1. Operations Management Chapter 14 – Material Requirements Planning (MRP) and ERP PowerPoint presentation to accompany Heizer/Render Principles of Operations Management, 7e Operations Management, 9e

15. The Planning Process Figure 14.1 Change production plan? Master production schedule Management Return on investment Capital Engineering Design completion Aggregate production plan Procurement Supplier performance Human resources Manpower planning Production Capacity Inventory Marketing Customer demand Finance Cash flow

16. The Planning Process Figure 14.1 Is capacity plan being met? Is execution meeting the plan? Change master production schedule? Change capacity? Change requirements? No Execute material plans Execute capacity plans Yes Realistic? Capacity requirements plan Material requirements plan Master production schedule

17. Aggregate Production Plan Figure 14.2 Months January February Aggregate Production Plan 1,500 1,200 (Shows the total quantity of amplifiers) Weeks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Master Production Schedule (Shows the specific type and quantity of amplifier to be produced 240-watt amplifier 100 100 100 100 150-watt amplifier 500 500 450 450 75-watt amplifier 300 100

19. Focus for Different Process Strategies Figure 14.3 Stock to Forecast (Product Focus) Schedule finished product Assemble to Order or Forecast (Repetitive) Schedule modules Make to Order (Process Focus) Schedule orders Examples: Print shop Motorcycles Steel, Beer, Bread Machine shop Autos, TVs Lightbulbs Fine-dining restaurant Fast-food restaurant Paper Typical focus of the master production schedule Number of end items Number of inputs

20. MPS Examples Table 14.1 For Nancy’s Specialty Foods Gross Requirements for Crabmeat Quiche Gross Requirements for Spinach Quiche Day 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 and so on Amount 50 100 47 60 110 75 Day 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 and so on Amount 100 200 150 60 75 100

22. BOM Example B (2) Std. 12” Speaker kit C (3) Std. 12” Speaker kit w/ amp-booster 1 E (2) E (2) F (2) Packing box and installation kit of wire, bolts, and screws Std. 12” Speaker booster assembly 2 D (2) 12” Speaker D (2) 12” Speaker G (1) Amp-booster 3 Product structure for “Awesome” ( A ) A Level 0

23. BOM Example Part B: 2 x number of As = (2)(50) = 100 Part C: 3 x number of As = (3)(50) = 150 Part D: 2 x number of Bs + 2 x number of Fs = (2)(100) + (2)(300) = 800 Part E: 2 x number of Bs + 2 x number of Cs = (2)(100) + (2)(150) = 500 Part F: 2 x number of Cs = (2)(150) = 300 Part G: 1 x number of Fs = (1)(300) = 300 B (2) Std. 12” Speaker kit C (3) Std. 12” Speaker kit w/ amp-booster 1 E (2) E (2) F (2) Packing box and installation kit of wire, bolts, and screws Std. 12” Speaker booster assembly 2 D (2) 12” Speaker D (2) 12” Speaker G (1) Amp-booster 3 Product structure for “Awesome” ( A ) A Level 0

29. Time-Phased Product Structure Figure 14.4 | | | | | | | | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Time in weeks F 2 weeks 3 weeks 1 week A 2 weeks 1 week D E 2 weeks D G 1 week 1 week 2 weeks to produce B C E Start production of D Must have D and E completed here so production can begin on B

30. MRP Structure Figure 14.5 Output Reports MRP by period report MRP by date report Planned order report Purchase advice Exception reports Order early or late or not needed Order quantity too small or too large Data Files Purchasing data BOM Lead times (Item master file) Inventory data Master production schedule Material requirement planning programs (computer and software)

35. Net Requirements Plan

36. Net Requirements Plan

40. Net Requirements Plan The logic of net requirements Available inventory Net requirements On hand Scheduled receipts + – = Total requirements Gross requirements Allocations +

41. Gross Requirements Schedule Figure 14.6 A B C 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 40 50 15 Lead time = 4 for A Master schedule for A S B C 12 13 8 9 10 11 20 30 40 Lead time = 6 for S Master schedule for S 1 2 3 10 10 Master schedule for B sold directly Periods Therefore, these are the gross requirements for B Gross requirements: B 10 40 50 20 40+10 15+30 =50 =45 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Periods

