Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. It exists in three physical states: solid, liquid, and gas. In solids, particles are closely packed together and vibrate in a fixed position. In liquids, particles are farther apart and can move freely, while in gases particles are very far apart and move at very high speeds. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration. Whether an object sinks or floats depends on its density compared to the density of the surrounding liquid - less dense objects float while denser objects sink.

1. MATTER

2. What is matter ?
• Matter is anything that has mass and
• occupies space.
• Matter has mass because its mass is acted
upon by Earth’s gravity.
• Matter has volume as it occupies space.
• Almost everything around us is matter,
whether it’s living things or non-living
things.

3. Mass Weight
A measure of Definition A measure of the
the amount of (What is it?) gravitational
matter in an force on an
object object.
Always constant, Does it change Depending on
no matter the with location? where the object
location. is in relation to
the earth.
A balance Measured A spring scale.
with
kilogram (kg) Unit used Newton (N)

4. BALANCE NEWTON METER

5. PARTICLE MODELS
Matter can exist in three physical states:
SOLID LIQUID GAS

7. Solids Liquids Gases
According to According to
Shape Fixed
the container the container
Volume Definite Definite Not definite
Space btw Closely packed Particles are Particles are
the particles together far apart very far apart
Not as strong
Forces of
Very strong as particles in Very weak
attraction
solids

8. EXPERIMENT: To show space exists
in between particles of solids
The containers are mixed well into a measuring cylinder
50 cm3 50 cm3
small small
stones pebbles

9. Result: A reading less than 100cm3 is obtained.
80 cm3
Conclusion: The small pebbles occupied
the spaces in between the stones

10. Solids Liquids Gases
Movement Vibrate in the Move freely Move free at a
of particles fixed position and colliding very high
with other speed
particles
Kinetic Low Higher than High
energy the particles
in solids

11. BROWNIAN MOVEMENT
In 1827, a Scottish
botanist, Robert
Brown, used a
microscope to
observe some pollen
grains in water. He
found that the pollen
grains were moving
about in the water
haphazardly-
Brownian movement.

12. About eight years later,
Albert Einstein explained
the random motion of
the pollen grains in the
water was caused by tiny
water particles which
were moving in constant
and random motion,
hitting the pollen grains
in different directions.

13. High concentration Low concentration
The tiny particles (atom or molecules) of liquid and
gases move randomly in no fixed direction.

14. DIFFUSION
High concentration Low concentration
Diffusion is the movement of the molecules from
the region of a higher concentration to the region
of a lower concentration.

15. When there is no difference in concentration,
molecules diffuse in all directions at the same rate.

16. DIFFUSION OF POTASSIUM
MANGANATE (VII) IN WATER
Water
Potassium
manganate (VII)

17. BEFORE AFTER

18. Do object of the same volume have
the same mass?
100 cm3 of 100 cm3 of
wooden block granite block

19. For the same volume, a granite block has more
mass than a wooden block. Thus, having higher
density than wood

20. density
The density of a substance is the mass of the
substance per unit volume
Density (kg/m3)= Mass (kg) Choose the
Volume (m3) formula
depending on
Density (g/cm3)= Mass (g) the size of the
Volume (cm3) object!!

21. 1. Find The Mass
Find the mass
of an object by
weighing it on a
balance.

22. 2. Find The Volume
Find the volume
of an object by
measuring the
volume of liquid
displaced from
the beaker

23. 3. Find The Density
Mass of a stone = 500 g
Volume of a stone = 26 cm3
Density (g/cm3) = Mass (g)
Volume (cm3)
= 500g
26cm3
= 19.2 g/cm3

24. DO ALL THE HEAVY THINGS SINK?

25. Density of
saltwater =
1.025 g/cm3
No. It depends on
the density of the
gas or liquid the
object to its
surrounding
Density of a
watermelon =
0.959 g/cm3

26. BIG BUT FLOATS
A heavy ship floats because it
contains large volume of air,
which has lower density than
the seawater

27. SMALL BUT
SINKS
A small stone
sinks because it is
denser than the
salty seawater.

28. The less dense
LESS DENSE liquid will float
on top
DENSER The denser liquid will
sink to the bottom

29. LEAST
DENSE
DENSEST

30. Application of density into life
Wood is less dense than water. Thus, logs are being
drifted along river to sawmills

31. Air is less dense than water. Thus, floats are filled with air
can help people float on the surface of the water.

32. Helium or
hydrogen gas is less
dense than air.
Thus, the hot air
balloon floats up
once it is released.