1. The experts’ perceptions of women’s
entrepreneurship
Davit Darsavelidze
University of North Texas
PADM 5500
research methods I
Instructor: Dr. Gary Webb
05/01/2012

2. Do you think That
there is a country where
> Entrepreneurs?

3.  Introduction
 Women’s Entrepreneurship
 Hypotheses
 Data and methods
 Results and discussion
 Conclusion
 References
 Q&A
Outline
Women’s Entrepreneurship

4. Related facts
Women’s Entrepreneurship
Source: GEM 2010 Women’s Report (Kelly et al., 2012)

5. Related facts (continued)
Source: The economic impact of women-owned businesses In the US, 2009
Women’s Entrepreneurship
Result:
Women’s entrepreneurship
is one of the important
drives of the US economy
Source: http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/thumblarge_172/1186162194979Lu3.jpg
Women-owned enterprises in the US (2008)
 $1.9 trillion in sales
 Overall economic impact of $2.8 trillion
 Provide jobs exceeding 13 million
 28.2 % of all businesses, mainly small business
Source:
http://peakfamilybusiness.com/files/2011/03/woman_leader_casual_silhoue
tte_green.png

6. Importance of the issue
 Protection of women’s rights globally
 Rising of awareness of women’s entrepreneurship
 A role of female in creation of wealth the world
Application of results
 Need of women’s active participation in the
entrepreneurial policy development globally
 Active support of women’s entrepreneurship in
creation of world wealth
Introduction
Women’s Entrepreneurship

7. Women’s Entrepreneurship
Source:
Women’s Entrepreneurship
What is entrepreneurship?
It is the behavior connected with innovation
(Schumpter; 1934)
Or just responsiveness to new opportunities
(Kirzner; 1979)
Driven by necessity &/or opportunity
(Hechavarria and Reynolds, 2009)
What effects women’s entrepreneurship?
Culture (life and work values)
(Terrell and Troilo,2010)
as Guiso, Sapienza and Zingales noted,
“those customary beliefs & values that ethnic, religious, &
social groups transmit fairly unchanged from generation to
generation”
(as cited in Terrell and Troilo, 2010, p.263)

8.  Hypothesis #1: Gender of expert affects the perception of women’s
entrepreneurship. Compared to females, males more likely state that women and
men have equal opportunities to start business and less favor entrepreneurship as an
acceptable career for women.
 Hypothesis # 2: Experts with higher years of entrepreneurial experience
have higher perception of women’s entrepreneurship.
 Hypothesis # 3: An expert with expertise in service sector has higher
perception of women’s entrepreneurship, while in manufacturing sector it
is opposite.
 Hypothesis #4: Higher the variety of ethnicity in the country results
experts’ higher perception of the women’s entrepreneurship.
Hypotheses
Women’s Entrepreneurship

9. Data and Methods
Women’s Entrepreneurship
 Global Entrepreneurship Monitoring (GEM) Data (1999-2003)
 38 countries, 4685 expert
 Standard Questionnaires, interviews
 Convenience sampling (Reynolds et al., 2008)
 Independent variables:
 Experts characteristics (sex, experience of entrepreneurship, expertise in
service or manufacturing, country of origin)
 Dependent variables:
 5 variables of Experts’ perception of women’s entrepreneurship
 WEP Index (aggregated index of mentioned five variables of perception)
 Software for analyses: SPSS
 5 crosstab, 1 correlation, 2 T-test, 2 ANOVA analyses
Source: www.gemconsortium.org

10. % of Responses
with Somewhat and
completely true within
gender
Pearson
Chi-Square
Level of
significance
Female Male
1.
Social service help women with
families Work 40.2 46.5 0.000 P < 0.001
2.
New business start-up acceptable for
women 62.5 57.7 0.016 P < 0.05
3.
Women encouraged self-employment
or entrepreneurship 36.9 34.5 0.861 P > 0.05
4.
Women have as many business
opportunity as men 40.6 43.7 0.217 P > 0.05
5.
Women have same skills, motivation
to entrepreneurship 63.6 60.0 0.252 P > 0.05
Hypothesis #1_ Crosstabs
Women’s Entrepreneurship
Resultsanddiscussion
Table #1. Summary of Crosstabs analyses of gender and experts’ perception of
women’s entrepreneurship
Source: GEM Data / appendix #4
H#1: Gender of expert affects the perception of
women’s entrepreneurship.

