uflns
cj:yfcg'¿k ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf x'gkb{5 . ;xof]u kfpg]n] bfg kfPsf]
'
geP/ ;Ddfgk"js afFRg kfpg] clwsf/sf] /Iff ePsf] cg'el" t ug{ kfpg'kb{5 .
{
:km]o/ kl/of]hgfn] ;xof]usf ;fdu|Lsf] Go"gtd dfkb08;d]t lgwf{/0f
ul/lbPsf] 5 .
;xfotfsfo{n] ;dfhdf csf]{ lje]b ghGdfcf]; eGg] kIfdf kl/of]hgf ;+jbgzLn
]
/x]sf] 5 . o;sf nflu :km]o/n] ef}uf]lns, cfly{s, k|fljlws, ;fdflhs tyf
;f+:s[lts cj:yfnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ :yfgLo ;xeflutf / k|rlnt cEof;sf]
cjnDagdf ljz]if hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷28

29. :km]o/ kl/of]hgfsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGt
k|sf]k tyf ;z:q åGåaf6 k|efljt JolQm tyf ;d'bfonfO{ dfgjLo ;xof]u
ug]{ ;fdflhs ;+:yfsf nflu :km]o/ kl/of]hgf dfu{bz{s l;4fGt xf] . o;
kl/of]hgfsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGt lgDgfg';f/ 5g M
k|sf]khGo cj:yfdf afnaflnsf, a"9fa"9L, ckfªu, la/fdL / dlxnfnfO{
p4f/ tyf /fxtdf k|fyldstf lbg'kb{5 . k|sf]kk|efljt x'gdf clwsf+z
]
oxL ju{ kg]{ / pgLx¿ cfˆgf] ;'/Iff cfkm}F ug{ c;dy{ x'g] ePsfn]
pgLx¿sf] ;'/Iffdf ljz]if Wofg lbg'kb{5 .
kLl8t JolQm tyf ;d'bfosf ;b:osf] ;Ddfgk"js afFRg kfpg] clwsf/sf]
{
/Iff ul/g'kb{5 .
xltof/ljxLg JolQmnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjtfjfbL sfg'gcg'¿k ;+/If0f /
p4f/ ug'kb{5 .
{
;z:q åGådf xltof/ljxLg ;d'bfo ;xefuL gx'g] ePsfn] ;xof]usf]
If]qnfO{ xltof/ljxLg ;d'bfodf s]lGb|t ug'kb{5 .
{
;z:q o'4sf] cj:yfdf o'4/t b'j} kIfsf 3fOt] jf dfl/Psf JolQmn]
;dfg ¿kdf p4f/ tyf /fxt kfpg'kb{5 .
k|sf]k, ;fdflhs åGå jf o'4h:tf 36gfaf6 lj:yflktnfO{ hflt, wd{,
/fli6«otf jf /fhgLlts cfwf/df hLjg tyf :jtGqtf ;ªs6df kg{;Sg]
cj:yf b]lvPdf To:tf JolQmnfO{ hah{:tL lkmtf{ ug'xbg .
{ F' }
:km]o/ kl/of]hgfsf Go"gtd dfkb08
k|sf]k k|efljt If]qsf] ef}uf]lns cj:yf, ;fdflhs, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts ;+/rgf,
cfly{s cj:yf tyf k|fljlws 1fgsf cfwf/df ;xfotfsf] :j¿k lgwf{/0f ug'
k5{ . /fxt ;xof]u / cGo ;]jf pknAw u/fpFbf ckgfpg'kg]{ ljlwx¿
dfgjclwsf/, dfgjLo d"No / dfGotfcg'¿k x'gk5{ . ;xfotf ug]{ ;+:yfn]
'
cfˆgf cg'ej / 1fgnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ lglZrt u'0f:t/o'Qm ;]jf k|bfg
ug'k5{ . ;xof]usf] gfddf u'0f:t/xLg j:t' / tf}/tl/sf k|of]u ubf{ ;dfhdf
{
e|d pTkGg x'g ;S5 / k|lts"n c;/;d]t kg{ ;S5 . u'0f:t/xLg vfBfGg,
cf}iflw / :jf:Yo;]jfn] ;ªqmd0fdf lgoGq0f x'bg, a? ;d:of ylkg ;S5 .
F }
kl/of]hgfn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf dfkb08 lj:t[t / Jofks 5g . p4f/ tyf
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷29

30. /fxtsf If]qdf sfd ug]{ ;a}n] lgwf{l/t dfkb08 k"/f ug]{ k|lta4tf lng'k5{ .
kl/of]hgfn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf k|dv dfkb08 lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g M
'
!= cf/f]Uo, :jR5 kfgL / ;/;kmfO
@= vfB;'/Iff, kf]if0f / vfB;xof]u;DaGwL Go"gtd dfkb08
#= cf>o:yn, a;f]af; / u}/vfBj:t';DaGwL Go"gtd dfkb08
$= :jf:Yo–;]jf;DaGwL Go"gtd dfkb08
plNnlvt ljifodf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ug'kg]{ tof/LnfO{ ;femf dfkb08 eGg
{
;lsG5 . :km]o/ kl/of]hgfn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf ;femf dfkb08 lgDgfg';f/ 5g
M
!= ;xeflutf
;xfotf sfo{qmdsf] k|f/lDes cg'dfg, n]vfªsg, ;~rfng, cg'udg,
lg/LIf0fh:tf sfo{df k|sf]kkLl8t ;d'bfonfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg'k5{ .
@= k|f/lDes cg'dfg
k|sf]kaf6 JolQm tyf ;d'bfodf k/]sf] k|efjsf ;fy} ;xfotfsf] If]q /
k|sl[ tsf] cg'dfg ug'k5{ .
{
#= sfo{;~rfng
cflwsfl/s jf ;DalGwt lgsfon] cfˆgf] cwLgdf /x]sf] If]qsf ;+efljt
;d'bfonfO{ ;xof]u ug{ grfx]sf] cj:yfdf ;d]t dfgjLo ;xof]u ug'k5{ .
{
$= nIo–lgwf{/0f
k|sf]khGo hf]lvdsf] cj:yf / k|efljt JolQm jf ;d"xsf] vfFrf] klxNofP/
nIo–lgwf{/0f ug'k5{ .
{
%= cg'udg
sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsfl/tf jf To;n] NofPsf kl/jt{gsf] lgoldt cg'udg
ul/g'k5{ .
^= d"Nofªsg
dfgjLo ;xof]usf] :jR5 / kf/bzL{ d"Nofªsg ug'k5{ .
{
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷30

31. &= Ifdtf / lhDd]jf/L
;xfotf sfo{qmdsf] of]hgf tof/L / k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu
;xfotfsdL{df cfjZos of]Uotf, cg'ej / OdfGbf/L x'gk5{ .
'
* dfgjLo ;+;fwgsf] kl/rfng
;xfotf–sfo{ k|efjsf/L ePsf]] ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug{ cg'udgstf{ /
;xfotfsdL{nfO{ klg cfjZos ;xof]u ug'k5{ .
{
dfgjLo ;xfotfsf Go"gtd dfkb08
;femf dfkb08n] lgwf{/0f u/]cg'¿k k|sf]kk|efljt ;d'bfosf nflu ;xof]usf]
If]q lgwf{l/t x'G5 . kl/of]hgfn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf dfkb08sf k|dv rf/ If]q
'
lgDgfg';f/ 5g M
!= cf/f]Uo, :jR5 kfgL / ;/;kmfO
kfgLsf] u'0f:t/;Fu :jf:Yo, cfjf; / kof{Kt ef]hgsf] cljR5Gg ;DaGw
/x]sf] x'G5 . To;}u/L åGå jf o'4sf ;dodf kfgLsf] ;|ftdfly cfqmd0f jf
]
sAhf ug{ lgif]w ul/g'kb{5 . kl/of]hgfn] :j:y hLjgsf nflu kfgL /
;/;kmfOsf If]qdf k"/f ug'kg]{ dfkb08sf] lgwf{/0f lgDgfg';f/ u/]sf] 5 M
{
s= cf/f]Uo
;d'bfosf ;a} ;b:onfO{ ;dfg ¿kdf u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf / ;'ljwf pknAw
u/fP/ ltgsf] cf/f]Uo ;'lglZrt ul/g'kb{5 .
v= :jR5 kfgLsf] cfk"lt{
k|sf]khGo cj:yfdf :jR5 kfgLsf] cefj x'g] x'bf ;xfotfsdL{n] kfgLsf]
F
cfk"lt{ ubf{ lgDg dfkb08 k"/f ug'kb{5 M
{
!= kfgLsf] kx'r / dfqf
“
kLl8tn] lkpg, vfgf ksfpg / ;/;kmfOsf nflu kof{Kt dfqfdf
:jR5 / u'0f:t/Lo kfgL kfpg'kb{5 .
@= kfgLsf] u'0f:t/
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷31

