Biology Exam 2

Introduction to defense systems of the body ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The non-specific defenses of our normal flora ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The non-specific defenses of our normal flora ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Examples of interruption of normal flora ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

C. difficile and antibiotic-associated colitis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],C diff proliferation

Acids as a barrier ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The epidermis as a mechanical barrier ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The anti-microbial role of surface acid ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Antibacterial “lysozyme” ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The respiratory mucociliary escalator ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Natural chemical protection against the spread of viral infections: interferon ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Cellular response to viral infection: INTERFERON

Our 1 st line of defense against invading bacteria: neutrophils ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

NEUTROPHILS are attracted to bacteria ,[object Object],[object Object],Infection- bacteria cause release of the chemical signals

Macrophages are “multi-taskers” ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

“ Activated” macrophages and fever production ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

A macrophage has various microbe-specific receptors on its surface ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Another chemical defense: the “defensins” ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Introduction to defense systems of the body ,[object Object]

Overview of the lymphatic system ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The specific defense system: the IMMUNE SYSTEM ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The origins of lymphocytes (B-cell and T-cells) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The steps involved in activating the immune system ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The macrophage as an APC ,[object Object],[object Object]

Activating a B-cell ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The 5 classes of antibodies/immunoglobins ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The 5 antibody classes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Antibody class-switching from IgM to IgG ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

How pathogens are destroyed by antibodies ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

3 roles of antibodies ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The multiple roles of pathogen-bound antibodies ,[object Object],[object Object]

The antibody-activation of complement ,[object Object],[object Object]

Cytotoxic T-cell response to viral infections ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The cytotoxic T-cell and cell-mediated cytotoxicity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Perforin molecules put holes in the infected cell

The perforin molecules of cytotoxic T-cells ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity: (ADCC) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

B-cell activation independent of helper T-cells ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The activated B-cell: memory B cell and plasma cell clones

Antibody class-switching from IgM to IgA ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Natural immunity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Vaccines and immunization ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Vaccines: an artificial mechanism of active immunity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Memory cells are essential for a 2 0 response ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Vaccines and “length” of immunity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Long-term vaccines given to children in the USA ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

More long-term vaccines ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Need for other vaccines ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object]

Immunological clinical tests for infections ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Latex bead-bound antibody tests for pathogens ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The ELISA tests ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The indirect ELISA test to detect antibodies ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The direct ELISA test to detect antigen ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The Western blot test ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Florescent-linked antibody tests for pathogens ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Immune system disorders ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

An allergy is a type I hypersensitivity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Anaphylactic shock is a severe type I hypersensitivity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

HDNB is a Type II hypersensitivity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Drug-induced thrombocytopenic purpura is a Type II hypersensitivity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Post-streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis is a type III hypersensitivity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

A poison ivy rash is a type IV hypersensitivity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The tuberculin skin test utilizes type IV hypersensitivity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Auto-immune diseases ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Examples of autoimmune diseases ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Transplants and immunosuppression ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Immune deficiencies ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Latent and active HIV infection ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The progression of an HIV infection

HIV antiviral drugs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Introduction to antimicrobial drugs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Introduction to antibiotics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Narrow-spectrum antibiotics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The penicillin tree ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Beta-lactam ring narrow-spectrum antibiotics

Penicillin drugs inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

MRSA Staphylococcus aureus ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Vancomycin and Bacitracin inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Penicillinase is an enzyme of bacterial drug resistance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Semi-synthetic penicillins have a “broader” affect ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Other beta-lactam drugs that disrupt peptidoglycan synthesis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Erythromycin ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],A 70S bacterial ribosome

“ Zyvox” ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Antibiotics and “the pill” ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The natural penicillin drugs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Broad spectrum drugs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The 70s RIBOSOME is a major target ,[object Object],[object Object]

Broad-spectrums that interfere with bacterial protein synthesis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Broad-spectrum drugs that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Antimicrobials that inhibit bacterial nucleic acid synthesis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Sulfa drugs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Summary of antibiotic modes of action

Targets of antibacterial drugs

The disk-diffusion test to assess drug effectiveness ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Drug treatment for TUBERCULOSIS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Some bacterial strategies against drugs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

An antibiotic that damages the plasma membrane of bacteria ,[object Object],[object Object]

Anti-viral herpes drugs: ACYCLOVIR ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Other antiviral drugs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Anti-fungal, -protozoan, and –helminth drugs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

A graph of anti-septic effectiveness ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Sterilization: the AUTOCLAVE and filtering ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Biology Exam 2

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