Educational Technology

1. Ten Trends Currently Affecting the field of Instructional Design and Technology Robert Reiser Distinguished Teaching Professor and Robert M. Morgan Professor of Instructional Systems Florida State University

2. Ten Trends Currently Affecting the field of Instructional Design and Technology

3. Ten Trends Currently Affecting the field of Instructional Technology

4. Ten Trends Currently Affecting the field of Educational Technology

5. Ten Trends Currently Affecting the field of Instructional Design and Technology

6. How Definitions of the Field Have Changed: Early Definitions (early 1900s - 1960s) Instructional Technology = Media “ audiovisual materials” (e.g., films, radio, broadcast television) “ the media born of the communications revolution” (e.g., video, computers, the Internet, digital video, etc)

7. Inst. Technology = systematic approach to instructional design “ a systematic way of designing, carrying out and evaluating the total process of learning and teaching” (Commission on Inst. Technology, 1970) “ a complex, integrated process .. for analyzing problems, and devising implementing, evaluating, and managing solutions to those problems...” (AECT, 1977) How Definitions of the Field Have Changed: Later Definitions (1970s - 1980s)

8. How Definitions of the Field Have Changed: A Definition for Today The field of instructional design and technology encompasses the analysis of learning and performance problems, and the design, development, implementation, evaluation and management of instructional and non-instructional processes and resources intended to improve learning and performance in a variety of settings, particularly educational institutions and the workplace. Professionals in the field of instructional design and technology often use systematic instructional design procedures and employ a variety of instructional media to accomplish their goals.

9. The field of instructional design and technology encompasses the analysis of learning and performance problems, and the design , development , implementation , evaluation and management of instructional and non-instructional processes and resources intended to improve learning and performance in a variety of settings, particularly educational institutions and the workplace. Professionals in the field of instructional design and technology often use systematic instructional design procedures and employ a variety of instructional media to accomplish their goals. How Definitions of the Field Have Changed: A Definition for Today Instructional Design and Technology = a systematic approach to instructional design

10. The field of instructional design and technology encompasses the analysis of learning and performance problems, and the design, development, implementation, evaluation and management of instructional and non-instructional processes and resources intended to improve learning and performance in a variety of settings, particularly educational institutions and the workplace. Professionals in the field of instructional design and technology often use systematic instructional design procedures and employ a variety of instructional media to accomplish their goals. How Definitions of the Field Have Changed: A Definition for Today Instructional Design and Technology = a systematic approach to instructional design and the use of instructional media

11. The field of instructional design and technology encompasses the analysis of learning and performance problems , and the design, development, implementation, evaluation and management of instructional and non-instructional processes and resources intended to improve learning and performance in a variety of settings, particularly educational institutions and the workplace. Professionals in the field of instructional design and technology often use systematic instructional design procedures and employ a variety of instructional media to accomplish their goals. How Definitions of the Field Have Changed: A Definition for Today Instructional Design and Technology = a systematic approach to instructional design and the use of instructional media and performance improvement techniques

12. The field of instructional design and technology encompasses the analysis of learning and performance problems, and the design, development, implementation, evaluation and management of instructional and non-instructional processes and resources intended to improve learning and performance in a variety of settings, particularly educational institutions and the workplace. Professionals in the field of instructional design and technology often use systematic instructional design procedures and employ a variety of instructional media to accomplish their goals. How Definitions of the Field Have Changed: A Definition for Today Instructional Design and Technology = a systematic approach to instructional design and the use of instructional media and performance improvement techniques

15. Source: ASTD 2006 State of the Industry Report Extent of Use of Instructional and Non-Instructional Methods

16. Trend Currently Affecting the IDT Field: Knowledge Management What is Knowledge Management? The creation, archiving and sharing of valued information, expertise, and insight within and across communities of people and organizations with similar interests and needs. (Rosenberg, 2007) Getting the right knowledge from the right sources to the right people, right when they want it (adapted from Rossett, 2007)