32. ljt/0f ul/g] kfgL hLjf0f'/lxt :jR5 / ;kmf x'gkb{5 .
'
#= kfgLsf] ;~ro
kLl8tn] lkpg, vfgf ksfpg / ;/;kmfOsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ kfgL
/fVg / k|of]u ug{ rflxg] efF8fjt{g kfpg'kb{5 .
u= lb;f–lk;fa Joj:yfkg
!= rkL{sf] kx'r / ;ªVof
“
k|efljt ;d'bfosf nflu ;lhn} k'Ug ;lsg] 7fpFdf kof{Kt ;ªVofdf
;'/lIft rkL{sf] Joj:yf ug'kb{5 .
{
@= rkL{sf] lgdf{0f / k|of]u
k|of]u ug{ ;lhnf], :jR5 / ;'/lIft :yfg rog u/L rkL{ agfpg'kb{5 .
3= ;ªqmfds hLjf0f'sf] lgoGq0f
k|sf]kkl5 ;ªqmfds /f]u km}lnP/ yk k|sf]k pTkGg x'g ;S5 . To:tf] cj:yf
pTkGg x'g glbg ;/;kmfOsf dfWodaf6 ;ªqmfds /f]usf] lgoGq0fsf nflu
lgDg dfkb08 k"/f ug'kb{5 M
{
!= JolQmut / kfl/jfl/s k|lt/Iff
k| e fljt ;d' b fonfO{ dxfdf/LhGo ;ª q md0faf6 ;' / lIft /xg
;/;kmfO;DaGwL 1fg lbg'kb{5 .
@= k|bif0f lgoGq0f
"
hg:jf:Yodf c;/ k'¥ofpg] k|bif0f / hg:jf:Yodf k|lts"n k|efj kfg]{
"
j:t'sf] k|of]udf k|efjsf/L lgoGq0f u/L k|lt/Iffsf pkfo ckgfpg'kb{5 .
#= /f;folgs kbfy{sf] k|of]u / k|lt/Iff
;ªqmfds hLjf0f'x¿sf] lgoGq0f ug{sf nflu /f;folgs kbfy{sf]
k|of]u ubf{ k|sf]k–k|efljt / ;xfotfsdL{nfO{ k|lts"n c;/ gkg]{
;'lglZrttf x'gkb{5 .
'
ª= kmf]xf]/–Joj:yfkg
k|sf]kkl5 kmf]xf]/d}nf a9]/ jftfj/0f k|bl" ift x'G5 . o;af6 :jf:Yodf yk
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷32

33. ;d:of pTkGg x'g;Sg] x'bf kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkg tTsfn} ug'kb{5 .
F {
!= kmf]x/ ;ªsng / yfGsf]
;]jfu|fxL dflg;n] 3/fo;L tyf cf}Bf]lus jf cGo kmf]xf]/d}nf, cf}iflwhGo
kmf]xf]/sf] k|bif0faf6 d'Qm jftfj/0fdf afFRg kfpg'kb{5 . pgLx¿n]
"
3/]n' kmf]xf]/sf] kof{Kt / k|efjsf/L yfGsf] nufpg] ;'ljwf kfpg'kb{5 .
r= 9nlgsf;
af9L, klx/f] jf cGo s'g} klg sf/0faf6 hd]sf] kfgL, 3/]n' kmf]xf]/ kfgL
lgsf;sf nflu 9nlgsf;sf] k|aGw tyf hLjf0f'sf] ;ªqmd0f lgoGq0fsf
pkfo ckgfpg'kb{5 .
@= vfB;'/Iff, ;xof]u / kf]if0f;DaGwL dfkb08
:km]o/ kl/of]hgfåf/f lgwf{l/t vfB;'/Iff, kf]if0f / vfB;xof]u;DaGwL dfkb08n]
k|sf]kkLl8t ;d'bfosf] vfBclwsf/nfO{ k|ltlalDat ub{5 . :j:y / kf]if0fo'Qm
vfgfsf] cfk"lt{sf nflu Go"gtd dfkb08 o;cGtu{t kb{5g .
s= vfB;'/Iff / kf]if0fsf] cfsng tyf ljZn]if0f
k|sf]kkLl8t ;d'bfosf ;b:o–;ªVof, vfBcfr/0f / kf]if0f:t/sf] klxrfg
u/L ljZn]if0f ug'{ vfB;'/Iff / kf]if0f:t/ sfod ug]{ cfwf/ xf] . cfjZostfsf]
k|If]k0f k|efljt ;d'bfosf] ;d]t ;xeflutfaf6 ug'kb{5 . vfB;'/Iff /
{
kf]if0f:t/ Joj:yfkgsf nflu lgDgcg';f/ b'O{ ;femf dfkb08 lgwf{l/t 5g M
!= vfB ;'/Iffsf] d"Nofªsg / ljZn]if0f
k|sf]k jf åGåsf cj:yfdf ;d'bfodf ;fdfGo vfgfsf] ;d]t cefj
x'G5 . o; cj:yfdf vfB;xof]u pknAw u/fpg'kj{ ;xfotfsdL{n]
"
kLl8t ;d'bfosf] To;cl3 vfBfGg k|of]u ug]{ tl/sfsf] ljZn]if0f u/]/
To;}cg'¿k ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg'kb{5 .
@= kf]if0f:t/sf] d"Nofªsg / ljZn]if0f
s'kf]if0faf6 kLl8t k|sf]kk|efljt ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿sf] cj:yf, sf/0f
/ k|sf/sf] ljZn]if0f u/]/ vfBfGgsf] cfk"lt{ ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg'kb{5 .
v= vfB;'/Iffsf dfkb08
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷33

34. k|sf]kk|efljt If]qdf vfBfGgsf] cefj tTsfnsf lgldQ dfq geP/ eljiosf
nflu klg /xg ;S5 . vfB;xof]usf Go"gtd dfkb08leq vfBkbfy{sf]
u'0f:t/, ;'/Iff / hLjgofkgsf nflu ;|ftsf] ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g / ljsf; klg
]
k5{g . vfB;'/Iffsf Go"gtd dfkb08 lgDgfg';f/ 5g M
!= ;fdfGo vfB;'/Iff
k|efljt ;d'bfonfO{ ;Ddfgk"js afFRg / ;|ftsf] ;+/If0f tyf k'gM:yfkgf
{ ]
ug{ kof{Kt dfqfdf vfB tyf u}/vfBj:t' k|bfg ug'kb{5 .
{
@= k|fylds pTkfbg
cfwf/e"t pTkfbg–k|0ffnLsf] ;'/Iff / ;+j4g ug'kb{5 .
{ {
#= cfo / /f]huf/L
cfocfh{g / /f]huf/Lsf ;|ftsf] Joj:yf ug'kb{5 .
] {
$= ahf/sf] kx'r
“'
k|efljt ;d'bfosf nflu pTkfbs, pkef]Qmf / ljqm]tfsf ¿kdf ahf/;Dd
kx'rsf] Joj:yf ug'kb{5 .
F {
u= kf]if0f;DaGwL dfkb08
kf]if0fo'Qm vfBfGgsf] cefjaf6 s'kf]if0f tyf cGo /f]u km}lng] ;Defjgf
klg a9b5 . o; cj:yfdf s'kf]if0fsf sf/0f kQf nufP/ k|lt/IffTds
pkfo ckgfpg'k5{ .
!= ;fwf/0f kf]if0f ;xof]u dfkb08
k|efljt ;d'bfosf ;a}nfO{ kf]if0fo'Qm vfBfGg pknAw u/fOg'kb{5 .
@= hf]lvd ;d"x
cTolws hf]lvddf k/]sf JolQmsf] klxrfg u/L ltgnfO{ ljz]if ;xof]u
k|bfg ug'kb{5 .
{
3= s'kf]if0fdf ;'wf/
vfBcNktf / u'0f:t/xLg vfgfn] s'kf]if0f a9fpF5 . s'kf]if0fdf k/]sf
jf To:tf] hf]lvddf /x]sf JolQmsf] ;'/Iff / cfjZos pkrf/sf]
Joj:yf ug'kb{5 . s'kf]if0fsf] :t/cg';f/ kf]ifsTj j[l4sf nflu lgwf{l/t
{
dfkb08x¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g M
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷34

