1. Grammar Book SP3 semesters 1 &2 Isabel Vogt

2. El Preterito Preterite Triggers Car.Gar.Zar Spock Verbs Snake and Snakey Cucaracha Verbs El Imperfecto Imperfect Triggers Imperfect Irregulars Preterite vs. Imperfect Verbs like Gustar Comparatives and Superlatives Comparative/Superlative Irregulars Estar Ser Transition Words El Futuro Triggers for Future Future Irregulars Por Para Table of Contents- first semester

3. Conditional present prefect tenses -past - present perfect-irregular -subjunctive perfecto Tan y tanto Impersonal “se” Saber vs conocer Commands Subjunctive Impersonal expressions Expressions of emotions Conjunctions of time Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns Table of contents- second semester

4. Preterite is used when you are talking about the past -ar éasteóamosasteisaron Er/ir íisteióimosisteisieron Ex. Ella caminó por el parque. Preterite

5. Words that are used with the preterite to signal the preterite is being used. Ayer Anteayer Anoche La semanapasada Ex. Ayer lavé mi carro Trigger words

6. Irregular preterite -car –gar –zar only take place in the “yo” form, otherwise use the regular preterite conjugation Verbs that end in –car conjugate to qué Ex. Sacarsaqué, sacaste, sacó, sacamos, sacaron Verbs that end in –gar conjugate to gué Ex. Llegarllegué, llegaste, llegó, llegamos, llegaron Verbs that end in –zarconguate to cé ex. Cruzarcrucé, cruzaste, cruzó, cruzamos, cruzaron -car –gar –zar

7. The “hand” irregulars Ir- fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron Ser- fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron Dar- di, diste, dio, dimos, dieron Ver- vi, viste, vio, vimos, vieron Hacer- hice, hizo, hicimos,hicieron Spock Irregular Verbs

8. Snake (e>i) pedir, preferir, competir, reptir, servir. (o>u) dormir, morir, sirvió durmió Snakey Leer, creer, oir I changes to y in 3rd person Leyó Creyó oyó Snakey + snake verbs

9. Andaranduv- Estarestuv- Poderpud- Poner pus- Quererqurs- -e (yo), -iste (tú), -o (el, ella, ud.) Saber sup- -imos (nostros), -ieron (ellos, ellas, uds.) Tenertuv- Venirvin- Conducirconduj- Producirproduj- Traducirtraduj- -no i Decirdij Traer traj Cucaracha Verbs

10. Indicates a continuous action Imperfected time Very distant past El Imperfecto -AR -er/ir

11. Imperfect Triggers

12. Imperfect Irregulars IR SER VER

13. Preterite vs. Imperfect

16. Comparative/Superlative Irregulars

17. Estoy Estás Está Estamos Están Use estar when you are talking about the following… H-health E-motion L-location P-resent condition I- Identification N-ar = ando G- er/iedno Ex. La manzanaestáverde. Estar

18. Soy Eres Es Somos Son Use Ser when you are talking about the following…. D- description O-origin C- characteristics (personality) T- time O-occupation R-relationship P-possession E-events D-dates Ex. Ella escallada. Ser

19. Transition words

20. Infinitive plus ending -ar, -er, & -ir all the same  I will, you will, he/she will, they will, we will Future

21. El proximo Mañana En Triggers for Future

22. Caber—cabr Decir—dir Haber—habr Hacer—har Hay—habrá Poder—podr Poner—pondr Querer—querr Saber—sabr Salir—saldr Tener—tendr Valer—valdr Venir--vendr Future Irregulars

23. Passing through..PORtal General rather than specific location..PORtugal How long something lasts..PORever An exchange Doing something in place of or instead of someone else..I'm POoR, pay for me Means of transPORtation Por

24. For whom something is done..surprise PARAty Destination.. PARAguay The purpose of which something is done..PARAsite To express an opinion…PARAdon me To contrast of compare To express idea of deadline… PARAmedic Para

