Gender Audit of Budgets in India (2001-2010

146 Gender Audit of Budgets in India

Gender Audit of Budgets in India (2001-2 to 2009-10)

Vibhuti Patel

Abstract

Budget is an important tool in the hands of state for
affirmative action for improvement of gender relations
through reduction of gender gap in the development
process. It can help to reduce economic inequalities,
between men and women as well as between the rich
and the poor Hence, the budgetary policies need to keep
into considerations the gender dynamics operating in the
economy and in the civil society. There is a need to highlight
participatory approaches, bottom up budget, child budget,
green budgeting, local and global implications of pro-poor
and pro-women budgeting and inter-linkages between
gender-sensitive budgeting and women’s empowerment.

Nivedini - Journal of Gender Studies November / December 2010

Vibhuti Patel 147

Understanding the relationship between macro economic policies
and the Union Budget, state budgets and the local self government
institutions in the context of economic reforms and globalisation
is a MUST as it has influenced women’s lives in several ways. It is
good economic sense to make national budgets gender-sensitive, as
this will enable more effective targeting of government expenditure
to women specific activities and reduce inequitable consequences
of previous fiscal policies. The Gender Budget Initiative is a policy
framework, methodology and set of tools to assist governments to
integrate a gender perspective into the budget as the main national
plan of public expenditure. It also aims to facilitate attention to gender
analysis in review of macroeconomic performance, ministerial
budget preparations, parliamentary debate and mainstream media
coverage. Budget impacts women’s lives in several ways. It directly
promotes women’s development through allocation of budgetary
funds for women’s programmes or reduces opportunities for
empowerment of women through budgetary cuts.

Gender budgeting is gaining increasing acceptance as a tool for
engendering macroeconomic policy-making. The Fourth World
Conference of Women held in Beijing in September 1995 and the
Platform for Action that it adopted called for a gender perspective
in all macroeconomic policies and their budgetary dimensions. The
Outcome Document of the UN General Assembly Special Session
on Women held in June 2000, also called upon all the nations to
mainstream a gender perspective into key macroeconomic and
social development policies and national development programmes.
Emphasis on gender budgeting was also placed by the Sixth
Conference of Commonwealth Ministers of Women’s Affairs held
in New Delhi in April 2000.

In India, till 2004, the process of gender budgeting was a post-
facto effort to dissect/ analyse and thus offset any undesirable

November / December 2010 Nivedini - Journal of Gender Studies


gender-specific consequences of the previous budget. But 2005
onwards, the scenario has changed. Due to consistent lobbying by
the gender economists and women’s groups; for the first time, in
2005, the Ministry of Finance gave a mandate to all ministries to
establish a Gender Budgeting Cell by January, 2005. At present,
54 ministries and departments have formed gender budget cells
and have provided annual reports and performance budgets
highlighting budgetary allocations for women. The first Gender
Budgeting Statement (GBS) in the Union Budget 2005-06 included
10 demands of grants. In 2006-07, the GBS got expanded to 24
demands for grants under 18 ministries/ departments of the Union
government and 5 Union Territories. During the current financial
year, i.e. 2009-10, the GB Statements covered 34 demands for
grants under 27 ministries/ departments and 5 Union Territories.

Macro economic scenario

India’s economic reforms- Structural adjustment programmes
and globalisation policies have directly increased women’s unpaid
work burden, thereby increased women- provided subsidy in the
economy (Patel, 2009). Devaluation of real income due to inflation
leading to price rise of essential commodities and services, erosion
of public distribution system and reduction of services offered by
the public health system, trafficking of girls for child-labour, sex
trade and forced marriage as a result of destitution, privatization
of education and rising male unemployment in traditional sectors
have made women bear disproportionate share of burden. In the
patriarchal families women have to shoulder responsibility of
providing meals and looking after the sick family members. Women
have high stakes in preventing an increase in the proportion of
indirect taxes on essential commodities and in budgetary provisions
to guarantee food security, good quality of education and health care.