35. != ;fdfGo s'kf]if0f
;fdfGo s'kf]if0fsf] lg/fs/0f ug{ vfBfGgsf] :t/df kl/jt{g ug'kb{5 .
{
@= hl6n s'kf]if0f
hl6n s'kf]if0fsf] ;d:of ;fdfwfg ug{ tTsfnLg pkrf/ / zlQmj4{s
vfBfGgsf] yk Joj:yf ug'kb{5 .
{
#= vfBcNktff6 x'g] s'kf]if0f
vfBcNktfåf/f pTkGg s'kf]if0fsf] cGTosf nflu u'0f:t/Lo / kf]if0fo'Qm
vfBfGgsf] k|aGw ldnfpg'kb{5 .
ª vfB;xof]u;DaGwL dfkb08
k|sf]k jf ;z:q åGåaf6 ;d'bfosf] vfB;|ft gi6 eP/ clgsfn nfUg]
]
cj:yf pTkGg ePkl5 ;d'bfodf km}lng] lg/fzfnfO{ x6fpg vfBfGg ;xof]usf
;fy} k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf Ifdtfdf clej[l4 ug]{ sfo{ klg ;~rfng ug'kb{5 .
{
tTsfnLg ;d:of ;dfwfgsf ;fy} bL3{sfnLg vfB;'/Iffsf lgDglnlvt
pkfo cjnDag ug'kb{5 M{
!= tTsfnLg ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu lgMz'Ns vfBljt/0f aGb ug]{ .
@= ;s];Dd :yfgLo txaf6} vfBfGgsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . tTsfn vfg],
ksfpg] / art ug]{ ef8fFjt{g gePsf cj:yfdf ;fd"lxs ef]hgsf]
Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
#= lj:yflktnfO{ geOgx'g] cj:yfdf dfq vfB;xof]u lbg] .
$= k|efljt If]qdf vfBfGg art geP/ cefj eP dfq aflx/af6 v/Lb
ug]{ .
%= ;z:q åGåsf ;dodf xltof/wf/Ln] vfB;xof]usf] sfo{nfO{ lgolGqt
u/]/ b'?kof]u gu?g eGg]tkm{ ;r]t /xg] .
r= vfB;xof]u of]hgf
ljkbsf ;dodf ;d'bfo;Fu /x]sf] art vfBfGg, To;sf] u'0f:t/ / ;|ftsf
]
cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f ug'kb{5 . o;sf cltl/Qm ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts
{
;+/rgf / vfB–Jojxf/sf r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug'kg]{ x'G5 . oL ;d:ofsf]
{
;fdgfsf nflu vfBfGg k|aGw / ljt/0fsf nflu ljz]if of]hgf agfpg'k5{ .
o:tf of]hgfsf nflu lgwf{l/t dfkb08 o:tf 5g M
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷35

36. != cfxf/of]hgf
ljt/0f x'g] vfBfGgn] ;d'bfo;Fu pknAw ;|f]t, vfBJojxf/ /
cfjZostfaLrsf] vf8n k'gkb{5 .
{'
@= pko'Qm / :jLsfo{
ljtl/t vfBkbfy{ k|fKt ug]{ JolQmsf] k/Dk/f / ;fdflhs ;+:s[ltcg¿k
:jLsfo{ x'gkb{5 .
'
#= u'0f:t/ / ;'/Iff
vfBfGg u'0f:t/Lo, :jR5, xflg/lxt jf ;'/lIft / pkef]uof]Uo x'gk5{ .
'
ljt/0f ul/g] vfBfGg ld;fj6o'Qm jf b"lift x'gxbg .
' F' }
5= vfB;xof]u Joj:yfkg
Joj:yfksn] k|efljt ;d'bfodWo] s;nfO{ slt vfBfGg rflxPsf] xf]
To;} cg';f/ ljt/0f / ;|ftsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ ljifodf s]lGb|t /xg'kb{5 .
]
!= vfB;~rfng
kl/jf/sf] ;b:o ;ªVofsf cfwf/df lglZrt ;dosf nflu cfjZos
kg]{ vfBfGg ;'/lIft /fVg] clwsf/ x/]s gful/sdf /x]sf] x'G5 . To:tf]
vfBfGg kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfodf ;'/lIft e08f/0f ug]{ Joj:yf ul/lbg'k5{ .
@= ljt/0frqm
vfBfGgsf] k'glj{t/0f ug'kg]{ cj:yfdf k"jl{ jtl/t ljj/0f;Fu le8fP/
{
cfjZos ePgePsf] olsg ug'k5{ . {
#= ljt/0f
vfBfGgsf] ljt/0f ;dfg'kflts, kf/bzL{ / lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ ¿kdf ug'k5{ .
{
#= cf>o:yn, a;f]af; / u}/vfBj:t';DaGwL dfkb08
lj:yflkt kl/jf/sf lgldQ zf}rfno, kfgL, vfBfGg cflbsf] ;/n cfk"lt{ /
b}lgs lqmofsnfksf nflu pko'Qm jf;:yfgsf] k|aGw ug'kb{5 . o;sf nflu
{
lgDg dfkb08 lgwf{l/t ul/Psf] 5 M
s= cf>o:yn
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷36

37. lj:yflktsf nflu km/s–km/s cf>o:yn pknAw u/fpg g;lsg]
cj:yfdf :yfgLo ;fd'bflos tyf ;/sf/L ejg, Aof/]s tyf :s'ndf
c:yfoL SofDk v8f u/L /fVg] Joj:yf ldnfpg'k5{ .
!= /0fgLlts of]hgf
;s];Dd eO/x]sf ejgx¿af6} jf;:yfgsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug'kb{5 . {
/0fgLlts of]hgfdf ;d'bfosf] :jf:Yo, ;'/Iff / kfl/jfl/s uf]kgLotf
;'lglZrt x'gkb{5 .
'
@ ef}lts of]hgf
cfktsfnLg cfjf;df ;s];Dd :yfgLo ;|ft / ;fwgs} k|of]uaf6
]
rflxg] ;]jf;'ljwf tyf ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ug'kb{5 .
{
#= cfjf;sf] If]qkmn
hLjgofkgsf nflu Go"gtd / cTofjZos lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug{;Sg]
If]qkmn x'gkb{5 .
'
$= gS;fªsg
cf>o:ynsf] gS;fªsg / Joj:yfkg k|efljt kl/jf/åf/f :jLsf/
ug{ nfos, k|sfz tyf xfjf l5g],{ Gofgf], :jf:Yo Pj+ ;'/Iffsf b[li6n]
pQd x'gkb{5 .
'
%= lgdf{0f
lgdf{0fsfo{ :yfgLo 1fg / ;|ftsf] pkof]udf cfwfl/t x'gkb{5 .
] '
^= jftfj/0fLo k|efj
jftfj/0fdf k|lts"n k|efj gkfg]{ ;fdu|L / k|ljlwsf] k|of]u x'gkb{5 .
'
v= u}/vfBj:t'sf] Joj:yfkg
hLjgofkgsf nflu cf]9g–cf]5ofpg] n'uf, nufpg] sk8f / ;/;kmfOsf
]
nflu ;fa'g, bGtdGhgh:tf j:t' u}/vfBj:t'sf pbfx/0f x'g . :km]o/
kl/of]hgfn] o:tf j:t'sf Joj:yfsf] ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf] dfkb08 lgwf{/0f
u/]sf] 5 M
!= n'ufkmf6f] / cf]5ofg
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷37

38. kLl8tnfO{ ef}uf]lns cj:yf / df};dcg'¿k cf]9g,] cf]5ofpg] /
nufpg] n'ufsf] Joj:yf ug'kb{5 .
{
@= JolQmut cf/f]Uo
k|sf]kk|efljt ;d'bfon] ;/;kmfOsf nflu kof{Kt ;fa'g / bGtdGhg
kfpg'kb{5 .
#= ksfpg] / vfg] ef“8fjt{g
k|efljt kl/jf/nfO{ kl/jf/sf ;b:osf] ;ªVofsf cfwf/df ksfpg] /
vfg] efF8fat{g pknAw u/fpg'kb{5 .
$= :6f]e, OGwg / aQL
;a}nfO{ vfgf ksfpg tyf pHofnf]sf] nflu :6f]e, OGwg / aQLsf]
;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg'kb{5 .
%= cf}hf/ / ;fdu|L
;'/lIft cfjf;sf] pkof]u, dd{t;Def/ tyf cGo sfo{sf nflu rflxg]
s'6f], sf]bfnf], xFl;of, v's/L tyf cGo cfjZos cf}hf/sf] Joj:yf
'
ul/lbg'kb{5 .
$= :jf:Yo–;]jf;DaGwL dfkb08
k|sf]kk|efljt If]qdf rflxg] :jf:Yo–;]jfsf] :j¿k klxrfg u/L ;]jf–k|jfx,
cg'udg tyf d"Nofªsg ug'{kb{5 . o;cGtu{t /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo
:jf:Yo;DaGwL ;]jfsf] k|0ffnLdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg], ;dGjo ug]{ / :t/Lo
agfpg] k|of; kb{5g . :km]o/ kl/of]hgfn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf :jf:Yo;]jf;DaGwL
dfkb08 lgDgcg';f/ 5g M
s= :jf:Yok|0ffnL tyf ;]jf k"jf{wf/
k|sf]kk|efljt If]qdf tTsfn cfjZos kg]{ :jf:Yo;]jf k|bfg ug{ / ;Defljt
dxfdf/Lsf] lgoGq0fsf nflu k|lt/IffTds pkfo cjnDag ug'kb{5 . 3fOt]sf]
{
pkrf/, s'kf]if0f jf k|bl" ift jftfj/0fsf sf/0f pTkGg ;ªqmd0f lgoGq0f ug]{
u/L :t/Lo :jf:Yo;]jf ;'lglZrt ug'kb{5 . ;]jfsf ;dodf cfly{s, wfld{s,
{
;f+:s[lts, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, n}ªl us / hftLo lje]bsf] cGTo ub}{
;dfg'kflts, Joj:yfksLo, cfly{s, ;+:yfut / k|fljlws k|lta4tf hgfOPsf]
x'gkb{5 . k"jf{wf/sf] tof/Lsf dfkb08 o:tf 5g M
'
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷38

