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BAJA FOLIAR TAAVEEKUNBAJA FOLIAR TAAVEEKUN
TAAVEEKUN SUPER TVK VINEGAR SUPER
22
Produk AA (acid amino)
Bahan aktif i. Asid amino dari bio-esktrakan
ii. Unsur-unsur tambahan pembajaan
Fungsi i. Mengalakan pertumbuhan dan pengembangan pokok
ii. Meningkatkan terbitan akar-akar muda dan mengukuhkan
semula sistem akar
iii. Menambah aktiviti biologi didalam tanah
iv. Menghalang serangan serangga kepada pokok
Cara aplikasi i. Campurkan 1 liter AA dengan 300-400 liter air bersih
ii. Semburkan larutan ini kepada batang pokok atau kawasan
akar bagi pokok besar
iii. Semburkan kepada keseluruhan anak-anak pokok pada
tanaman di tapak semaian
iv. Semburkan pada keseluruhan pokok tanaman kontan
Kesan dan kebaikan
AA
i. Pengalak kepada pertumbuhan sistem akar pokok
ii. Mengayakan kehidupan mikrobiologi dalam tanah
iii. Menghalang serangan serangga
ACID AMINO
TAAVEEKUN SUPER
Usefulness
TAA VEE KUNTAA VEE KUN SUPERSUPER
• Improved condition of plant which a bad
condition from all kind of chemical such
herbicide and Insecticide.
• Make all crop stronger, continue growth and
resistance to plant disease.
• Helping in produce more flower, more fruit
help more yield, good weight and better
taste.
• Get more yield production, quality and
weight.
TAAVEEKUNTAAVEEKUN
Wood vinegar superWood vinegar super
• What are the benefits of using
Plantonic wood vinegar?
•  accelerates plant growth
•  acts as pest repellent 
•  promotes healthy and balanced plant growth 
•  improves sweetness of fruits
•  increases shelf life of fruits and vegetables
•  controls growth of harmful fungi and bacteria 
Functions:
•  Protection of plant disease, rat, snake, insect and pesticide
•  Help in gain helpful microbe in the soil
•  Help pushing up the growth of root and the growth of plant
•  Help in supplement chemical active, biology mass, chemical fertilizer, organic,
inorganic and ferment fertilizer
•  Help in get rid of smell from waste product
•  Help in adding volume of sugar, combustion in all kind of plant
•  Increasing sweeten and taste in vegetables and all kind of fruit
•  Protection fungus on rubber plant and protect plant disease
Content:
•  Acetic acid, % : 2.5
•  Tetra hydro fulfury1 alcohol, % : 0.04
•  Prop ionic acid, % : 0.1
•  Rara+meta-cresol, % : 0.07
•  Ortho-cresol, % : 0.06
•  Nonan-1.4-olld, % : 0.02
•  Methanol, % : 0.11
•  Furfural, % : 0.1
•  Furfury1 alcohol, % : 0.01
•  Ethy1-gulalcahol, % : 0.01
•  Ethanol-alcohol, % : 0.5
•  Cycloten, % : 0.12
•  Gulacohol, % : 0.03
•  Acetone, & : 0.1
•  2-Methoxy-4-cresol, % : 0.06
2-Cyclopinternon, % : 0.
Wood Vinegar
BENEFITS
TVK VINEGAR SUPER
• Protection of plant disease, rat, snake, insect and pesticide.
• Help in gain helpful microbe in the soil.
• Help pushing up the growth of root and the growth of plant.
• Help in supplement chemical active, biology mass, chemical
fertilizer, organic, inorganic and ferment fertilizer.
• Help in get rid of smell from waste product.
• Help in adding volume of sugar, combustion in all kinds of
plant.
• Increasing sweeten and taste in vegetable and all kind of fruit.
• Protection fungus on rubber plant and protect plant diseases.