17. Vendors Marketing Product Development Information Technology Help Desks Public Relations Training HR Finance Manufacturing Knowledge Management Instead of knowledge chaos: used with permission of Marc Rosenberg, 2007

18. Vendors Marketing Product Development Information Technology Help Desks Public Relations Training HR Finance Manufacturing Knowledge Management provides useful organization of knowledge: used with permission of Marc Rosenberg, 2007 KM

19. Trend Currently Affecting the IDT Field: Electronic Performance Support Systems What is an EPSS? A software application that provides just-in time assistance to individuals so as to help them perform tasks more effectively and efficiently (adapted from McKay & Wager, 2007)

21. Differences between EPSS and Knowledge Management based on Rossett (2002) & Rosenberg (2007) information is accessed via initiative of user information is fully integrated into work task less pre-filtered, allowing users to search and surf usually filters information for users goal is to provide strategies for completing the task goal is getting the task done user is given “heuristics” re how to proceed takes user through a precise series of steps Knowledge Management EPSS

24. source: Sloan Foundation, 2006 Percent of Colleges & Universities with Online Courses/Programs On average, more than 60% offer online courses or programs

25. e-Learning More online courses = more opportunities for instructional designers Why?

26. e-Learning: Expected Increase in the Need for ID Skills source: e-Learning Guild, 2006

27. e-Learning: Related Activities with Largest Expected Growth source: e-Learning Guild, 2006

28. Trend Currently Affecting the IDT Field: Learning Objects “ any entity, digital or non-digital, which can be used, re-used or referenced during technology supported learning” IEEE Learning Technology Standards Committee, 2007 Definitions “ any digital resource that can be reused to support learning … the main idea … is to break educational content down into small chunks that can be reused in various learning environments” Wiley, The Instructional Use of Learning Objects, 2000

29. Reusable Content

32. Learning Object Repositories: Example of K - 12 Repository

33. Learning Object Repositories: Example of Higher Ed. Repository

34. Definitions Trend Currently Affecting the IDT Field: Informal Learning Informal learning is the unofficial, unscheduled, impromptu way people learn to do their jobs. Jay Cross, Informal Learning, 2006 Learning other than that which typically takes place in a classroom or other formal instructional settings (such as on-line instruction, webinars, simulations, computer-based instruction, etc.) adapted from Rossett & Hoffman, 2007

36. Characteristics of Formal and Informal Learning: A Comparison Formal Informal from Jay Cross, 2007 learner-driven instructor-driven Content defined by learner’s perception of need Content mandated by others’ perception of need Relationships, conversation Courses, workshops Web 2.0 culture: Pull School culture: Push

37. Informal Learning: The Predominant Means of Learning in Workplaces from Jay Cross, 2007

39. Criticism of “Traditional” ID Approaches Critics indicate: - traditional ID approaches reduce complex tasks into simple elements, making it difficult for learners to “put all the pieces together” - traditional ID approaches often provide insufficient “authentic” practice activities, thus inhibiting transfer of training

42. Trend Currently Affecting the IDT Field: Holistic Instructional Design Models Key Features - focus on whole task performance - scaffold learning of whole task (e.g., start with simple version of whole task) - employ mathegenic methods; those which “ give birth to” learning (e.g., random sequencing, variability of practice) from van Merrienboer Alternate Models of Instructional Design, 2007

43. Trends Currently Affecting the IDT Field: Measurement and Evaluation “ All Benchmarking Forum and BEST organizations in 2006 reported having well-defined performance measures for their learning initiatives and used a variety of processes and systems to evaluate and report on learning activities” ASTD 2006 State of the Industry Report

44. Percentage of BEST Organizations Using Particular Measurement Metrics

47. Thank You! For further information, see: Reiser, R. A., & Dempsey, J.A. (2007). Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology (2nd ed.) Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Go to: vig.prenhall.com/search