39. != ;]jfsf] k|fyldsLs/0f
cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf 3fOt] tyf /f]uLsf] pkrf/åf/f d[To'b/ Go"g ug]{
k"jf{wf/ tof/ ug'k5{ .
{
@= :jf:Yo–k|0ffnLdf ;xof]u
/fli6«o tyf :yfgLo :t/df pknAw :jf:Yo;]jfsf], ;+/rgfnfO{ ;xof]u
x'g] lsl;dn] :jf:Yo–;]jfk|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug'k5{ .
{
#= ;dGjo
r':t / pTs[i6 :jf:Yo;]jf pknAw u/fpg ;]jfk|bfos lgsfo tyf
:jo+;jsaLr k|efjsf/L ;dGjosf] Joj:yf ug'k5{ .
] {
$= k|fylds :jf:Yo;]jf
/f]usf] cj:yfcg'¿k k|fylds :jf:Yo;]jf / x]/rfxsf] /fd|f] Joj:yf
x'gk5{ .
'
%= pkrf/fTds ;]jf
kLl8tn] :t/Lo, u|fXo, l;4fGt / ;t{ kfngf ePsf] pkrf/fTds ;]jf
kfpg'k5{ .
^= :jf:Yo;DaGwL ;"rgf–k|0ffnL
hg:jf:Yosf] cj:yf, pknAw u/fOPsf] ;]jf, ;d:of;DaGwL tYofªssf]
;ªsng, ljZn]if0f / ;"rgf–k|jfxnfO{ kf/bzL{ / k|efjsf/L agfpg'k5{ .
v= ;?jf /f]usf] lgoGq0f
k|sf]khGo cj:yfdf ;?jf /f]un] dxfdf/Lsf] ¿k lnFbf kLl8t g} a9L k|efljt
x'G5g . dn]l/of, Zjf;k|Zjf;, emf8fkvnf, d]gGhfOl6;, sfnfhf/, sdnlkQ,
]
6fOkmfO8 / bfb'/fh:tf /f]u k|sf]kk|efljt If]qdf km}lnG5g . To;af6 afnaflnsf,
a"9fa"9L, czQm, ue{jtL jf ;'Ts]/L dlxnf tyf sdhf]/ / s'kf]if0faf6 kLl8t
JolQmsf] Hofg vt/fdf kg]{ ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf :jf:Yo;]jf
pknAw u/fpg] lgwf{l/t dfkb08x¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g M
!= k|lt/Iff
;?jf /f]usf] ;ªqmd0faf6 k|lt/Iffsf ;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yf, pkof]u,
;"rgf / ;]jf ;dfg ¿kdf k'¥ofpg] .
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷39

40. @= bfb'/f lgoGq0f
^ b]lv !% jif{aLrsf ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ bfb'/flj?4 k|lt/IffTds
pkrf/– ;]jf lbg] .
#= k/LIf0f / /f]u–Joj:yfkg
;ªqmfds /f]uaf6 aRg k|efljt ;a}nfO{ k|efjsf/L k/LIf0f / pkrf/;]jf
lbg] .
$= dxfdf/Lsf] ;fdgf
cfsl:ds dxfdf/Lsf] ;fdgf ug{ k"jtof/Lsf pkfo ckgfpg] .
{
%= dxfdf/Lsf] k/LIf0f / pkrf/
k|sf]kk|efljt If]qdf dxfdf/L km}lng] ;Defjgf eP tTsfn lgoGq0f /
pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
^= PrcfO{eL÷P8;
o; /f]usf] ;ªqmd0f ePdf To;af6 arfpg cfjZos k|aGw ug]{ .
u= g;g]{ /f]usf] lgoGq0f
e'Orfnf], x'/Latf;, cfunfuL, ;'gfdL, af9L, klx/f]h:tf k|sf]khGo 36gf
F
tyf ;z:q åGå jf o'4af6 3fOt] ePsf JolQmsf] ;dod} pkrf/ geP d[To'
x'g] ;Defjgf x'G5 . To:t} n}ªl us lx+;f / k|hgg–:jf:Yo, dfgl;s jf
dgf]j1flgs / zf/Ll/s kL8f Go"g ug{ ug'kg]{ sfdsf dfkb08x¿ :km]o/
} {
kl/of]hgfn] tf]ssf] 5, h'g lgDgfg';f/ 5g M
]
!= rf]6k6s
k|sf]kdf k/L rf]6k6s nfu]/ 3fOt] ePsf JolQmsf]] tTsfn pkrf/
ug'kb{5 .
{
@= k|hgg–:jf:Yo
k|efljt If]qdf k|hgg :jf:Yo;]jf pknAw gePsf] cj:yfdf To;sf
nflu Go"gtd k|fylds pkrf/ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg'kb{5 .
#= dfgl;s / ;fdflhs :jf:Yo
kLl8t ;d'bfosf JolQmdf ;fdflhs ;d:of pTkGg u/fpg] s'g} /f]u
jf dfgl;s c:j:ytf b]lvPdf :jf:Yo;]jf pknAw u/fpg'kb{5 .
$= bL3{ /f]u
k|sf]kkLl8t ;d'bfodf bL3{/f]uL dflg; eP ;xof]ustf{n] ltgsf] pkrf/sf]
Joj:yf ug'kb{5 .
{
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷40

41. ;ªs6sfnLg ;dodf
lzIffsf Go"gtd dfkb08
k|fs[lts tyf dfgjLo sf/0fn] x'g] k|sf]kaf6 pTkGg ;ªs6sfndf klg
k|sf]kkLl8t ;d'bfo / ltgsf afnaflnsfnfO{ cfwf/e"t lzIffsf]
clwsf/af6 jl~rt ug'{ dfgjclwsf/sf] cGt/f{li6«o dfGotflj?4sf]
ck/fw dflgPsf] 5 . lzIff cfh{g ug{ kfpg] gful/ssf] g};lu{s
clwsf/sf] /Iff ub}{ k|To]s kLl8tnfO{ lzIffdfly z'ne kx'rsf]
“
k|Tofe"lt lbg' ;/sf/sf] bfloTj xf] .
kl/ro
k|sf]ksf ;dodf pTkGg ;ªs6sfnLg cj:yfdf gful/snfO{ lzIff k|fKt ug]{
clwsf/af6 ljd'v ul/g' x'bg . vfgf, cfjf; / :jf:Yo;]jfh:t} lzIff klg
F }
dflg;sf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostfleq k5{ . To;}sf/0f h:tf];s} cfkTsfnLg
'
cj:yf pTkGg eP klg lzIff k|fKt ug]{ g};lu{s clwsf/af6 ljBfyL{ jf
gful/snfO{ cnu ug'{ pgLx¿dfly cGofo ug'{ xf] . o; cjwf/0ffn] ljZjJofkL
dfGotf k|fKt u/]sf sf/0f lzIffnfO{ zflGt If]q 3f]if0ff ug{ / lzIff k|fKt ug{
kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ cfwf/e"t dfgjclwsf/sf] ¿kdf dfGotf lbg gful/s
;dfhsf ;a} tKsfaf6 /fHo / ;DalGwt If]qnfO{ bafa lbg] ul/Psf] 5 .
k|fs[lts sf/0fn] xf]; jf dfgjLo sf/0fn] xf];, s'g} klg k|sf]khGo 36gfn]
;dfhdf k|lts"n k|efj kf/]sf] cj:yfdf klg z}lIfs lqmofsnfk lgjf{w
¿kdf ;~rfng ug'{ cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu :km]o/ kl/of]hgfn]
;ªs6sfnLg lzIffsf nflu Go"gtd dfkb08 lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . ljZjJofkL
;xsfo{åf/f xft] k':tssf ¿kdf k|sflzt ;ªs6sfnLg lzIffsf nflu
Go"gtd dfkb08 ;fd"lxs k|lta4tfsf] Bf]ts dflgPsf] 5 . o;n] k|sf]khGo
"
cj:yfaf6 pTkGg ljkb jf ;ªs6sfnLg ;dodf afnaflnsf, lszf]/lszf]/L,
o'jf–ju{ / k|f9 ;a}df lzIff k|fKt ug]{ g};lu{s clwsf/ x'G5 eg]/ k}/jL u/]sf]
}
5 . k|sf]kkLl8tsf] p4f/ tyf /fxtsf nflu lgwf{l/t :km]o/ kl/of]hgfs}
cfwf/df tof/ ePsf] cfsl:ds z}lIfs dfkb08n] ljkb / åGåaf6 pTkGg
dfgjLo kL8f sd ug{ ;Dej eP;Ddsf ;a} sbd rflng' kg]df hf]8 lbFb}{
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷41