• Help in fermentation of inorganic fertilizers by use it with
microbe TIM
Exploring the beneficial uses of wExploring the beneficial uses of w
For more than 30 years now, Japanese farmers have been
using wood vinegar to improve crop and livestock
production. They use it as:
•1) foliar spray, particularly for fungus (grey molds),
•2) insecticide when mixed with hot pepper,
•3) enhancer for compost-making,
•4) soil conditioner to improve the soil when mixed with
charcoal,
•5) feed supplement or additives for livestock feeds
USIA Aktiviti Pembajaan Kadar/HA
1
SEMBURAN DAUN &
AKAR
TAAVEEKUN SUPER @
TVK VINEGAR
50ML @ 20 LTR
(Setiap jenis)
6 X/TAHUN
2
SEMBURAN DAUN
& AKAR
TAAVEEKUN SUPER @
TVK VINEGAR
50ML @ 20 LTR
(Setiap jenis)
6 X/TAHUN
3 SEMBURAN AKAR
TAAVEEKUN SUPER @
TVK VINEGAR
1 ltr @ 300 LTR
(Setiap jenis)
3 X /TAHUN
4
SEMBURAN AKAR TAA VEE KUN SUPER
@ TVK VINEGAR
1 ltr @ 300 LTR
(setiap jenis)
3 X/TAHUN
5 - 25
SEMBURAN AKAR TAA VEE KUN SUPER
@ TVK VINEGAR
1 ltr @ 300LTR
(setiap jenis)
3 X/TAHUN
GROWTH PROMOTERSGROWTH PROMOTERS
• Plant Growth Promoters are those substances used for better
management of Nutrients and Plant growth. These Plant Growth
Promoters play a major role in seed germination, fruit ripening,
enhances uptake of nutrients, boost protein synthesis, augment
immunity and helps to withstand stress conditions, reduce flower
and fruit drop and help in better plant growth.
• Commonly plant growth regulators are auxins, cytocinin,
gibberellins, ethylene etc..
PENGGALAK PERTUMBUHANPENGGALAK PERTUMBUHAN
• Kerap kali tanaman gagal menghasilkan buah yang optimum
walaupun mendapat bekalan nutrient yang betul. Kurang
keberkesanan fisiologi tumbuhan adalah punca kepada fenomena
ini.
• Penggalak pertumbuhan pokok adalah bahan yang digunakan untuk
mengatur pengambilan nutrient dan pertumbuhan tanaman.
Penggalak pertumbuhan ini memainkan peranan penting dakam
percambahan biji benih, meranumkan buah, memperkasa
pengambilan nutrient, menyemarak sistesis protin, memperkuat
ketahanan dan membantu keadaan runtunan, mengurangkan
keguguran bunga dan buah dan membantu tumbesaran pokok.
• Biasanya pengatur pertumbuhan pokok ialah auxins, gibberellins,
ethylene etc.. Permintaan kepada pilihan semulajadi sudah
bertambah.
Effect Of Amino Acids OnEffect Of Amino Acids On
PlantsPlants
• The requirement of amino acids in essential
quantities is well known as a means to increase
yield and overall quality of crops.
• Amino Acids are also supplied to plant by
incorporating them into the soil. It helps in
improving the microflora of the soil thereby
facilitating the assimilation of nutrients.
• Amino Acids help to increase chlorophyll
concentration in the plant leading to higher
degree of photosynthesis. This makes crops
lush Green.
Kesan Amino Acid Terhadap PokokKesan Amino Acid Terhadap Pokok
• Keperluan Asid Amino dalam kuantiti secukupnya telah
diketahui lama bagi kaedah untuk menambahkan hasil
dan kualiti tanaman keseluruhannya.
• Amino Acid dibekalkan kepada pokok melalui serapan
tanah. Ia membantu microflora didalam tanah, lantas
menggalakan integrasi penyerapan nutrient.
• Amino Acid membantu pertambahan kepekatan klorofil
yang membawa kepada kesan fotosintesis yang lebih
sempurna. Ini akan menjadikan tanaman lebih hijau
pekat.
Effect on plants:
• Amino acid use in essential quantities is a well known method to
increase crop yield and quality. Even though plants have the
inherent capacity to biosynthesize all the amino acids needed from
nitrogen, carbon oxygen and hydrogen, the biochemical process is
quite complex and energy consuming. As such, the application of
amino acids such as those contained in HYT Nutrition allow for the
plant to save energy on this process, which can be dedicated to
better plant development during critical growth stages.