42. MRP Planning Sheet Figure 14.7

52. Lot-for-Lot Example Holding cost = $1 /week; Setup cost = $100; Lead time = 1 week 55 30 30 40 10 40 30 Planned order releases 55 30 30 40 10 40 30 Planned order receipts 55 30 0 30 40 10 0 40 30 0 Net requirements 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 35 Projected on hand Scheduled receipts 55 30 0 30 40 10 0 40 30 35 Gross requirements 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

53. Lot-for-Lot Example Holding cost = $1 /week; Setup cost = $100; Lead time = 1 week No on-hand inventory is carried through the system Total holding cost = $0 There are seven setups for this item in this plan Total setup cost = 7 x $100 = $700 55 30 30 40 10 40 30 Planned order releases 55 30 30 40 10 40 30 Planned order receipts 55 30 0 30 40 10 0 40 30 0 Net requirements 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 35 Projected on hand Scheduled receipts 55 30 0 30 40 10 0 40 30 35 Gross requirements 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

54. EOQ Lot Size Example Holding cost = $1 /week; Setup cost = $100; Lead time = 1 week Average weekly gross requirements = 27; EOQ = 73 units 73 73 73 73 Planned order releases 73 73 73 73 Planned order receipts 16 0 0 4 0 7 0 0 30 0 Net requirements 39 69 69 26 66 3 3 43 0 35 35 Projected on hand Scheduled receipts 55 30 0 30 40 10 0 40 30 35 Gross requirements 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

55. EOQ Lot Size Example Holding cost = $1 /week; Setup cost = $100; Lead time = 1 week Average weekly gross requirements = 27; EOQ = 73 units Annual demand = 1,404 Total cost = setup cost + holding cost Total cost = (1,404 / 73) x $100 + (73 / 2) x ($1 x 52 weeks ) Total cost = $3,798 Cost for 10 weeks = $3,798 x (10 weeks/ 52 weeks ) = $730 73 73 73 73 Planned order releases 73 73 73 73 Planned order receipts 16 0 0 4 0 7 0 0 30 0 Net requirements 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 35 Projected on hand Scheduled receipts 55 30 0 30 40 10 0 40 30 35 Gross requirements 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

56. PPB Example Holding cost = $1 /week; Setup cost = $100; Lead time = 1 week EPP = 100 units Planned order releases Planned order receipts Net requirements 35 Projected on hand Scheduled receipts 55 30 0 30 40 10 0 40 30 35 Gross requirements 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

57. PPB Example Holding cost = $1 /week; Setup cost = $100; EPP = 100 units Planned order releases Planned order receipts Net requirements 35 Projected on hand Scheduled receipts 55 30 0 30 40 10 0 40 30 35 Gross requirements 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 30 0 2, 3 70 40 = 40 x 1 2, 3, 4 70 40 2, 3, 4, 5 80 70 = 40 x 1 + 10 x 3 100 70 170 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 120 230 = 40 x 1 + 10 x 3 + 40 x 4 + = Combine periods 2 - 5 as this results in the Part Period closest to the EPP Combine periods 6 - 9 as this results in the Part Period closest to the EPP 6 40 0 6, 7 70 30 = 30 x 1 6, 7, 8 70 30 = 30 x 1 + 0 x 2 6, 7, 8, 9 100 120 = 30 x 1 + 30 x 3 100 120 220 + = 10 55 0 100 0 100 Total cost 300 190 490 + = + = Trial Lot Size Periods (cumulative net Costs Combined requirements) Part Periods Setup Holding Total

58. PPB Example Holding cost = $1 /week; Setup cost = $100; Lead time = 1 week EPP = 100 units 55 100 80 Planned order releases 55 100 80 Planned order receipts 55 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 30 0 Net requirements 0 30 30 60 0 10 10 50 0 35 35 Projected on hand Scheduled receipts 55 30 0 30 40 10 0 40 30 35 Gross requirements 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

59. Lot-Sizing Summary For these three examples Wagner-Whitin would have yielded a plan with a total cost of $455 Lot-for-lot $700 EOQ $730 PPB $490

65. Closed-Loop MRP System Figure 14.8

66. Closed-Loop MRP System Figure 14.8 Capacity Planning Resource planning First cut capacity No Capacity requirements (detailed) Yes Material requirements (detailed) Priority Planning Desired master production schedule Realistic? Production plan Planning

67. Closed-Loop MRP System Figure 14.8 Capacity Control (work center throughput) Priority Control (detailed scheduling) Execution Yes Execute the plan No No Input/output report Is average capacity adequate ? Dispatch list Is specific capacity adequate ?