42. k|sf]kkLl8t ;d'bfosf] ;Ddfgsf ;fy hLjgofkg ug{ / lgjf{w ¿kdf lzIff
cfh{g ug{ kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] 5 .
;ªs6sfnLg ;dodf lzIffsf] ¿k/]vf
k|To]s JolQmdf lzIff k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ x'G5 . ljZjJofkL dfgjclwsf/
3f]if0ffkq -!($*_Ù z/0ffyL{;DaGwL dxf;lGw -!(%!_Ù o'4sf] ;dodf
;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;'/Iffaf/] h]gefdf ePsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, tyf ;f+:s[lts
]
clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw -!(^^_Ù afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw -!(*(_Ù ;a}sf]
nflu lzIff clek|l] /t ug]{ p2]Zo /x]sf] 8fs/ ljZj lzIff kl/of]hgf 5nkmnsf]
sfo{ut vfsf -@)))_ nufotsf w]/} cle;lGw tyf kl/kqx¿df z}lIfs
clwsf/;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf 5g .
k|sf]k jf o'4h:tf] cNksfnLg tyf bL3{sfnLg ;ªs6sf] cj:yfdf cfˆgf] /
l5d]sLsf] hLjg arfpg ;lsg] k|sf/sf] Jojxfl/s lzIff dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .
afnaflnsf, o'jf tyf j[4nfO{ lbOg] o:tf] lzIffn] ;ªs6sf ;dodf x'g;Sg]
zf]if0f tyf k|sf]kaf6 ePsf] Iflt lj?4 cfkm"nfO{ ;zQm ¿kdf pEofpg]
]
Ifdtf k|bfg u5{ . o'4sf ;dodf lj:tfl/t af?bL ;'?ªaf6 ;'/lIft /xg xf];
jf P8;sf] /f]syfdh:tf ljifodfÙ lzIffn] ;ªs6sf] ;dodf, vf; u/L
afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/–lszf]/Ldf eljiosf] nflu :yfloTj / cfzf k|bfg
u/]/ :j:y / ;'/lIft hLjg afFRg ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . o; k|sf/sf] lzIffn]
b'MvbfoL kL8fsf] cg'ej sd ug{, ;Lksf] ljsf; ug{ / åGå ;dfwfg tyf
zflGt lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .
;ªs6sfnLg ;dodf klg lzIffsf] ;'lglZrttfsf lgldQ Go"gtd dfkb08
lgwf{/0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;g @))# df Ps sfo{bn u7g eof] . ;ªs6kl5sf]
k'g;+/rgfdf z}lIfs clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"t ug{ ;+oQm /fi6«;ª3Lo lgsfox¿,
{ '
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, bftf, k|lzIffyL{, vf]hstf{, k|efljt ;d'bfosf JolQm ;lDdlnt
;~hfnsf l;4fGtcg'¿k o; sfo{bnn] ;ªs6sfnLg lzIffsf nflu Go"gtd
dfkb08sf] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] xf] . o; dfkb08n] ;ªs6u|:t cj:yfdf lzIff
k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf, ;a}sf] ;dfg kx'rsf cfwf/ jf dfkb08,
F
;"rs tyf lgb]z l;4fGtnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . dfkb08sf] tof/Lsf qmddf
{
ljZjsf %) eGbf a9L /fi6«sf @ xhf/ @ ;o %) eGbf a9L JolQmsf]
of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . sfo{bnn] ;g @))$ sf] hgj/Lb]lv d] dlxgf;Dd
clk|msf, Pl;of, Nofl6g cd]l/sf / dWok"j{ tyf o'/f]kdf k/fdz{ sfo{qmd
u/]sf] lyof] . ljleGg If]qsf lj1, ;+oQm /fi6«;ª3Lo lgsfo / ;ªs6sfnLg
'
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷42

43. lzIff ;~hfnsf k|ltlglwx¿sf] k/fdz{df tof/ o; dfkb08 afnclwsf/
dxf;lGw, 8fs/ ljZj lzIff kl/of]hgf, ljleGg dfgjclwsf/ dxf;lGw tyf
sfg'g / ;x>fAbL ljsf;nIodf cfwfl/t 5 .
Go"gtd dfkb08sf] k|of]ustf{
lzIffsf Go"gtd dfkb08 ;ªs6sfnLg cj:yfdf z}lIfs ultljlw ljgfcj/f]w
;~rfng ug{sf nflu tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . o;n] ;Defljt ;ªs6sf lj?4
k"jtof/L tyf dfgjLo d"Nosf] /Iffsf nflu jsfnt u5{ . k|fs[lts sf/0faf6
{
x'g] k|sf]k, ;fdflhs åGå tyf o'4 / cGo s'g} klg ;ªs6sf ;dodf oL
dfkb08x¿ k|of]uof]Uo 5g . ;ªs6sfnLg lzIffsf nflu lgwf{l/t Go"gtd
dfkb08n] ;ªs6nfO{ k|fs[lts k|sf]k / o'4hGo ;ªs6sf ¿kdf juL{s/0f
u/]sf] 5 . k|fs[lts sf/0faf6 x'g] k|sf]kcGt{ut af9L, klx/f], e"sDk, v8]/L,
cfFwL–t'kmfgnufotsf k|sf]knfO{ lnOPsf] 5 .
o; dfkb08n] cfsl:ds cj:yfdf z}lIfs If]qdf ;d'bfosf] clwsf/ s;/L
k|Tofe"t ug]{ eg]/ dfu{bz{g ug]{ x'bf o;sf] k|of]u ;/sf/ / z}lIfs If]qdf
F
;+nUg ;/f]sf/jfnfn] ug{ ;S5g . o;sf cltl/Qm c:yfoL ;]jf k|bfg ug]{
/fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, :yfgLo ;d'bfo / gful/s ;dfhn]
klg o;sf] pkof]u ug{ ;S5g .
Go"gtd dfkb08sf] d'Vo cfwf/
cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf kf7oqmdsf] ljsf; /fHon] lgwf{/0f
u/]sf] vfsfleq /x]/ ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt k|fKt lgsfon] u5{ . o;sf cltl/Qm
lgwf{l/t ljifodf ;d'bfonfO{ ;r]t u/fpg ljleGg /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o
lgsfo / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿af6 klg kf7o;fdu|Lsf] pTkfbg x'g] u5{ . o;
dfkb08n] :ynut¿kdf tof/ u/L nfu" ul/g] z}lIfs /0fgLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf]
lj:t[t JofVof u/]sf] 5}g tfklg z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf] gLltut ljsf; /
sfof{Gjogsf] lg/Gt/tfsf nflu hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} o; dfkb08n]
;ªs6sfnLg ;dodf ug'kg]{ dfgjLo sfo{ / To;sf] dof{bf sfod /fVg
{
;xof]uL, hfgsf/Lk|b Go"gtd dfkb08, d"Vo ;"rs tyf dfubz{g k|:t't
u/]sf] 5 .
kfFr ju{df ljeflht ;ªs6sfnLg lzIffsf Go"gtd dfkb08 lgDg 5g M
;a} ju{sf nflu ;femf dfkb08
o; dfkb08sf] ;jf{lws dxŒjk"0f{ kIf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f xf] . dfkb08sf]
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷43

44. sfof{Gjog, cg'udg, d"Nofªsg / lg0f{o k|lqmofdf :yfgLo ;|ftsf] cTolws
]
k|of]u / ;d'bfosf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf x'gkg]df hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 .
' {
!= kx'r tyf l;sfOsf] jftfj/0f
“
o; dfkb08n] l;sfOsf cj;/ ;a}n] kfpg' kg]df hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . o;cg';f/
{
:jR5 lkpg] kfgL, :jf:Yo tyf ;/;kmfO, vfB cg'bfg, kf]if0f, cf>oh:tf
If]qdf ;a} ju{ / hfthfltsf] ;dfg kx'r x'g' k5{ . ;ªs6af6 ;'/lIft /xg
F
/ l5d]sLnfO{ ;d]t ;'/Iff lbg;Sg] k|of]ufTds 1fgsf] k|j4{gÙ ef}lts,
af}l4s, dgf]j1flgs Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu ;fem]bf/L cjwf/0ff cg'¿k sfd
}
x'g' k5{ .
@= lzIf0f tyf l;sfO
k|efjsf/L lzIf0f / l;sfOsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u ug'{ kg]df o;n] hf]8 lbPsf]
{
5 . pko'Qm kf7Øqmd, tflnd, ;'emfj / d"Nofªsg u/]/ lzIf0f / l;sfOnfO{
k|efjsf/L agfpg o; dfkb08n] lgb]z u/]sf] 5 .
{
#= lzIfs tyf lzIffljb
;ªs6sfnLg lzIffsf nflu bIf dfgj ;+;fwgsf] Joj:yf x'g' k5{ . lzIfs
tyf cGo bIf hgzlQmsf] 5gf]6, lgo'lQm / ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ sfod ug'{ k5{ .
$= lzIff gLlt tyf ;dGjo
:yfgLo, If]qLo / ljZjJofkL dfGotfcg';f/ gLltlgdf{0f, of]hgf th'df tyf
{
sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;zQm ;dGjo ug'{ k5{ .
%= dfkb08sf cGt/;DalGwt ;jfn
Go"gtd dfkb08sf] ljsf; / sfo{Gjog ubf{ cGo ljleGg cGt/;DalGwt
;jfnx¿sf] ;Daf]wgdf klg Wofg lbOPsf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/
sfg'g, n}ªl us ;dfgtf, afnclwsf/, hfthflt, If]q, ;fd'bflos ;xeflutf,
PrcfOeL÷P8;, ckfªutfh:tf ;ªs6fled'v cj:yfnfO{ klg b[li6ut
ul/Psf] 5 .
dfkb08sf] k|f?k
;ªs6sfnLg lzIff sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg k|sf]kk|efljt ;d'bfosf]
;xeflutf h?/L x'G5 . ef}uf]lns If]q, k|sf]ksf] :j¿k / ;fdflhs ;+/rgfsf
cfwf/df ;d'bfodf s:tf] sfo{qmdsf] cfjZostf k5{ eGg] hfgsf/L ;f6f;f6
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷44

45. ug'{ k5{ . sfo{qmdk|ltsf] rf;f] a9fpg, lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g;Sg]
Ifdtf j[l4 ug{ ;d'bfonfO{ ;zlQms/0f ug'{ k5{ . ;ªs6sfnLg lzIffsf
;jfndf ;f]em} sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd agfpg] lqmofsnfk tyf sfo{qmd lje]b/lxt
cyf{t ;dfj]zL tl/sfaf6 ul/g' k5{ . ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf k|ltlglwsf]
¿kdf, k/fdz{bftfsf] ¿kdf / k"0f{ ;xeflutfsf ¿kdf /xg ;S5 . o:tf
;xefuLn] lg0f{o, cg'udg tyf d"Nofªsg k|lqmofdf ;f]em} ;xeflutf hgfpg
kfpg' k5{ .
k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf;df k|Tofe"lt lbg k|efjsf/L tyf
u'0f:t/Lo z}lIfs of]hgfsf] lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog, Joj:yfkg tyf ;dGjo, /
To;sf] n]vfhf]vf ubf{ ;ªs6fled'v ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfnfO{ pRr k|fyldstf
lbg' k5{ . ;d'bfosf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfn] g} ;d'bfod'vL tyf k|efjsf/L
z}lIfs /0fgLlt tof/ ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . ;ªs6sfnLg lzIffsf] :t/lgwf{/0f
/ o;sf cfwf/e"t dfGotfcg'¿k Go"gtd dfkb08sf sf] klxrfg ug{ lgDg
oyfy{nfO{ cfTd;ft ul/g' k5{ M
Go"gtd dfkb08
;ªs6sfnLg lzIff :jefljs¿kn] u'0ffTds x'g' k5{ eGg] kIfdf o;
dfkb08n] hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . o;n] hjfkmb]xLk"0f{ lzIff pknAw u/fpFbf
Go"gtd vfsf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] ;ªst u5{ .
]
d"Vo ;"rs
;"rsnfO{ dfkb08 k"/f eP jf gePsf] b]vfpg] ;ªstsf ¿kdf lnOG5 .
]
o;n] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf] k|lqmof jf k|of]uljlwsf] k|efj tyf kl/0ffdsf]
dfkg u5{ .
dfu{bz{g
k|To]s dfkb08sf dfu{bz{gn] ljleGg kl/l:yltdf dfkb08 tyf ;"rssf]
kfngf ubf{ cfOkg]{ Jojxfl/s sl7gfOx¿sf] ;dfwfgdf ;xof]u u5{ .
o;df k|fyldstfdf k/]sf ljifosf k/fdz{ tyf cWoog–dgg ug'kg]{ {
pko'Qm a'bfx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] dfkb08 tyf ;"rs;Fu
F
;DalGwt cGo dxTjk"0f{ ljifo klg ;dfj]z ug'sf ;fy} låljwfk"0f{ cj:yf
{
tyf ljjfb / ;d"xaLrsf] b"/Lsf] klg JofVof u5{ .
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷45

46. dfkb08– v08M !
lzIffdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf
;ªs6sfnLg ;dodf ;~rfng x'g] z}lIfs sfo{qmddf ;d'bfosf] k|ToIf
;xeflutf x'gkg]df o; dfkb08n] hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfsf]
' {
k|Tofe"ltsf nflu lgDgcg';f/sf dfkb08 lgwf{l/t 5g M
;fd'bflos ;xeflutf dfkb08 ! M ;xeflutf
dfu{bz{g
plNnlvt ;"rsfªs k|fKt ug{ ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf ePsf] ;'lglZrt x'g'
h?/L 5 . To;sf nflu ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf lgDgcg';f/ x'g' kg]5 M
{
!= ;fd'bflos lzIff ;ldlt
;ªs6sfnLg lzIffsf Go"gtd
dfkb08df ;fd' b flos lzIff k|dv ;"rs
'
;ldlt eGg] zAbn] ;d'bfosf]
z}lIfs cfjZostfsf] klxrfg ug{ != k|efjsf/L z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf]
cleefjs, lzIfs ;ª u 7g, k| T ofe" l t lbg k| s f] k k| e fljt
:yfgLo ;+:yf, gful/s ;dfh, ;d'bfoleq}af6 5gf}6 ul/Psf
o' j f tyf dlxnf, lzIfs / k|ltlglwåf/f z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf]
ljBfyL{ n ufotsf ;a} s f] k|fyldsLs/0f / of]hgf th'df x'G5 .
{
k|ltltlwTj /x]sf] ;ldlt eGg] @= z}lIfs lqmofsnfksf] ljsf; /
hgfpF 5 . o:tf] ;ldltsf] sfof{Gjogdf afnaflnsf / o'jf
cfjZostf Psn jf ax' ju{ ;+nUg x'G5g .
lzIffk|0ffnLk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g #= ;fd'bflos lzIff ;ldltn] z}lIfs
;S5 . l;sfOsf] nflu pko'Qm ultljlw tyf ah]6sf] ;fdflhs
jftfj/0fsf] ljsf; / n] v f / lx;fjlstfa ug{
Joj:yfkgn] ;a} ju{aLr ;xof]u ;fj{hlgs a}7s af]nfpF5 .
cfbfg k|bfg ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . $= ;d'bfosf ;b:o, afnaflnsf /
o; ljlwn] z}lIfs ;+/rgfsf] o'jfx¿sf nflu z}lIfs Joj:yfkg
ljsf; ug{ / :yfgLo ;+:s[lt ug{ tflnd tyf Ifdtf clej[l4sf
tyf z}lIfs k/Dk/fsf] ;DdfgnfO{ cj;/x¿ pknAw x'G5g .
;dGjofTds e"ldsfåf/f lbuf]
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷46