Vibhuti Patel 149

Hence, careful study of the working of PDS and local taxonomy
on food security and impact on nutrition, education, employment
generation, health and health services of budgetary allocations is a
must (Patel, 2002).

Implications of the planning process on gender budget

The planning Commission of India has always focused on women’s
issues as per the perceptions of their members on women’s status
within the economy.

The First Five Year Plan (1951-1956) set up Central Social Welfare
Board in 1953 to promote welfare work through voluntary
organisations, charitable trusts and philanthropic agencies.

The Second Five Year Plan (1956-1960) supported development
of Mahila mandals for grass roots work among women.

The Third, Fourth and Interim Plans (1961-74) made provision for
women’s education, pre-natal and child health services, supplementary
feeding for children, nursing and expectant mothers.

The Fifth Plan (1974-1978) marked a major shift in the approach
towards women, from ‘welfare’ to ‘development’, labeled by the
women’s studies scholar as WID (Women in Development’ approach.

The Sixth Plan (1980-85) accepted women’s development as a
separate economic agenda. The Multidisciplinary approach with
three- pronged thrust on health, education and employment
was introduced. From the Sixth Five Year Plan onwards, the
plan document has been including a separate chapter on women
and children.



The Seventh Plan (1985-1990) declared as its objective to bring
women into the mainstream of national development. During this
period, the Department of women and child development was
established within the Ministry of Human Resource Development
(MHRD) of the Government of India (GoI). The Seventh Plan
introduced the concept of monitoring of 27 beneficiary oriented
schemes for women by DWCD. The exercise continues and number
of schemes covered is being expanded. The women’s studies
scholars consider it a WAD (Women and Development) approach.

The Eighth Plan (1992-1997) projected paradigm shift, from
development to empowerment and promised to ensure flow of
benefits to women in the core sectors of education, health and
employment. Outlay for women rose from 4 crores in the First
plan to Rs. 2000 crores in the 8th Plan. The Eighth Plan highlighted
for the first time, a gender perspective and the need to ensure a
definite flow of funds from the general developmental sectors
to women. The Plan document made an explicit statement that
“….the benefits to development from different sectors should
not by pass women and special programmes on women should
complement the general development programmes. The later, in
turn, should reflect great gender sensitivity”. With this plan GAD
(Gender and Development) approach became popular among the
policy makers.

The Ninth Plan (1997-2002) stated that empowerment of women
was its strategic objective and adopted ‘Women Component
Plan’ (WCP) as one of the major strategies and directed both the
Central and State Governments to ensure “not less than 30 per
cent of the funds/benefits are earmarked in all the women-related
sectors.” Special vigil was advocated on the flow of the earmarked
funds/benefits through an effective mechanism to ensure that
the proposed strategy brings forth a holistic approach towards


Vibhuti Patel 151

empowering women. The National Policy for Empowerment
of Women 2001 of GOI adopted during this period envisaged
introduction of a gender perspective in the budgeting process as
an operational strategy.

Regarding formulation of Gender Development Indices, National
Policy for Empowerment of Women 2001 stated, “In order to
support better planning and programme formulation and adequate
allocation of resources, Gender Development Indices (GDI) will be
developed by networking with specialized agencies. Gender auditing
and development of evaluation mechanisms will also be undertaken
alongside. Collection of gender disaggregated data by all primary
data collecting agencies of the Central and State Governments as
well as research and academic institutions in the Public and Private
Sectors will be undertaken. Data and information gaps in vital
areas reflecting the status of women will be sought to be filled
in. All Ministries/Corporations/Banks and financial institutions
etc. will be advised to collect, collate, disseminate data related to
programmes and benefits on a gender-disaggregated basis. This
will help in meaningful planning and evaluation of policies.”

The Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-2007) suggested specific strategies,
policies and programmes for empowerment of women. It
appreciated efforts at ensuring gender-just and gender-sensitive
budget and promised to continue the process of dissecting the
government budget to establish its gender-differential impact and to
translate gender commitment to budgetary commitments. It made
provision of outlay of Rs. 13780 crores. It accepted that Women
Component Plan & Gender Budget play complimentary role for
effective convergence, proper utilisation and monitoring of fund
from various developmental sectors. The Ministry of Women and
Child Development was established during this plan period.



The Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-2012) demands gender
mainstreaming and mentions “Gender Equity requires adequate
provisions to be made in policies and schemes across Ministries and
Departments. It also entails ‘strict adherence to gender budgeting
across the board’. It promises special focussed efforts for creation
of ‘an enabling environment for women to become economically,
politically and socially empowered’.

Gender audit of union budgets

Women’s status and women’s bargaining power in the economy
have a major bearing in the budgetary allocations. “Gender
Budgeting consists of empirical exercises that focus on public
policies and aim to bring out their gender specific implications”
(Banerjee, 2002). Yearly analysis of the budget from the point of
view of women is a must to enhance women’s economic interest
and socio-political standing in the economy. Analysis of budget
from gender perspective makes us understand what are the nature,
character and content of women’s share of the development cake.
Women’s groups and gender economists started dissecting union
budgets with gender concerns from 2001 onwards. The year 2001
was declared as ‘Women Empowerment Year’ by the government.

The gender budgeting initiative in India started in July 2000 when
a Workshop on ‘Engendering National Budgets in the South Asia
Region’ was held in New Delhi in collaboration with the UNIFEM,
in which Government representatives, UN agencies, media, NGOs,
research institutions, civil society and members of the Planning
Commission in the South Asia region participated. Noted gender
auditing professional Professor Diane Elson made a presentation
and shared her experiences on gender budgeting through an
interactive session. National Institute of Public Finance and Policy


Vibhuti Patel 153

(NIPF&P) was commissioned to study Gender Related Economic
Policy Issues, which included gender segregation of relevant
macro data, quantification of contribution of women in economy,
assessment of impact of Government Budget on women, the role
women can play in improving institutional framework for delivery
of public services and the policy alternatives for building a gender
sensitive national budgeting process.

Certain public expenditure schemes have pro-women allocations,
though they are not exclusively targeted for women, such as for instance,
Swarna Jayanti Swarozgar Yojana, Integrated Child Development
Scheme, National Education Programme, Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan,
District Primary Education Programme (DPEP) etc.

The gender disaggregated public incidence analysis of elementary
education budget reveals that girls received around 40 per cent of
total public spending on elementary education. On a per capita
basis, share of girls worked out at Rs. 286 against Rs. 344 per boy
at elementary school stage.

The study concluded that gender incidence of the benefits of
public expenditure is difficult to measure in precise quantitative
terms, since the bulk of the expenditures are meant to provide
services that are essentially public in nature, for instance, benefits
of expenditures on defense, maintenance of law and order and
dispensation of justice are enjoyed by all citizens irrespective of
caste, creed or sex. Nevertheless, considering the gender bias
inherent in a male dominated society the budget should provide
some idea about how much is earmarked specifically for the benefit
of women. The suggestion is not that the gender- wise break-up
of all government expenditures should be provided but that the
expenditures meant primarily for women be shown separately
so that they can be easily culled out from budget heads of social



and economic services in which it is possible to segregate such
expenditures. Efforts of gender economists were targeted to
evolve mechanism to collate gender disaggregated data from
relevant Departments be developed to obtain the gender-wise
relevant statistical database, targets and indicators; provide gender
audit of plans, policies and programmes of various Ministries with
pro-women allocations and lobby for segregated provisions for
women in the composite programmes under education, health,
employment, housing and rural development, etc. to protect the
provisions by placing restrictions on their re-appropriation for
other purposes.