11. Resultsanddiscussion
Hypothesis #2 _ Correlation
Women’s Entrepreneurship
H#2: Experts with higher years of entrepreneurial experience have
higher perception of women’s entrepreneurship.
Table #2. Correlations of WEP Index and experts’ years of experience in entrepreneurship
Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) Sig. level
0.086 0.000 P<001
Source: GEM Data / appendix #5
o High significant level (P<0.001)
o Positive correlation (0.086)

12. Hypothesis #3 _ T-test
Source: GEM Data /appendix #6
H# 3: An expert with expertise in service sector has higher perception of women’s
entrepreneurship, while in manufacturing sector it is opposite.
Women’s Entrepreneurship
Resultsanddiscussion
With
Expertise in
Valid cases Mean
Std.
Deviation
Sig. (2 tailed)
Level of sig.
Service
sector
All
2324
Yes 1333 16.1 4.2 0.012
P<0.05No 991 16.6 4.3
Manufacturi
ng sector
All
2319
Yes 760 16.7 4.2
0.001
P≤0.001No 1559 16.1 4.2
Table #3. Summary of T-Test, WEP Index and experts’ expertise in service &
manufacturing sectors

13. Is a country where > entrepreneurs
Women’s Entrepreneurship
Resultsanddiscussion
Source: GEM 2010 Women’s Report (Kelly et al., 2012)

14. Hypothesis #4 _ ANOVA
Women’s Entrepreneurship
Resultsanddiscussion
H #4: Higher the variety of ethnicity in the country results experts’
higher perception of the women’s entrepreneurship.
Country
(number of experts)
Ethnical fraction* Mean of women
Index
Within Group
US (38) 0.491 19.4 III
UK (75) 0.324 15.5 II
China (65) 0.154 18 III
Japan (36) 0.012 11.3 I
Source: GEM Data/ Appendix #7
*Fearon (2003, p.215 -216)
Table #4. Difference of experts’perception of women’s entrepreneurship among the
US, the UK, China and Japan (p<0.001)

15. Hypothesis #4
Women’s Entrepreneurship
Resultsanddiscussion
H#4: Higher the variety of ethnicity in the country results experts’
higher perception of the women’s entrepreneurship.
Country
(number of experts)
Ethnical fraction* Mean of women
Index
Within Group
Canada (23)
0.596 18.6
III
US (38)
0.491 19.4 III
UK (75)
0.324 15.5 II
Argentina (66)
0.255 14.6 II
China (65)
0.154 18 III
Australia (108)
0.149 17.6 III
Uganda (35)
0.93 15 II
Japan (36)
0.012 11.3 I
Source: GEM Data/ Appendix #7
*Fearon (2003, p.215 -216)
Table #5. Difference of experts’ perception of women’s entrepreneurship
in different countries (P<0.001)

16. Key findings
Women’s Entrepreneurship
 Gender is a key factor of experts’ perception of women’s
entrepreneurship
 Experts’ longevity of entrepreneurial experience directly
correlated with high perception of the women’s
Entrepreneurship
 Country of origin of expert is a strong determinant that of
different perception of women’s entrepreneurship
 Experts’ Experience in manufacturing or service industry is not a
strong determinant of rising women’s entrepreneurship

17. Conclusion
Women’s Entrepreneurship
 Experts’ characteristics like sex and longevity of
entrepreneurial experience and the countries they present,
may affect Experts’ perception of women’s
entrepreneurship, while their specialization by sectors may
not.
 While Developing policies and special working teams to
promote women’s entrepreneurship, the experts
characteristics of gender, country and longevity of
entrepreneurial experience should be taken into account.

18. Kelly, D., Brush C., Greene, P. and Litovsky, Y.(2012). GEM 2010 Women’s Report.
Global Entrepreneurship Monitoring. Retrieved on April 25, 2012, from:
http://www.gemconsortium.org/news/757/gem-2010-womens-report-
Hechavarria, D.M. And Reynolds, P.D. (2009). Cultural norms & business start-ups:
the impact of national values on opportunity and necessity entrepreneurs .
International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal (5)4, 417-437. DOI:
10.1007/s11365-009-0115-6
Kirzner, I.M. (1979). Perception opportunity and profit studies in the theory of
entrepreneurship. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Schumpter, J. A.(1934). The theory of economic development. Cambridge:
Harvard University Press.
Terrell, K. and Troilo, M. (2010). Values and female entrepreneurship. International
Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, (2)3, 260-286. DOI:
10.1108/17566261011079242
The economic impact of women-owned businesses In the US. (2009). Walmart,
National Women’s Business Council, The Center for Women’s Business
Research. retrieved on April 26, 2012 from:
http://www.womensbusinessresearchcenter.org/Data/research/economicim
pactstud/econimpactreport-final.pdf
References
Women’s Entrepreneurship

19. Questions, suggestions?
Women’s Entrepreneurship

20. Davit Darsavelidze
davitdarsavelidze@my.unt.edu
+ 1 940 297 9246
Thank you for your attention