47. agfpg] ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0fdf klg ;xof]u u5{ .
@= z}lIfs sfo{qmddf ;fd'bflos k|ltlglwTj
lzIff ;ldltdf :yfgLo u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, wfld{s ;+:yf, k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /xg]
;d'bfosf ;a} ju{, hfthflt tyf dlxnfsf] ;dtfd"ns k|ltlglwTj x'gk5{ .
'
o:tf k|ltlglw k|hftflGqs k|lqmofn] 5gf}6 ePsf / ;ldltn] j}wflgs
dfGotf kfPsf] x'gk5{ .
'
#= e"ldsf tyf pQ/bfloTj
;fd'bflos lzIff ;ldltsf ;b:osf] e"ldsf tyf pQ/bfloTj :ki6 ul/Psf]
x'g' k5{ / To;sf] hfgsf/L ;d'bfonfO{ lbOg' k5{ . ;ldltsf d"n bfloTj
lgDgcg';f/ lgwf{l/t x'g' k5{ M
;/f]sf/sf] ljifosf 5nkmn / a}7sdf lgoldt pkl:yt x'g] .
a}7ssf] lg0f{o tyf cfly{s ;|ft / of]ubfgsf] ljj/0f b'?:t /fVg] .
]
ljBfno kfqf], ;fd'bflos kIf emNsfpg] jf ;d'bfonfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg
;lsg] z}lIfs sfo{qmd, :yfgLo cj:yfcg';f/sf] kf7oqmdh:tf
;+f:s[lts ¿kn] pko'Qm ljlwx¿ ckgfpg kxn ug]{ .
;d'bfosf ;b:o / z}lIfs sfo{qmdaLr ;DaGw lj:tf/ ug{
;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu lgoldt cGt/lqmof ug]{ .
$= z}lIfs vfsf lgdf{0fdf ;d'bfosf] hjfkmb]lxtf
lzIffk|lt ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L lgsfonfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg
;fd'bflos ;xeflutfsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ ;Sg' k5{ . o;sf nflu
lgDgcg';f/sf ljlw ckgfpg' h?/L x'G5 M
ljleGg hfthflt, afns, o'jf / k|f9sf nflu tTsfnLg z}lIfs
}
:j¿ksf] cfjZostfsf] klxrfg,
pknAw dfgj ;+;fwg, Ifdtf tyf ;do / cfly{s ;|ftsf] Joj:yfkg,
]
efiffut ;d"x / cGo pk;d"xaLr ;dGjofTds ;Gt'ngsf] Joj:yf,
;'/Iff Joj:yfsf] ;Ldf lgwf{/0f / Joj:yfkg,
lzIff k|bfg ul/g] :yfgsf] ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt,
cfsl:ds ;dodf ;'/Iff k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] z}lIfs 1fg lbg] .
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷47

48. %= :yfgLo z}lIfs sfo{of]hgf
;d'bfo / ;fd'bflos lzIff ;ldltn] lzIffsf lqmofsnfknfO{ k|sf]kk|efljt
tyf ;ªs6fled'v ;d"xsf] cfjZostfsf cfwf/df lgwf{/0f ub}{ ;d'bfodf
cfwfl/t z}lIfs sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{' k5{ . o:tf] of]hgfn] cf}krfl/s tyf
cgf}krfl/s lzIff ;]jf tyf sfo{qmdsf] u'0ffTds ;'wf/sf] nflu ;+/rgf
pknAw u/fpF5 . of]hgfdf lgDg ljifonfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ 5'6fpg' x'bg M F }
pko'Qm z}lIfs jftfj/0fsf] ¿k/]vf, lqmofsnfksf] :yfloTj, z}lIfs
sfo{qmdsf] nIo tyf ;"rsdf sfo{stf{aLr ;femf kl/b[iosf] ljsf; .
cWoog tyf cWofkgsf] jftfj/0fdf ;'wf/k|lqmofsf] k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f
/ To;sf cfwf/df sfo{stf{aLr sfdsf] afF8kmfF8 .
lgwf{l/t ;doleq ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿aLr of]hgfdf plNnlvt nIo k|flKtsf
lgldQ pQ/bfloTj ;lxt sfo{of]hgfsf] ;dLIff .
&= z}lIfs lqmofsnfkdf afn ;xeflutf
;+oQm /fi6«;ª3Lo afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwsf] wf/f !# n] afnaflnsfnfO{
'
ltgLx¿sf] hLjgdf k|efljt kfg]{ ljifodf cfjfh p7fpg tyf k|f9fj:yfsf]
}
pQ/bfloTjsf nflu tof/L x'g] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . o; wf/fsf]
dd{cg';f/ ;a} pd]/sf lzIffyL{nfO{ ltgLx¿n] k|fKt ug]{ lzIffk|0ffnLsf]
ljsf; tyf Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg ul/g' k5{ . afnaflnsfnfO{ cfkmgf] tyf
;d'bfosf cGo afnaflnsfsf] /Iffdf ;3fp k'Ug] lqmofsnfkdf tflnd k|bfg
ug'{ k5{ . ljBfno ;'wf/sf lqmofsnfkdf ;'emfj lbg] jf lzIff k|fKt ug]{
jftfj/0fdf x'g;Sg] zf]if0faf/] hfgsf/L lbg] / To:tf lqmofsnfknfO{ /f]syfd
ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{ kIfdf tflnd kl/nlIft x'gk5{ . z}lIfs sfo{qmdn]
'
cfsl:ds ;dodf cfpg] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;Ifd agfpg] k|of; ug'{ k5{ .
*= ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0f
;ªs6sfnLg lzIff dfkb08sf] ;kmn sfof{Gjo eP gePsf] k/LIf0fdf a[xt
¿kdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfdf x'g' k5{ . dfgj ;+;fwgsf] pkof]u, Ifdtf
clej[l4, cfly{s tyf ef}lts ;fwgsf] pkof]u / ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ k/LIf0fnfO{
;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0faf6 k|dfl0ft ug]{ k|fjwfg /flvPsf] x'g' k5{ .
(= Ifdtf ljsf;
;d'bfosf] Ifdtf ljsf; geP;Dd ;ªs6sfnLg lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ug'{ ;fGble{s x'bg . sfo{qmd ;~rfngk"j{ ;d'bfosf ;b:onfO{ k|fljlws
F }
tyf ;}4flGts tflnd lbg' k5{ . ;d'bfosf] jt{dfg Ifdtfsf] d"Nofªsg ub}{
tflndsf] cfjZostf / To;nfO{ k"lt{ ug]{ ljlwsf] klxrfg ug'{ k5{ .
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷48

49. ;fd'bflos ;xeflutf dfkb08 @ M ;|ft kl/rfng
]
o; dfkb08n] ;ªs6sfnLg lzIffsf nflu :yfgLo
;|ftsf] kl/rfngdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . :yfgLo ;|ftsf]
] ]
k|efjsf/L kl/rfngaf6 dfq ;d'bfon] wfGg;Sg]
sfo{qmdsf] vfsf tof/ x'G5 .
dfu{bz{g
!= ;fd'bflos ;|ft
]
k|dv ;"rs
'
;d'bfodf pknAw dfgj ;+;fwg, != ;d'bfo, lzIffljb, lzIfs tyf
df}lb|s tyf ef}lts ;|ftx¿ ;fd'bflos
] lzIffyL{n] cfjZos ;|ftx¿sf]
]
;|ftleq k5{g . o:tf ;|ftsf] kl/rfng
] ] klxrfg ;d'bfoleq} u5{g .
z}lIfs jftfj/0fsf] ;'wf/;Fu k|ToIf != u'0f:t/Lo lzIff, ;'/Iff Joj:yf
¿kdf hf] l 8g' k5{ . ljBfnosf] / sfo{qmddf lbuf] kx'rsf nflu
F
;+/rgfTds ;'wf/ tyf dd{t;Def/sf ;d'bfodf pknAw ;|ftx¿sf]]
nflu :yfgLo ;fwg / >dsf] kl/rfng x'G5 .
of]ubfgsf] vfsf tof/ ug'{ k5{ . != ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfn] ;d'bfosf]
@= kx'r / ;'/Iffsf] lj:tf/
“ Ifdtf klxrfgdf ;xof]u u5{g
;ªs6fled"v ju{sf afnaflnsfnfO{ / :yfgLo ;Lk tyf Ifdtfsf]
lgoldt ?kdf ljBfno hfg] jftfj/0f pRrtd k|of]u x'g] lsl;dn]
agfpg ;d'bfosf ;b:onfO{ ;lqmo z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf] ;+/rgf
¿kdf kl/rfng ug]{ Joj:yf ug'{ k5{ . tof/ x'G5 .
ul/a kl/jf/sf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;kmf
n'uf k|bfg ug'{ jf afnaflnsf Hofbf ePsf kl/jf/nfO{ vfBfGg pknAw
u/fpg' tyf lszf]/Lx¿dfly x'g] ;Defljt b'Jo{jxf/af6 ltgLx¿nfO{ ;'/Iff
lbg dlxnf ;xeflutf a9fpg' o;sf s]xL pbfx/0f x'g .
#= :yfloTjsf] k|Tofe"lt
sfo{qmd lbuf] x'g] cfwf/ tof/ u/L ;|ft kl/rfng, Joj:yfkg tyf k|zf;sLo
]
sfdsf/jfxLdf ;d'bfosf] pQ/bfloTjsf] af]w u/fpg' k5{ .
$= ;fd'bflos of]ubfgsf] :jLsf/
;fd'bflos ;xof]u / k|lta4tfnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L To;sf] lbuf]kgsf nflu
k|f¿k tof/ ug'{ k5{ . bftfnfO{ lbOg] ;"rgfdf ;d'bfosf] of]ubfgsf] dfqfTds
tyf u'0ffTds hfgsf/L ;dfj]z x'g' k5{ .
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷49

