This document discusses Freud's dual-instinct theory of Eros and Thanatos, or the life and death instincts. It also covers three contemporary views of the unconscious - the Freudian, adaptive, and implicit unconscious. Key psychodynamic concepts are explained such as the id, ego, ego defense mechanisms, ego effectance, and object relations theory. Criticisms of the psychodynamic approach are also mentioned.
2. Freud’s Dual-Instinct Theory
EROS THANATOS
Instinct for Life Instincts for Death
e.g., instincts for e.g., instincts for
• sex, • aggression toward self,
(self-criticism,
• nurturance, depression)
• affiliation • aggression toward others
(anger, prejudice)
8. Ego
Psychology
Ego Development (Loevinger, 1976)
9. Ego Development
Symbiotic
Infant, ego is immature and overwhelmed by impulses
Welfare depends of and is provided by caretaker
Impulsive
External forces (parental rules) curb a child’s impulses
and desires
Self-Protective
Child begins to understand rules and consequences and
develops self-control
Rules and consequences are internalized and guide
one’s self-protective defense capabilities
10. Ego Development
Conformist
Ego internalizes group accepted rules
Anxiety of group disapproval becomes a counterforce
against impulses
Conscientious
Set of internal standards to curb and counter impulses
Autonomous
Thoughts, plans, goals, and behaviors originate from
within the ego
Self regulating and self motivating ego
12. Ego Defense
Changes in Internal
Or External Reality
• Environmental Dangers
(conflict with Anxiety,
environment) Distress,
Depression
• Instinctual Presses (from Id)
(conflict with impulses)
Defense Mechanisms to
• Superego Demands Buffer and Reduce Anxiety
(conflict with
conscience)
Figure 14.1 Role of Defense Mechanisms in Buffering the Ego from Anxiety-Generating Events
14. Ego Effectance
White’s Model of Effectance Motivation
Effectance
Motivation
When Successful, Sense
of Competence Increases
Willingness to Exercise Inevitable Voluntary Attempts
Emerging and Existing Effects on or To Produce Intentional,
Skills and Capabilities Changes in the Goal-Directed
Environment Changes in the
Environment
15. Freud’s Drive
Theory
Source of Drive Impetus of Drive Object of Drive Aim of Drive
Bodily deficit Intensity of the Environmental Satisfaction
psychological object capable by removing the
discomfort of satisfying bodily deficit
(anxiety) bodily deficit
Development of mental representations of self through your relationships with
others.
16. Object Relation Theory
The quality of any one’s mental representation of
relationships can be characterized by three chief dimensions: