4. Incidence
Hellin’s Law – Twin = 1:80
Triplets = 1:80²
Quadruplets = 1:80³
Monozygotic = 3-5/1000 births
Dizygotic = varies depending on
maternal age, race and geographical
distribution
5. Aetiology
Assisted reproduction techniques
Increase parity
Increase maternal age
Family history
Previous multiple pregnancy
African race
6. Type of multiple pregnancy
Dizygotic / binovular / fraternal
2. Monozygotic / Uniovular / identical
1.
7. Types of Monozygotic twins
1. Dichorionic Diamniotic :
i. Division occurs with in 72 hrs of fertilization
ii. May have 2 diff placentas/ single fused placenta
iii.Difficult to differentiate form dizygotic twins
iv.Both babies have same sex
2. Monochorionic Diamniotic:
I. Division occurs with in 4 – 8 days of fertilization
8. 3. Monochorionic Monoamniotic:
I. Division occurs 9-12 days of fertilization
4. Conjoined twins:
I. Division occurs after 13th day
II. Incomplete division of embryonic disc
III. Types: -thoracopagus
- omphalophagus
-craniopagus
-pyopagus
-ischiopagus
9. Monozygotic / Uniovular / Identical
Dizygotic / binovular / fraternal
1.1/3 twins
1.2/3 twins
2.1 sperm and 1 ovum
2.2 sperms and 2 ova
3.Identical
3.Dichorionic Diamniotic
twins
4.Type of placenta depends
on the time of splitting of
embryo
4.Presence of chorionic tissue
between 2 amniotic sac
5.Incidence is dependent of
5.Incidence is independent of race, age, parity, and
race, age, parity
ovulation inducing drugs
11. SIGNS :
• Anemia
• Edema
• Abnormal Weight Gain
• Uterine Height > POG
It may be normal size in case of binovular twins/ when 1 of
the babies die in utero
Palpation:
Feel 2 separate heads/ > 2 poles
Auscultation :
2 FHS with difference of at least 10 beats heard on 2 sides of
uterus by 2 people, at least 6 inches away
12. Role of ultrasound
Confirmation of chorionicity
Twin peak sign / Lambda sign = dichorionic placenta
Identify the number and site of placenta, fuse or
separate
Lie and presentation of twin
Amniotic fluid assessment
17. Twin to Twin Transfusion
Syndrome
Occur in 10-15% of monochorionic twins
Mostly during 2nd trimester
Due to imbalance of blood flow across placental
AV anastomosis
Symptoms : sudden increase girth a/w extreme
discomfort
Signs : tense uterus with excessive
liquor volume
Ultrasound : Polyhydramnios in
recipient.Oligohydramnios in donor
18. Donor twin
Recipient twin
Hypovolemic & oliguric/anuric
Hypervolemic & polyuric
Result in stuck twin phenomenon
where the twin appears in a fixed
position against uterine wall
Can also develop HTN,hypertrophic
cardiomegaly,disseminated
intravascular coagulation,and
hyperbilirubinemia after birth
Ultrasound may fail to visualize fetal
bladder because of absent urine
Both twin can develop hydrops foetalis
Donor can become hydropic because of
anemia and high output heart failure
Recipient becomes hydopic because of
hypervolemia
19. Single Fetal Demise
> in Monochorionic twin
If one twin dies after 14wk,there is high risk of
neurological damage to survivor twin : due to
thromboplastin release thrombotic arterial
occlusion of ant & middle cerebral arteries
multicystic encephalomalacia
20. Management of multiple
pregnancy
Antenatal care :
Extra attention & diet: at least 300 kcal more than in
normal pregnancy
Routine iron and folic acid
Detailed anomaly scan followed by serial growth scan
at 28, 32 and 36 week
Hospitalization if suspected pretem
21. RCOG recommended antenatal
care
Dichorionic
Monochorionic
-Lead clinician with multidisciplinary
team
-Lead clinician with multidisciplinary
team
-US at 10-13wk :
viability,chorionicity,NT:aneuploidy
US at 10-13wk :
viability,chorionicity,NT:aneuploidy/T
TTS
-Structural anomaly scan at 20-22wk
-US surveillance for TTTS and
discordant growth at 16wk and then
2weekly
-Serial fetal growth scan eg:24,28,32
then 2-4weekly
-Structural anomaly scan 20-22wk
(including fetal ECHO)
-BP monitoring and urinalysis at
20,24,28 and then 2weekly
-fetal growth scan 2wkly interval until
delivery
-Discussion of mother’s/family needs
relating to twins
-BP monitoring and urinalysis at
20,24,28 then 2weekly
22. Timing of delivery
Uncomplicated dichorionic – by
38 week
Uncomplicated monochorionic –
by 37 week
TTTS – depend on current
situation
MCMA – 32 week, by LSCS
23. Mode of delivery
Depend on presentation of 1st twin
Both vertex / 1st twin vertex –
vaginal delivery
Indication for Elective LSCS
-More than 2 fetuses
-1st twin malpresentation, CPD
-Scarred uterus
-MCMA
-Conjoint twin
-IUGR in dichorionic twin
-TTTS
24. Emergency LSCS :
-Fetal distress
-cord prolapse in 1st baby
-Non progress of labor
-2nd twin is transverse, version failed after
delivery of 1st twin
25. Management during labour 1st
stage
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Determine the presentation of 1st twin
Maintain partogram
Keep NBM and establish IV line
Blood grouping and cross matched
Continous intrapartum twin CTG monitoring
Analgesic
26. Management during labour 2nd
stage
1. Delivery of 1st twin
2. Clamp and cut the cord
3. Note lie of the 2nd twin (delivered within 20 min)
4. Longitudinal lie (abdominally & vaginally) :
Start 2 units of pitocin IV drip
Cephalic Fix the head into pelvisARM &
deliver the fetus
Breech Assisted breech delivery, Breech
extraction
27. If 2nd twin has transverse lie :
•
•
•
•
Assistant performs ECV.
Fix the head in lower pole of the uterus and accoucher
performs controlled ROM (rupture of membrane)
If this fails: do IPV (internal podalic version) followed
by breech extraction
Or proceed with emergency LSCS