50. %= :yfgLo Ifdtf M
;ªs6sfnLg ;dodf klg lzIffnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg;Sg] Ifdtf tyf ;ªs6;Fu
h'Wg ;Sg] ;fd'bflos Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu cfjZos tflnd / dgf]an
a9fpg] sfo{qmddf hf]8 lbg' k5{ .
dfkb08– v08M @
sfo{qmdsf] ljZn]if0f
;ªs6sfnLg lzIff sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog / lbuf]kgsf nflu
;fd'bflos ;xeflutfsf] cj:yf / k|ltkmnsf] lgoldt ¿kdf ljZn]if0f ul/g'
k5{ . o;/L ljZn]if0f ug]{ k|lqmofsf klg dfkb08 lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 5g, tL
lgDgcg';f/ 5g M
ljZn]if0f dfkb08 ! M k|f/lDes n]vfhf]vf
dfu{bz{g
k|dv ;"rs
'
!= ;dosf] n]vfhf]vf
!= k|sf]ksf] cj:yf / ;'/Iffsf] l:yltnfO{
;d'bfosf] ;'/Iffsf nflu k|sf]ksf] Wofgdf /fVb} k|sf]kk"j{sf] z}lIfs
;do / To;kl5 kg]{ k|efjsf] cj:yfsf] cWoog ul/G5 .
n]vfhf]vf x'g' k5{ . lzIffdf
kx'Frsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu @= ;" r ssf] ljsf;, JofVof, ;' w f/Ù
;fd' b flos ;~hfnh:tf] Joj:yfkg / tYofªs ;ªsngdf
j}slNks ;|ftsf] ljsf; ug'{ k5{ .
] d'Vo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ ;dfj]z x'G5g .
#= ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfdf
@= tYofªs ;ªsng÷n]vfhf]vf k|sf]kk|efljt If]qsf nflu lzIffsf]
lzIfssf] cfjZostf, Ifdtf, cfjZostf / ;|ftsf] n]vfhf]vf x'G5 .
]
tyf ;d:ofsf tYofªs / cGo
$= pknAw ;|ftcg'?k k|efljt ;d'bfodf
]
;"rgfsf] ;ªsng of]hgfa4
cfly{ s , ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts
¿kdf x' g ' k5{ . k| s f] k k| l t ;'/Iff;DaGwL ;]jfsf] cfjZostf
hjfkmb] x L agfpg lzIff lgwf{/0f ul/G5 .
k|bfosx¿af6 ul/g] :ynut
e|d0fdf ;dGjo ug'{ k5{ . %= lzIffyL{ s f] ;' / Iffsf vt/f tyf
;ªs6fled"vtf ljZn]if0f ul/G5 .
#= ljZn]if0f ljlw
;ªs6sfnLg lzIffnfO{ e]befj/lxt agfpg] ljlwsf] lgisif{ lgsfNg'kj{
"
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷50

51. tYofªnfO{ lqsf]0fLo k4ltdf ?kfGt/0f ug'{ k5{ . lqsf]0fLo tYofªssf]
:j¿k tYofªssf] bf]xf]/f] kg]{ jf vlK6g] l:yltnfO{ dfkg jf ljZn]if0f ug]{
ldl>t ljlw xf] .
$= ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;+nUgtf
;Dej eP;Dd k|efljt ;d'bfosf w]/} JolQm tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ ;dfj]z
ul/g' k5{ . k|f/Dedf tYofªs ;ªsng, ljZn]if0f tyf Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf]
ljsf;df ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;xeflutf ;Lldt eP klg cg'udg tyf d"Nofªsgdf
pgLx?sf] ;xeflutf a9fpg' k5{ .
%= n]vfhf]vfsf] k|flKt
of]hgfnfO{ clGtd ¿k lbg ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] tYofªs oyfzL3« pknAw x'g]
Joj:yf ldnfpg' k5{ . lzIffsf] cfjZostf / ;|ftsf] klxrfg ug{ ;ªs6cl3
]
/ kl5sf] l:yltsf] k|If]lkt vfsf tTsfn pknAw x'g' k5{ .
^= ;fdfGo cfsl:ds cj:yfsf] n]vfhf]vf
lzIffsf] k|Tofe"lt / afnaflnsfsf] ;'/Iffsf lgldQ cfjZos ;|ftsf] tYofªs
]
;ªsng ug{ lzIffljb / ;'/Ifflj1nfO{ ;dfj]z ug'{ k5{ .
&= hf]lvd ljZn]if0f
afns tyf o'jfx¿sf] :jf:Yo ;'/Iffdf k|efj kfg]{ ;j{kIfLo cj:yfk|lt Wofg
lbg' k5{ . ljBfyL{dfly cfpg;Sg] jftfj/0fLo vt/f, af?bL ;'?ª tyf
ljikmf]6s xltof/h:tf hf]lvdsf] ;"rL tof/ u/]/ ejg tyf cGo k"jf{wf/sf]
;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt x'gu/L tYofªs tyf kl/l:yltsf] ljZn]if0f ug'{ k5{ .
]
;Defljt hf]lvdsf] klxrfg / ljZn]if0f u/]/ To;sf] Go"gLs/0fsf nflu
Joj:yfkg /0fgLlt tof/ u/L k"jtof/L, k'g;+/rgfsf] ;'wf/h:tf kIfdf
{ {
sfd ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g' k5{ .
*= n]vfhf]vfaf6 k|fKt glthfsf] cfbfg k|bfg M
;ªs6sfnLg lzIff of]hgfsf] dfkb08nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg /fli6«o tyf
:yfgLo :t/sf k|ltlglwx¿aLr ;dGjo ul/g' k5{ . glthfsf] cfbfgk|bfg
u/L kl/dfh{g ug'{ kg]{ cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f / bIf tyf k|lt:kwL{ lgsfosf]
cefj ePdf cGt/f{li6«o g]tTjnfO{ ;dGjo tyf hfgsf/L cfbfgk|bfg ;+oGqsf]
[
lhDdf lbg' k5{ .
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷51

52. sfo{qmd ljZn]if0f dfkb08 @ M /0fgLlts lhDd]jf/L
z}lIfs sfo{qmdnfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg :ki6 ljj/0f ;lxt
;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f u/L sfo{sf] vfsf ljsl;t ug'{ k5{ .
dfu{bz{g
k|dv ;"rs
'
!= hjfkmb]xL
!= sfo{ q mdsf] cf/Dedf cfwf/e" t
;ªs6sfnLg lzIffsf Go"gtd tYofªs ;ªsng x'G5g .
dfkb08 sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos @= ;du| tYofªsn] ;'ema'emnfO{ :ki6
sf]if;lxt ah]6 ljlgof]hgsf] k|ltljlDat u5{ .
k|Tofe"lt x'g' k5{ . cg'dfg
#= afnaflnsf, o' j f, k| f } 9 ;a} s f]
ul/PeGbf a[xt :t/df z}lIfs
lzIffk|lt lhDd]jf/Lsf] af]w x'G5 .
sfo{qmdsf] dfu ePdf To;k|lt
hjfkmb]xL x'g ;Dej eP;Dd $= k| f /lDes tYofª s ;F u kl5Nnf
nrstf ckgfpg ;lsg] k|:tfj tYofªssf] t'ngfTds ljZn]if0f x'G5 .
x'g' k5{ . To;}u/L k|:tfjn] s'g %= ;ªs6fled'v ;d'bfosf nflu z}lIfs
:yfgsf] nflu s:tf] k|sf/sf] sfo{ q mdnfO{ /0fgLlts ?kdf
z}lIfs sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ hjfkmb]xL agfpF5 .
of]hgf /x]sf] 5 eGg] ls6fg ug'{ ^= ;dfj]zL tyf u'0f:t/Lo z}lIfs
k5{ . /0fgLltn] k|sf]kk|efljt ;d'bfosf]
@= tYofªs ;ªsng÷ljZn]if0f cfjZostf ;Daf]wg u5{ .
k|:tfjn] cfwf/e"t tYofªssf] ;ªsng tyf ljZn]if0f, sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf
clej[l4, / cg'udg tyf d"NofªsgnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug'{ k5{ .
#= /0fgLltnfO{ cBfjlws ug]{
;dofg'sn ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu /0fgLltnfO{ q}dfl;s ¿kdf k'g/fjnf]sg
"
u/L cBfjlws ug'{ k5{ .
$= bftfsf] hjfkmb]xLtf
z}lIfs u'0f:tf/ sfod /fVg / ;ªs6fled"v lzIffyL{x¿sf] lg/Gt/tfsf
nflu bftfn] ;xof]u h'6fpg hjfkmb]xL x'g' k5{ . lj:yflkt dflg;sf] a;f]af;
ePsf] 7fpFdf lzIffsf Go"gtd dfkb08 k"/f ug{ cfjZos sf]ifsf] Joj:yf
ug'{ k5{ .
k|sf]k M dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'g ÷52