Amino acids are fundamental ingredients in a protein’s biosynthetic
process and nearly twenty amino acids types are involved in
biosynthetic processes. Studies have shown that amino acids can
directly or indirectly in a plant’s physiological activities.
Amino acids are applied through foliar feeding, absorbed through
the plant’s stomata or via the root area when incorporated into the
soil. This also helps improve micro flora, which in turn, facilitates the
nutrient assimilation.
Kesan Asid Amino Kepada Tanaman
• Penggunaan Amino acid dalam kuantiti yang betul adalah kaedah
untuk menambah hasil tanaman dan kualiti pokok. Sugguhpun pokok
mempunyai kemampuan asas melakukan biosintesis bagi
menghasilkan asid amino yang diperlukan dari nitrogen, carbon,
oxygen and hydrogen, proses biokimia ini sangat komplek dan
memerlukan tenaga yang banyak.
• Dari itu, penggunaan amino asid seperti dari TaaVeeKun Super
membolehkan tumbuhan menjimatkan tenaga untuk proses ini,
dimana boleh didedikasikan untuk pertumbuhan yang lebih sempurna
semasa tahap pertumbuhan kritikal.
• Amino asid adalah ramuan asas dalam proses biosintesis protin dan
hampir 20 jenis asid amino terlibat dalan proses biosintesis ini. Kajian
mendapati asid amino boleh secara terus atau separa terlibat dalam
aktiviti fisiologi tumbuhan.
• Amino acid yang dibekalkan dalam bentuk cecair, menyerap kedalam
stomata tumbuhan atau melalui kawasan akar bila bercampur
dengan tanah. Ini akan turut meningkatkan micro flora, yang akan
membantu penyatu serapan nutrient.
Nature of AuxinsNature of Auxins
The term auxin is derived from the Greek word auxein
which means to grow. Compounds are generally
considered auxins if they can be characterized by their
ability to induce cell elongation in stems and otherwise
resemble indoleacetic acid (the first auxin isolated) in
physiological activity. Auxins usually affect other processes
in addition to cell elongation of stem cells but this
characteristic is considered critical of all auxins and thus
"helps" define the hormone (Arteca, 1996; Mauseth, 1991;
Raven, 1992; Salisbury and Ross, 1992).
Sifat Semulajadi AuxinsSifat Semulajadi Auxins
• Auxin adalah berasal dari perkataan auxien Greek
bermaksud tumbuh. Campuran kompoun akan
dikelaskan sebagai auxins jika ia bersifat menyebabkan
pemanjangan sel mata pucuk pokok ataupun berupa
asid indoleacetic dalam aktiviti fisiologi.
• Auxins biasanya menyebabkan kesan sampingan selain
dari pemanjangan sel mata pucuk tetapi karektor ini
dianggap kritikal kepada semua auxins dan membantu
pengistilahan hormone.
Functions of AuxinFunctions of Auxin
•
The following are some of the responses that auxin is known to
cause (Davies, 1995; Mauseth, 1991; Raven, 1992; Salisbury and
Ross, 1992).
• Stimulates cell elongation
• Stimulates cell division in the cambium and, in combination with
cytokinins in tissue culture
• Stimulates differentiation of phloem and xylem
• Stimulates root initiation on stem cuttings and lateral root
development in tissue culture
• Mediates the tropistic response of bending in response to gravity
and light
• The auxin supply from the apical bud suppresses growth of lateral
buds
• Delays leaf senescence
• Can inhibit or promote (via ethylene stimulation) leaf and fruit abscission
• Can induce fruit setting and growth in some plants
• Involved in assimilate movement toward auxin possibly by an effect on
phloem transport
• Delays fruit ripening
• Promotes flowering in Bromeliads
• Stimulates growth of flower parts
• Promotes (via ethylene production) femaleness in dioecious flowers
• Stimulates the production of ethylene at high concentrations
Functions of AuxinFunctions of Auxin
Nature of CytokininsNature of Cytokinins
• Cytokinins are compounds with a structure resembling
adenine which promote cell division and have other
similar functions to kinetin. Kinetin was the first cytokinin
discovered and so named because of the compounds
ability to promote cytokinesis (cell division). Though it is
a natural compound, It is not made in plants, and is
therefore usually considered a "synthetic" cytokinin
(meaning that the hormone is synthesized somewhere
other than in a plant). The most common form of
naturally occurring cytokinin in plants today is called
zeatin which was isolated from corn (Zea mays).