68. Resource Requirements Profile Figure 14.9 Lot 1 Lot 2 Lot 4 Lot 7 Lot 8 Lot 3 Lot 5 Lot 10 Lot 13 Lot 9 Lot 12 Lot 14 Lot 16 Lot 6 Lot 15 Lot 11 Available capacity Capacity exceeded in periods 4 & 6 Lot 1 Lot 2 Lot 4 Lot 7 Lot 8 Lot 3 Lot 5 Lot 10 Lot 13 Lot 9 Lot 12 Lot 14 Lot 16 Lot 6 Lot 15 Lot 11 Available capacity Lot 6 “split” Lot 11 moved 200 – 150 – 100 – 50 – – 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Period (a) Standard labor hours 200 – 150 – 100 – 50 – – 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Period (b) Standard labor hours

69. Resource Requirements Profile It is also possible to split lots 6 and 11 and move them earlier in the schedule. This would avoid any potential problems with late orders but would increase inventory holding cost. Figure 14.9 Lot 1 Lot 2 Lot 4 Lot 7 Lot 8 Lot 3 Lot 5 Lot 10 Lot 13 Lot 9 Lot 12 Lot 14 Lot 16 Lot 6 Lot 15 Lot 11 Available capacity Capacity exceeded in periods 4 & 6 Lot 1 Lot 2 Lot 4 Lot 7 Lot 8 Lot 3 Lot 5 Lot 10 Lot 13 Lot 9 Lot 12 Lot 14 Lot 16 Lot 6 Lot 15 Lot 11 Available capacity Lot 6 “split” Lot 11 moved 200 – 150 – 100 – 50 – – 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Period (a) Standard labor hours 200 – 150 – 100 – 50 – – 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Period (b) Standard labor hours

72. MRP in Services (a) PRODUCT STRUCTURE TREE Figure 14.10 Uncooked linguini #30004 Sauce #30006 Veal #30005 Chef; Work Center #1 Helper one; Work Center #2 Asst. Chef; Work Center #3 Cooked linguini #20002 Spinach #20004 Prepared veal and sauce #20003 Veal picante #10001

73. MRP in Services (b) BILL OF MATERIALS 0.80 Serving 1 Sauce 30006 2.15 Serving 1 Veal 30005 — Pound 0.5 Uncooked linguini 30004 0.94 Bag 0.1 Spinach 20004 — Serving 1 Prepared veal and sauce 20003 — Serving 1 Cooked linguini 20002 — Serving 1 Veal picante 10001 Unit cost Unit of Measure Quantity Description Part Number

74. MRP in Services (c) BILL OF LABOR FOR VEAL PICANTE .0500 .0125 Assistant Chef Cook veal and sauce 3 .0022 .0005 Helper one Cook linguini 2 .0041 .0069 Chef Assemble dish 1 Run Time Setup Time Labor Type Operation Work Center Hours Labor

78. ERP and MRP Figure 14.11

79. ERP and MRP Figure 14.11 Customer Relationship Management Invoicing Shipping Distributors, retailers, and end users Sales Order (order entry, product configuration, sales management)

80. ERP and MRP Figure 14.11 Table 13.6 Bills of Material Work Orders Purchasing and Lead Times Routings and Lead Times Master Production Schedule Inventory Management MRP

81. ERP and MRP Figure 14.11 Supply Chain Management Vendor Communication (schedules, EDI, advanced shipping notice, e-commerce, etc.)

82. ERP and MRP Figure 14.11 Table 13.6 Finance/ Accounting General Ledger Accounts Receivable Payroll Accounts Payable

87. SAP’s ERP Modules Figure 14.12 Cash to Cash Covers all financial related activity: Accounts receivable General ledger Cash management Accounts payable Treasury Asset management Dock to Dispatch Covers internal inventory management: Warehousing Forecasting Physical inventory Distribution planning Replenishment planning Material handling Promote to Deliver Covers front-end customer-oriented activities: Marketing Quote and order processing Transportation Documentation and labeling After sales service Warranty and guarantees Procure to Pay Covers sourcing activities: Vendor sourcing Purchase requisitioning Purchase ordering Purchase contracts Inbound logistics Supplier invoicing/ matching Supplier payment/ settlement Supplier performance Design to Manufacture Covers internal production activities: Design Shop floor engineering reporting Production Contract/project engineering management Plant Subcontractor maintenance management Recruit to Hire Covers all HR- and payroll-oriented activity: Time and attendance Payroll Travel and expenses