The bestselling trilogy Shades of Grey has made record sums of money but also shows there is heavy discounting going on in the book trade. Two major retailers, Barnes & Noble in the U.S., and Waterstones in the U.K., have tried very different strategies to cope with e-books and Amazon. Both book retailers have produced increasing losses, forcing a change of direction for Barnes & Noble. The Reading hasn’t declined - although there is now less money to be made selling printed books and e-books are typically sold at lower prices than printed books. The way people buy books has changed and Barnes & Noble and Waterstones need to radically change the scale and format of their operations.