Cytokinin FunctionsCytokinin Functions
A list of some of the known physiological effects caused by cytokinins are listed below.
The response will vary depending on the type of cytokinin and plant species (Davies,
1995; Mauseth, 1991; Raven, 1992; Salisbury and Ross, 1992).
•Stimulates cell division.
•Stimulates morphogenesis (shoot initiation/bud formation) in tissue culture.
•Stimulates the growth of lateral buds-release of apical dominance.
•Stimulates leaf expansion resulting from cell enlargement.
•May enhance stomatal opening in some species.
•Promotes the conversion of etioplasts into chloroplasts via stimulation of chlorophyll
synthesis.
The Nature of GibberellinsThe Nature of Gibberellins
• Unlike the classification of auxins which are classified on
the basis of function, gibberellins are classified on the
basis of structure as well as function. All gibberellins are
derived from the ent-gibberellane skeleton. The structure
of this skeleton derivative along with the structure of a
few of the active gibberellins are shown above. The
gibberellins are named GA1....GAn in order of discovery.
Gibberellic acid, which was the first gibberellin to be
structurally characterised , is GA3. There are currently
136 GAs identified from plants, fungi and bacteria
Functions of GibberellinsFunctions of Gibberellins
• Active gibberellins show many physiological effects, each depending on the type of
gibberellin present as well as the species of plant. Some of the physiological
processes stimulated by gibberellins are outlined below (Davies, 1995; Mauseth,
1991; Raven, 1992; Salisbury and Ross, 1992).
• Stimulate stem elongation by stimulating cell division and elongation.
• Stimulates bolting/flowering in response to long days.
• Breaks seed dormancy in some plants which require stratification or light to induce
germination.
• Stimulates enzyme production (a-amylase) in germinating cereal grains for
mobilization of seed reserves.
• Induces maleness in dioecious flowers (sex expression).
• Can cause parthenocarpic (seedless) fruit development.
• Can delay senescence in leaves and citrus fruits.

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Amino acid n wood vinegar

  • 1. BAJA FOLIAR TAAVEEKUNBAJA FOLIAR TAAVEEKUN TAAVEEKUN SUPER TVK VINEGAR SUPER
  • 2. 22 Produk AA (acid amino) Bahan aktif i. Asid amino dari bio-esktrakan ii. Unsur-unsur tambahan pembajaan Fungsi i. Mengalakan pertumbuhan dan pengembangan pokok ii. Meningkatkan terbitan akar-akar muda dan mengukuhkan semula sistem akar iii. Menambah aktiviti biologi didalam tanah iv. Menghalang serangan serangga kepada pokok Cara aplikasi i. Campurkan 1 liter AA dengan 300-400 liter air bersih ii. Semburkan larutan ini kepada batang pokok atau kawasan akar bagi pokok besar iii. Semburkan kepada keseluruhan anak-anak pokok pada tanaman di tapak semaian iv. Semburkan pada keseluruhan pokok tanaman kontan Kesan dan kebaikan AA i. Pengalak kepada pertumbuhan sistem akar pokok ii. Mengayakan kehidupan mikrobiologi dalam tanah iii. Menghalang serangan serangga ACID AMINO TAAVEEKUN SUPER
  • 3.
  • 4. Usefulness TAA VEE KUNTAA VEE KUN SUPERSUPER • Improved condition of plant which a bad condition from all kind of chemical such herbicide and Insecticide. • Make all crop stronger, continue growth and resistance to plant disease. • Helping in produce more flower, more fruit help more yield, good weight and better taste. • Get more yield production, quality and weight.