25. When do I use it? I use it when… possibility, probability, wonder, “would, could, must have, probably” Irregulars Caber- cabría Poner- pondría Decir- diría Haber-habría Salir- saldría Hacer- haría Poder- podría Tener- tendría Querer- querría Valer- valdría Saber-sabría Venir- vendría Conditional

26. Present perfect is a compound tense When and how to use present perfect… To tell what you have or have not done When speaking about something (like an action) that was true in the past and is still true in the present To indicate an action was completed recently Present Perfect

27. Past perfect Two verbs are necessary because the past perfect is a compound tense. These verbs are the main verb and the auxiliary verb Combine the auxiliary verb “had” with the past participle

28. Abrir- abierto Cubrir-cubierto Decir-dicho Escribir-escrito Hacer-hecho Morir-muerto Poner-puesto Resolver-resuelto Romper-roto Ver-visto Volver-vuelto Ir-ido Present perfect irregulars

29. The present subjunctive is used when the dependent clause is in the present or future, while the present perfect subjunctive is used when the dependent clause is in the past Used when a verb or expression requiring the subjunctive in the main clause is in the present, future, or present perfect Ex. Dudoque lo hayashecho subjunctive perfecto

30. Tanto + noun + como (-a,-os,-as) Example: Talia tienetantodinerocomo Isabel Tan + adjective or adverb + como Example: la peliculaes tan buenocomo el libro Tan y tanto

31. Se can be used in all tenses Use se to avoid talking about a specific person who is doing the action of the verb Using se, the verb is always in 3rd person “Se” Impersonal

32. Saber- facts and information Conocer- places, literature, people Saber vs Conocer

33. Put it in the yo form Drop the –o and add the opposite vowel ending Ar-e Er/ir-a To make it plural add –an Hablar- hable(n) Comer- coma(n) Commands- formal Ud. & Uds.

34. T.V.D.I.S.H.E.S Tener- tengo-tengue(en) Venir-vengo-venga(n) Decir/Dar-diga(n) or dé(n) Ir-voy-vaya(n) Ser-sea(n) Hacer-hago-haga(n) Estar-estoy-esté(n) Saber-sepá(n) Commands- formal Ud/Uds irregular

35. Conjugate the verb in the tú form Drop the –s Example: hablar- habla Comer- come Commads- Tú affirmative

36. Decir- di Hacer-haz Ir- ve Poner-pon Salir-sal Tener-ten Venir-ven Commads- Tú affirmative Irregular

37. Put it in the yo form and drop the –o Add the opposite tú ending Example: hablar- no hables Comer- no comas Commands- negative tú

38. Tener- tengas Venir- vengas Decir- digas Ir-vayas Ser-sayas Hacer-hagas Estar-estes Saber-sepas Commands- negative tú irregular

39. Put it in the yo form of the present tense verb and drop the –o Add opposite nosotros ending Example: hablar- hablemos With reflexive verbs, drop the –s on the command form before attaching the reflexive pronoun Levantemos- noslevantémonos Commands- nosotros

40. Object pronouns are directly attached to the end of the imperative form of the verb Ex: cómprelo If both direct and indirect object pronouns are attached, the indirect object pronoun comes before the direct object pronoun Ex: cómpreloUd.- cómpremeloUd. Negative commands The object pronouns come before the imperative form of the verb Ex. No lo compre If both there are both direct and indirect object pronouns, the indirect object pronoun comes before the direct object pronoun Ex: no me lo compre Commands- IOP/DOP Placement

41. Present Subjunctive

42. Irregulares

43. Impersonal Expressions

44. Expressions of Emotions

45. Expressions of emotions

46. Take the indicative when the action in the subordinate clause is either habitual or in the past. The subjunctive is used when the main clause is a command or in the future. Example: trabajéhastaquemisniños me llamaron. Conjugations of Time

47. This, that, these, those Ejemplos: Adjectives: Este libroes mal- this book is bad Yoquieroestataza Pronouns: Yoquieroeste- I want that ¿Queesese? Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns