1. Networking Fundamentals
SWITCHING
8.1

2. 8.2
Switched network

3. 8.3
Types of switched networks

4. 8.4
CIRCUIT-SWITCHED NETWORKSCIRCUIT-SWITCHED NETWORKS
A circuit-switched network consists of a set of switchesA circuit-switched network consists of a set of switches
connected by physical links. A connection between twoconnected by physical links. A connection between two
stations is a dedicated path made of one or more links.stations is a dedicated path made of one or more links.
However, each connection uses only one dedicatedHowever, each connection uses only one dedicated
channel on each link. Each link is normally dividedchannel on each link. Each link is normally divided
into n channels by using FDM or TDM.into n channels by using FDM or TDM.

5. 8.5
A trivial circuit-switched network

6. 8.6
In circuit switching, the resources need
to be reserved during the setup phase;
the resources remain dedicated for the
entire duration of data transfer until the
teardown phase.
Note

7. 8.7
As a trivial example, let us use a circuit-switched network
to connect eight telephones in a small area.
Communication is through 4-kHz voice channels. We
assume that each link uses FDM to connect a maximum
of two voice channels. The bandwidth of each link is then
8 kHz. Figure shows the situation. Telephone 1 is
connected to telephone 7; 2 to 5; 3 to 8; and 4 to 6. Of
course the situation may change when new connections
are made. The switch controls the connections.
Example

8. 8.8
Circuit-switched network used in Example

9. 8.9
Delay in a circuit-switched network

10. 8.10
Switching at the physical layer in the
traditional telephone network uses
the circuit-switching approach.
Note

11. 8.11
DATAGRAM NETWORKSDATAGRAM NETWORKS
In data communications, we need to send messagesIn data communications, we need to send messages
from one end system to another. If the message isfrom one end system to another. If the message is
going to pass through a packet-switched network, itgoing to pass through a packet-switched network, it
needs to be divided into packets of fixed or variableneeds to be divided into packets of fixed or variable
size. The size of the packet is determined by thesize. The size of the packet is determined by the
network and the governing protocol.network and the governing protocol.

12. 8.12
In a packet-switched network, there
is no resource reservation;
resources are allocated on demand.
Note

13. 8.13
A datagram network with five switches (routers)
Packets may also be lost/dropped due to lack of resources

14. 8.14
In a packet-switched (connectionless)network ,
there are no setup or teardown phases. Each
packet is treated the same regardless of its
source or destination.
Note

15. 8.15
Routing table in a datagram network

16. 8.16
A switch (router) in a datagram network
uses a routing table that is based on the
destination address. The routing tables
are updated dynamically or statically.
Note

17. 8.18
Delay in a datagram network

18. 8.19
Switching in the Internet is done by
using the datagram approach to packet
switching at the network layer.
Note

19. Comparison of circuit switched and
packet-switched networks

20. 8.21
VIRTUAL-CIRCUIT NETWORKSVIRTUAL-CIRCUIT NETWORKS
A virtual-circuit network is a cross between a circuit-A virtual-circuit network is a cross between a circuit-
switched network and a datagram network. It hasswitched network and a datagram network. It has
some characteristics of both.some characteristics of both.

21. 8.22
One

22. 8.23
Virtual-circuit network

23. 8.24

24. 8.25
Virtual-circuit identifier

25. 8.26

26. 8.27
Switch and switching tables in a virtual-circuit network

27. 8.28
Setup request frame from source to destination in a virtual-circuit network
B assigns a VCI if
ready to receive
frames from A

28. 8.29
A special Setup acknowledgment frame completes the table entries

29. 8.30
Source-to-destination data transfer in a virtual-circuit network

30. 8.31
• In virtual-circuit switching, all packets belonging
to the same source and destination travel the
same path; but the packets may arrive at the
destination with different delays due to:
— Varying packet queue lengths in the
network nodes
— Varying load from other users sharing the
same network resources

31. 8.32
Delay in a virtual-circuit network

32. 8.33
Switching at the data link layer in a
switched WAN is normally
implemented by using
virtual-circuit techniques.
Note

33. 8.34
STRUCTURE OF A SWITCHSTRUCTURE OF A SWITCH
We use switches in circuit-switched and packet-We use switches in circuit-switched and packet-
switched networks. We will see the structures of theswitched networks. We will see the structures of the
switches used in packet-switched networks.switches used in packet-switched networks.

34. 8.35
Packet switch components

35. 8.36
Input port

36. 8.37
Output port

37. 8.38

38. 8.39
Crossbar switch with three inputs and four outputs
ni xmo Crosspoints.
Impractical & Inefficient

39. 8.40
A banyan switch – more realistic
For in=out =n,log2 nstages with n/2
microswitches at each stage. Routing based on
output port represented as binary string

40. 8.41
Examples of routing in a banyan switch
b. Try Input 5 to Output 2

41. 8.42
Examples of routing in a banyan switch