  • 5. TAAVEEKUNTAAVEEKUN Wood vinegar superWood vinegar super • What are the benefits of using Plantonic wood vinegar? •  accelerates plant growth •  acts as pest repellent  •  promotes healthy and balanced plant growth  •  improves sweetness of fruits •  increases shelf life of fruits and vegetables •  controls growth of harmful fungi and bacteria 
  • 6. Functions: •  Protection of plant disease, rat, snake, insect and pesticide •  Help in gain helpful microbe in the soil •  Help pushing up the growth of root and the growth of plant •  Help in supplement chemical active, biology mass, chemical fertilizer, organic, inorganic and ferment fertilizer •  Help in get rid of smell from waste product •  Help in adding volume of sugar, combustion in all kind of plant •  Increasing sweeten and taste in vegetables and all kind of fruit •  Protection fungus on rubber plant and protect plant disease Content: •  Acetic acid, % : 2.5 •  Tetra hydro fulfury1 alcohol, % : 0.04 •  Prop ionic acid, % : 0.1 •  Rara+meta-cresol, % : 0.07 •  Ortho-cresol, % : 0.06 •  Nonan-1.4-olld, % : 0.02 •  Methanol, % : 0.11 •  Furfural, % : 0.1 •  Furfury1 alcohol, % : 0.01 •  Ethy1-gulalcahol, % : 0.01 •  Ethanol-alcohol, % : 0.5 •  Cycloten, % : 0.12 •  Gulacohol, % : 0.03 •  Acetone, & : 0.1 •  2-Methoxy-4-cresol, % : 0.06 2-Cyclopinternon, % : 0. Wood Vinegar
  • 7.
  • 8. BENEFITS TVK VINEGAR SUPER • Protection of plant disease, rat, snake, insect and pesticide. • Help in gain helpful microbe in the soil. • Help pushing up the growth of root and the growth of plant. • Help in supplement chemical active, biology mass, chemical fertilizer, organic, inorganic and ferment fertilizer. • Help in get rid of smell from waste product. • Help in adding volume of sugar, combustion in all kinds of plant. • Increasing sweeten and taste in vegetable and all kind of fruit. • Protection fungus on rubber plant and protect plant diseases. • Help in fermentation of inorganic fertilizers by use it with microbe TIM
  • 9. Exploring the beneficial uses of wExploring the beneficial uses of w For more than 30 years now, Japanese farmers have been using wood vinegar to improve crop and livestock production. They use it as: •1) foliar spray, particularly for fungus (grey molds), •2) insecticide when mixed with hot pepper, •3) enhancer for compost-making, •4) soil conditioner to improve the soil when mixed with charcoal, •5) feed supplement or additives for livestock feeds
  • 10. USIA Aktiviti Pembajaan Kadar/HA 1 SEMBURAN DAUN & AKAR TAAVEEKUN SUPER @ TVK VINEGAR 50ML @ 20 LTR (Setiap jenis) 6 X/TAHUN 2 SEMBURAN DAUN & AKAR TAAVEEKUN SUPER @ TVK VINEGAR 50ML @ 20 LTR (Setiap jenis) 6 X/TAHUN 3 SEMBURAN AKAR TAAVEEKUN SUPER @ TVK VINEGAR 1 ltr @ 300 LTR (Setiap jenis) 3 X /TAHUN 4 SEMBURAN AKAR TAA VEE KUN SUPER @ TVK VINEGAR 1 ltr @ 300 LTR (setiap jenis) 3 X/TAHUN 5 - 25 SEMBURAN AKAR TAA VEE KUN SUPER @ TVK VINEGAR 1 ltr @ 300LTR (setiap jenis) 3 X/TAHUN
  • 11. GROWTH PROMOTERSGROWTH PROMOTERS • Plant Growth Promoters are those substances used for better management of Nutrients and Plant growth. These Plant Growth Promoters play a major role in seed germination, fruit ripening, enhances uptake of nutrients, boost protein synthesis, augment immunity and helps to withstand stress conditions, reduce flower and fruit drop and help in better plant growth. • Commonly plant growth regulators are auxins, cytocinin, gibberellins, ethylene etc..
  • 12. PENGGALAK PERTUMBUHANPENGGALAK PERTUMBUHAN • Kerap kali tanaman gagal menghasilkan buah yang optimum walaupun mendapat bekalan nutrient yang betul. Kurang keberkesanan fisiologi tumbuhan adalah punca kepada fenomena ini. • Penggalak pertumbuhan pokok adalah bahan yang digunakan untuk mengatur pengambilan nutrient dan pertumbuhan tanaman. Penggalak pertumbuhan ini memainkan peranan penting dakam percambahan biji benih, meranumkan buah, memperkasa pengambilan nutrient, menyemarak sistesis protin, memperkuat ketahanan dan membantu keadaan runtunan, mengurangkan keguguran bunga dan buah dan membantu tumbesaran pokok. • Biasanya pengatur pertumbuhan pokok ialah auxins, gibberellins, ethylene etc.. Permintaan kepada pilihan semulajadi sudah bertambah.
  • 13. Effect Of Amino Acids OnEffect Of Amino Acids On PlantsPlants • The requirement of amino acids in essential quantities is well known as a means to increase yield and overall quality of crops. • Amino Acids are also supplied to plant by incorporating them into the soil. It helps in improving the microflora of the soil thereby facilitating the assimilation of nutrients. • Amino Acids help to increase chlorophyll concentration in the plant leading to higher degree of photosynthesis. This makes crops lush Green.
  • 14. Kesan Amino Acid Terhadap PokokKesan Amino Acid Terhadap Pokok • Keperluan Asid Amino dalam kuantiti secukupnya telah diketahui lama bagi kaedah untuk menambahkan hasil dan kualiti tanaman keseluruhannya. • Amino Acid dibekalkan kepada pokok melalui serapan tanah. Ia membantu microflora didalam tanah, lantas menggalakan integrasi penyerapan nutrient. • Amino Acid membantu pertambahan kepekatan klorofil yang membawa kepada kesan fotosintesis yang lebih sempurna. Ini akan menjadikan tanaman lebih hijau pekat.
  • 15. Effect on plants: • Amino acid use in essential quantities is a well known method to increase crop yield and quality. Even though plants have the inherent capacity to biosynthesize all the amino acids needed from nitrogen, carbon oxygen and hydrogen, the biochemical process is quite complex and energy consuming. As such, the application of amino acids such as those contained in HYT Nutrition allow for the plant to save energy on this process, which can be dedicated to better plant development during critical growth stages. Amino acids are fundamental ingredients in a protein’s biosynthetic process and nearly twenty amino acids types are involved in biosynthetic processes. Studies have shown that amino acids can directly or indirectly in a plant’s physiological activities. Amino acids are applied through foliar feeding, absorbed through the plant’s stomata or via the root area when incorporated into the soil. This also helps improve micro flora, which in turn, facilitates the nutrient assimilation.
  • 16. Kesan Asid Amino Kepada Tanaman • Penggunaan Amino acid dalam kuantiti yang betul adalah kaedah untuk menambah hasil tanaman dan kualiti pokok. Sugguhpun pokok mempunyai kemampuan asas melakukan biosintesis bagi menghasilkan asid amino yang diperlukan dari nitrogen, carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, proses biokimia ini sangat komplek dan memerlukan tenaga yang banyak. • Dari itu, penggunaan amino asid seperti dari TaaVeeKun Super membolehkan tumbuhan menjimatkan tenaga untuk proses ini, dimana boleh didedikasikan untuk pertumbuhan yang lebih sempurna semasa tahap pertumbuhan kritikal. • Amino asid adalah ramuan asas dalam proses biosintesis protin dan hampir 20 jenis asid amino terlibat dalan proses biosintesis ini. Kajian mendapati asid amino boleh secara terus atau separa terlibat dalam aktiviti fisiologi tumbuhan. • Amino acid yang dibekalkan dalam bentuk cecair, menyerap kedalam stomata tumbuhan atau melalui kawasan akar bila bercampur dengan tanah. Ini akan turut meningkatkan micro flora, yang akan membantu penyatu serapan nutrient.
  • 17. Nature of AuxinsNature of Auxins The term auxin is derived from the Greek word auxein which means to grow. Compounds are generally considered auxins if they can be characterized by their ability to induce cell elongation in stems and otherwise resemble indoleacetic acid (the first auxin isolated) in physiological activity. Auxins usually affect other processes in addition to cell elongation of stem cells but this characteristic is considered critical of all auxins and thus "helps" define the hormone (Arteca, 1996; Mauseth, 1991; Raven, 1992; Salisbury and Ross, 1992).
  • 18. Sifat Semulajadi AuxinsSifat Semulajadi Auxins • Auxin adalah berasal dari perkataan auxien Greek bermaksud tumbuh. Campuran kompoun akan dikelaskan sebagai auxins jika ia bersifat menyebabkan pemanjangan sel mata pucuk pokok ataupun berupa asid indoleacetic dalam aktiviti fisiologi. • Auxins biasanya menyebabkan kesan sampingan selain dari pemanjangan sel mata pucuk tetapi karektor ini dianggap kritikal kepada semua auxins dan membantu pengistilahan hormone.
  • 19. Functions of AuxinFunctions of Auxin • The following are some of the responses that auxin is known to cause (Davies, 1995; Mauseth, 1991; Raven, 1992; Salisbury and Ross, 1992). • Stimulates cell elongation • Stimulates cell division in the cambium and, in combination with cytokinins in tissue culture • Stimulates differentiation of phloem and xylem • Stimulates root initiation on stem cuttings and lateral root development in tissue culture • Mediates the tropistic response of bending in response to gravity and light • The auxin supply from the apical bud suppresses growth of lateral buds
  • 20. • Delays leaf senescence • Can inhibit or promote (via ethylene stimulation) leaf and fruit abscission • Can induce fruit setting and growth in some plants • Involved in assimilate movement toward auxin possibly by an effect on phloem transport • Delays fruit ripening • Promotes flowering in Bromeliads • Stimulates growth of flower parts • Promotes (via ethylene production) femaleness in dioecious flowers • Stimulates the production of ethylene at high concentrations Functions of AuxinFunctions of Auxin
  • 21. Nature of CytokininsNature of Cytokinins • Cytokinins are compounds with a structure resembling adenine which promote cell division and have other similar functions to kinetin. Kinetin was the first cytokinin discovered and so named because of the compounds ability to promote cytokinesis (cell division). Though it is a natural compound, It is not made in plants, and is therefore usually considered a "synthetic" cytokinin (meaning that the hormone is synthesized somewhere other than in a plant). The most common form of naturally occurring cytokinin in plants today is called zeatin which was isolated from corn (Zea mays).
  • 22. Cytokinin FunctionsCytokinin Functions A list of some of the known physiological effects caused by cytokinins are listed below. The response will vary depending on the type of cytokinin and plant species (Davies, 1995; Mauseth, 1991; Raven, 1992; Salisbury and Ross, 1992). •Stimulates cell division. •Stimulates morphogenesis (shoot initiation/bud formation) in tissue culture. •Stimulates the growth of lateral buds-release of apical dominance. •Stimulates leaf expansion resulting from cell enlargement. •May enhance stomatal opening in some species. •Promotes the conversion of etioplasts into chloroplasts via stimulation of chlorophyll synthesis.
  • 23. The Nature of GibberellinsThe Nature of Gibberellins • Unlike the classification of auxins which are classified on the basis of function, gibberellins are classified on the basis of structure as well as function. All gibberellins are derived from the ent-gibberellane skeleton. The structure of this skeleton derivative along with the structure of a few of the active gibberellins are shown above. The gibberellins are named GA1....GAn in order of discovery. Gibberellic acid, which was the first gibberellin to be structurally characterised , is GA3. There are currently 136 GAs identified from plants, fungi and bacteria
  • 24. Functions of GibberellinsFunctions of Gibberellins • Active gibberellins show many physiological effects, each depending on the type of gibberellin present as well as the species of plant. Some of the physiological processes stimulated by gibberellins are outlined below (Davies, 1995; Mauseth, 1991; Raven, 1992; Salisbury and Ross, 1992). • Stimulate stem elongation by stimulating cell division and elongation. • Stimulates bolting/flowering in response to long days. • Breaks seed dormancy in some plants which require stratification or light to induce germination. • Stimulates enzyme production (a-amylase) in germinating cereal grains for mobilization of seed reserves. • Induces maleness in dioecious flowers (sex expression). • Can cause parthenocarpic (seedless) fruit development. • Can delay senescence in leaves and citrus fruits.