Discourse on gender budgeting in India during the last
decade

During last one decade the discourse on Gender Budgeting has
revolved around the following issues:

Child Sex Ratio: The Census of India, 2001 revealed further decline
in the child sex ratio in several parts of India. In the urban centers,
deficit of girls has been enhancing due to pre-birth elimination. In
spite of demand of women’s groups and recommendation of the
Eleventh Five Year Plan to revisit the two child norm laws, several
state governments continue to victimize the victim, namely poor,
dalit, tribal and Muslim women and unborn girls (as the norm has
resulted into intensified sex selective abortions). More budgetary
allocation was demanded to implement Pre-conception and Pre-
natal Diagnostic Test Act (2002) to prevent sex selective abortion
of female fetuses.
.
Reproductive and child health: Evaluation of Chiranjivi Scheme to
halt maternal mortality has revealed that the public private partnership
in this scheme allows private practitioners milk tax payers money


Vibhuti Patel 155

without giving necessary relief to pregnant women. Only in cases of
normal delivery, the private practitioner admit women for delivery
and in case of complicated delivery, the concerned women are sent
to over-crowed public hospital. In National Rural Health Mission
(NRHM), the woman health workers are not paid even minimum
wages and are paid “honorarium”. More budgetary allocation is
demanded to ensure statutory minimum wages to them.

Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS): Restructuring of
ICDS must promote convergence of several schemes of different
ministries such as health, rural development, tribal development,
JNNURM targeting children. Though the Eleventh Five Year
Plan(2007-2012) promised ‘Walk in ICDS centers’ at railway
stations and bus stands for migrant women and children, none
has started yet; not even in the megapolis such as Mumbai, Delhi,
Kolkata and Chennai!!

Under category of 100% allocation for women, institutional
support for women survivors of violence need major attention,
but so far not much has been done regarding Scheme for Relief
and Rehabilitation of Victims of Sexual Assault promised by the
Five Year Plans since 2000. Women’s groups providing support to
women survivors of Domestic violence are highly disappointed as
no separate allocation for Implementation of Domestic Violence
Act, 2005 which had defined major role of service providers such
as hospitals, law & order machinery, protection office/ counselor
and shelter homes.

Budgetary allocation for water supply & sanitation that affects
women’s life greatly as consumers and unpaid and partially paid-
workers does not mention women. This will perpetuate ‘unproductive
female workload of fetching water from long distance’ avers Indira
Rajaram (2007). She demands, “water-sheds in the country need



to be contoured on the Geographical Information systems (GIS)
platform. Using space technology for mapping of aquifers, a five
year plan needs to be drawn up for creating sustainable water sources
within reasonable reach of rural habitation” (Rajaram, 2007).

Energy expenditure of women: Collection of Fuel and fodder
demand great deal of time and energy from women and girls.
The 11th Plan document has acknowledged the fact, but in reality
nothing significant is done in terms of priority alternative to bio-
fuels that causes smoke related illnesses.

Social security for women in informal sector: The bill on Social
Security for women workers, introduced in the parliament has been
shelved. In the labour market, bizarre scenario is created where girl
children are trafficked for sex trade/ domestic work and slave labour
in occupationally hazardous condition, sexploitation, domestic
work/ servitude; young women workers in Special Economic
Zone are hired and fired as per the whims of employers and are
paid miserable wages. Comprehensive legislation for Protection of
Domestic Workers applicable throughout the country is needed
urgently. Reasons for non-utilisation of funds under Maternity
Benefit Scheme must be examined and concerned offices must
be made accountable. In Unorganized Workers’ Social Security
Act, 2008 (Bill No. LXVII of 2008), special problems of women
unorganized workers must be included.

Women’s rights education: No efforts are made by the state or
professional bodies for employers’ education about basic human
rights of women workers. Supreme Court directive on ‘prevention
of sexual harassment at workplace’ is still not implemented by most
of the private sector employers and media barons.

Utilisation of financial allocation for pro women schemes:


Vibhuti Patel 157

Only 3-4 states are taking advantage of financial allocation for
Scheme for shelter, clothing and food for women in difficult
circumstances, working women’s hostel, short stay homes for
women in difficult circumstances, UJJAWALA: A Comprehensive
Scheme for Prevention of trafficking and Rescue, Rehabilitation
and Re-integration of Victims of Trafficking and Commercial
Sexual Exploitation. Implementation of crèche scheme is far
from satisfactory. Three meals per child per day at the crèches
recommended by Eleventh Five Year Plan are rarely provided.
Except for Tamilnadu, Cradle Baby Reception Centres for
abandoned babies are non-existent in rest of India. No status
report is available on Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS)
promised in the Eleventh Five Year Plan.

Fund flow to PRIs has not been streamlined even after separate
budgetary allocation for PRIs made in the union budget for past 3
years. How many states have provided women’s component in the
funds earmarked for the local self-government bodies at village,
block and district levels? Is it utilized judiciously for fulfilling
practical and strategic needs of women?1

Road and rail transport for women: India is undergoing U-shape
phenomenon so far as women’s work participation is concerned.
Most of the working women in urban and rural areas travel in
overcrowded buses and trains. In the transport sector top priority
needs to be given for women special buses and trains in all cities.

1. Strategic Gender Needs are different in different economic contexts and are determined by
statutory provisions, affirmative action by the state, pro-active role of the employers to enhance
women’s position in the economy and social movements. Practical Gender Needs are identified
keeping in consideration, gender based division of labour or women’s subordinate position in the
economy. They are a response to immediate perceived necessity, identified within a specific context.
They are practical in nature and often are concerned with inadequacies in living conditions such
as provision of fuel, water, healthcare and employment. For details see, Moser, 1993.



For women street vendors, seat-less buses and special luggage
compartments in trains need to be provided.

Implementation of legislations

Promise of the 11th Five Year Plan to allocate funds for
Implementation of Pre Conception and Pre Natal Diagnostic
Test Act (2002) and Domestic Violence Act (2005) has remained
unfulfilled in most of the states, and marginally fulfilled in some
states such as A.P., Kerala, Karnataka and Tamilnadu.

No progress is made in providing audit of land and housing
rights of women by any ministry- Urban Development, Rural
Development, Tribal Development, PRIs and Urban local self
Government bodies.

After consistent highlighting of the findings of Rajendra Sachar
Committee Report, 2007 on the deplorable socio-economic status
of majority of Muslims in India, special budgetary allocation for
socially excluded minority communities is made. In sub-plan for
minorities where allocation of Rs. 513 crore2 is made in Budget
Estimates, no specific allocations is made for minority women/
female headed households by Ministry of Minority Affairs.

Inadequate allocation for crucial schemes affecting survival struggles
of women such as Rajiv Gandhi National Creche Scheme for
Children of Working Mothers (Rs. 56.50 crore), Working Women’s
Hostel (Rs. 5 crore), Swadhar (Rs. 15 crore), Rescue of victims of
trafficking (Rs. 10 crore), Conditional cash transfer for Girl child

2. 1 crore = 10 million


Vibhuti Patel 159

(for the 1st time introduced and allocation of Rs. 15 crore made)
need to be analysed (Nakray, 2009).

Dangerous consequences of tax free clinical trials with stated
goal of making India a preferred destination for drug testing to
private sector should be taken note of as it will make the poor
guinea pigs at the hands of commercial minded techno-docs. Non-
utilization and partial utilization of funds allocated for protective,
promotive, economic and social welfare programmes for women
due to faulty design of the scheme (Maternity Benefits Scheme,
non-syncronisation of financial allocation and schemes (funds
targeted for adolescent girls’ nutrition) and MPLADS (Members of
Parliament Area Development scheme) and funds earmarked for
grain banks in the tribal areas known for starvation deaths demand
urgent attention of politicians, bureaucrats, citizens organizations
and women’s groups.

Studies need to be commissioned to highlight the gap between plan
outlay and outcome, local and global implications of pro-poor and
pro-women budgeting, alternative macro scenarios emerging out
of alternative budgets and inter-linkages between gender-sensitive
budgeting and women’s empowerment.

There is an urgent need to sensitise economists about visibility
of women in statistics and indicators by holding conceptually and
technically sound training workshops by gender economists.

Gender economists have strongly recommended tax reduction for
working, self employed and business women. Lowering tax rates
for women will put more money in their hands and encourage those
not yet in the job market to join the work force. Similarly, property
tax rules should be amended further to encourage ownership of
assets among women. When women are economically independent



and secure, they can exercise choice, enabling them to get out of
repressive conditions. Moreover, they would contribute more to
our growing economy, making it a win-win situation.

Ministry of Women and Child Development needs more vociferous
and visionary leadership, political will and courage of conviction to
strive to not only fulfill the promises made by the Eleventh Five
Year Plan but also expand the democratic space for women and
girls in socio-cultural, economic, educational and political spheres.

Case study of Union Budget of India, 2010-2011

In the current Union Budget 2010-2011 by the Ministry of Finance
of the Government of India, the Women and Child Development
Ministry has received an additional allocation of Rs. 2446 crores over
Rs. 7218 crore in 2009-10. National Mission for Empowerment of
Women has been the new initiative this year. The ICDS platform is
being expanded for effective implementation of the Rajiv Gandhi
Scheme for Adolescent girls. Barring for these encouraging aspects,
the current budget has not brought great hopes for women.

The financial allocation for the National Commission for Women
that is an apex body for women’s empowerment has been reduced
from 9.06 to 7.75 crores. The budgetary allocation for working
women’s hostels is highly inadequate with an increase of only 5
crores at a time when the number of working women is continuously
increasing. The Rashtriya Mahila Kosh allocation has come down
from 20 to 15 crores that will cast serious blow to livelihoods for
women. Leaving this crucial area to financial market will further
increase the vulnerability of women’s self help groups.

It is shocking to know that the budget provides shamefully low


Vibhuti Patel 161

expenditure for relief and rehabilitation for victims of rape.
Whereas the allocation was 53.10 crores in the previous budget,
the actual expenditure was only 16 lakhs, and the current budgetary
outlay has been reduced to 36.2 crores. Yet again, there has been no
allocation in the central budget for providing infrastructure, etc, for
the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005.

The budget has reduced food subsidy of over 400 crores and the
fertilizer subsidy by 3000 crores. The need for a stronger public
distribution system to combat widespread hunger and malnutrition
which has been the demand of women’s organizations has been
completely ignored. In fact, the government seems inclined to
move towards a dismantling of the existing PDS, to be substituted
by food coupons, which can only mean further exclusion of women
and the BPL population from food security.

The mid day meal scheme has seen an increase of 16 per cent in
the budget, but in the context of a 20 per cent rate of inflation,
neither full coverage, nor minimum quality can be ensured. This
will further exacerbate the malnutrition status of women and
children, particularly those from already marginalized sections
like adivasis and Scheduled Castes. The increase for ICDS is 461
crores- which is just about enough to cover existing centres, and
cannot provide for the 14 lakh anganwadis to become functional,
as per the Supreme Court directive.

While the announcement of the Matritva Sahayog Yojna to assist
pregnant and lactating mothers is welcome, the allocations for
health and education fall far short of women’s groups’ demand that
each of these ministries should account for 6 per cent of the GDP.
There is no mention of the ASHA worker, and no fund allocation
to ensure just wages to this woman health activist.



An escalation in prices of essential commodities with the increase
in the excise duty on petroleum and petroleum products by Rs 1.00
per litre will increase the retail prices of petrol and diesel by more
than Rs 2.00 per litre. It will place an additional heavy burden on
the shoulders of common women already reeling under an 18 %
rate of inflation in the last few months.

In its Pre-budget memorandum submitted to the Finance Minister,
WomenPowerConnect had stated that in all metropolises -class I,
II, III, IV and V cities- safe public transport in terms of buses and
trains must be provided to working women. For women vendors
and traders, luggage compartments in the trains and buses should
be provided. Budget has completely ignored this demand.

In the Budget, 2010-11, the basic threshold limit for income tax
exemption will remain at Rs 1.60 lakh. Under the new proposal,
10 per cent tax will be levied between Rs 1,60,001 and Rs 5,00,000,
20 per cent on incomes between Rs 5,00,001 and Rs 8,00,000 and
30 per cent above Rs 8,00,000. For women, the tax exemption will
remain at Rs. 1.9 lakh3 as it was in the previous year’s budget.

An analysis of the budgetary allocation by Centre for Budget
and Governance Accountability (CBGA) has revealed that child
development schemes form 97.2% of the WCD ministry’s budget. The
lion’s share is taken up by the Integrated Child Development Scheme
(ICDS) leaving only a measly 2.4% for women-related programmes.

Gender analysis of State budgets

The findings of the study of NIPFP were discussed in a workshop

3. 1 lakh = 100, 000


Vibhuti Patel 163

held on 3rd - 4th October, 2001 in which representatives from
the Finance Ministry, Census, State Governments, UN agencies,
gender experts and activists participated. (Lahiri et al, 2002)
Another Workshop on Gender Analysis of State Budgets was
convened on 6th December which was also attended by State
Secretaries/Directors of the Department of WCD/Welfare. The
workshop concluded that there is a need to analyse State budgets
with a gender perspective since the States/UTs account for
bulk of the expenditure in social sector which impinges on the
welfare, development and empowerment of women. A network
of research institutes and gender experts throughout the country
were selected to guide the exercise of analyzing State budgets to
track the gender differentiated impact and outcome of budgetary
process and policies. The workshop also agreed to a framework
for undertaking State level gender budget analysis. It was decided
that a quick desk analysis of the State budget documents be made
to identify the following categories of schemes and programmes:
Women Specific Schemes – defined as schemes where 100% of
allocation was meant for women; Pro Women schemes defined as
those, which incorporate at least 30% of allocation for women or
significantly benefit women; Gender-neutral schemes meant for the
community as a whole. These programmes were further classified
in four categories on the basis of their potential impact on women’s
social position: Protective services, such as allocations on women’s
homes and care institutions, rehabilitation schemes for victims of
atrocities, pensions for widows and destitute women etc which
are aimed at mitigating the consequences of women’s social and
economic subordination, rather than addressing the root causes of
this subordination. Social services, such as schemes for education and
health of women, support services like crèche and hostels and also
water supply sanitation and schemes on fuel and fodder, which
contribute significantly to women’s empowerment, either directly
by building their capacities and ensuring their material well-being,



or indirectly through reducing domestic drudgery. Economic services,
such as schemes for training and skill development, and provision
for credit, infrastructure, marketing etc. which are critical to women’s
economic independence and autonomy. Regulatory services which
include institutional mechanisms for women’s empowerment, such
as State Commissions for Women, women’s cells in Police Stations,
awareness generation programme etc which provide institutional
spaces and opportunities for women’s empowerment. During the
last decade compilations have been made on: Scheme-wise/Sector-
wise/Year-wise Budget Estimates/Revised Estimates/Actual
Expenditure in both Plan and Non-Plan Heads; The percentage
of Budget Estimates/Revised Estimates/Actual Expenditure in
relation to total budget in both Plan and Non Plan Heads and
also in relation to total social sector budget in both Plan and Non
Plan Head; The percentage of gap between Budget Estimates and
Revised Estimates and between Revised Estimates and Actual
Expenditure in both Plan and Non Plan Heads in various identified
schemes.

Problem of utilisation of funds allocated for area
development

In 2006, The Ministry of Women and Child Development was formed.
Still for most of the schemes and programmes, there is 66% utilization
of financial resources due to faulty designs, antipathy of some state
governments and bureaucratic bungling. If the funds remain unutilized,
in the subsequent year the allocation is slashed. In several states, funds
allocated to women from minority communities whose socio-economic
and educational profile is most deplorable, have not been utilised at all!!
Rs. 2 crores is allocated to each M.P. for the development of the
constituency as per Member of Parliament Local Area development
Scheme (MPLADS). Utilisation of government funding is the


Vibhuti Patel 165

maximum in the North- Eastern states because of strong horizontal
and vertical networking. The prosperous states depend more on
the private funding to avoid bureaucratic hassles. If poorer areas
in the state do not have a highly motivated administration or an
NGO network, then too the funding remains unutilised. In the
areas dominated by the lower middle class and the poverty groups,
there are demands for more schools, libraries, bridges, toilets,
drains, tube wells, community centres and crematorium. While in
the prosperous areas, the demands are for road repairs and schools.
Private sector of the economy demands banks, hospitals and
shopping plaza. The (Members of Parliament) M.P. and M.L.A.
(Members of Legislative Assembly) have to strike balance by keeping
into consideration immediate needs and long-term considerations
for the constituency.

To check corruption and bring in transparency in the implementation
of rural development projects sponsored by the union government,
the Union Rural Development ministry had asked all District Rural
Development Agencies (DRDAs) to keep their funds only in the
nationalised banks. It has also been made compulsory for the district
rural bodies to record complete details of expenditure incurred by
them under different heads. People’s participation in monitoring
the progress of implementation and the mechanism of social
audit will also be introduced as part of the new strategy to cleanse
the working of the DRDAs (CBGA, 2007). NGOs and Citizens
organisations are using Right to Information Act to track proper
unitisation of the financial allocation from tax payers’ money.

Financial matters and Local Self Government Bodies
(LSGBs)

A recent survey of panchayats working in 19 states, conducted



by the National Institute of Rural Development, Hyderabad
suggested that LSGBs remain toothless because functional and
financial autonomy has not been granted to the PRIs. The study
by the Institute of Social Sciences shows that the extent of fiscal
decentralisation through the empowerment of PRIs has been very
little. The report of the working group on decentralisation appointed
by the Karnataka Government has been criticised severely because,
“It betrays utter lack of trust in the people which is the keystone
of decentralised democracy” (Bandyopadhyay, 2002). Case studies
of Panchayat finances in the Gram Sabhas of Midnapur district
of West Bengal have corroborated the above-mentioned facts
in terms of lack of fiscal autonomy, neglect of girls’ education,
resource crunch. But it has played substantial role in development
of infrastructure, for example rural roads, drinking water, health,
education, irrigation and power (Sau, 2002).

Elected representatives, officials at districts and NGOs working
in the area should act as facilitators in preparation of the plan for
area development and social justice (Pal, 2002). The UN system has
supported allocation of resources for women in PRIs, right from the
beginning. “The evidence on gender and decentralisation in India thus
suggests that while women have played a positive role in addressing, or
attempting to address, a range of practical gender needs1, their impact
on strategic gender needs2 is not remarkable” (UNDP, 2002). The most
challenging task is to enhance capacity of the elected representatives in
LSGB to spend funds for community development.

Demands of women’s groups and gender economists

The women’s groups are aware that concerns of women cannot be
addressed through the Ministry of Women and Child Development
alone. It is on the work of women that success of several sectors
rest. The changing demographics of agriculture, with more than


Vibhuti Patel 167

75% of all women workers, 85% of rural women workers are in
agriculture; women’s disproportionately large contribution to the
export and services sector, in the unorganised sectors —all these
need to be located in the policies. Each of these sectors needs to
make concerted efforts to address women’s concerns through:
recognising women’s contributions, addressing their gender specific
concerns and organising their voice; investing in skills of women and
upgrading their work spaces and providing common work facilities;
providing women access to new technologies and credit schemes;
paying special attention to caste and minority derived exclusion
within gender. Hence, it is important to prioritize universalisation
of Gender budgeting (including gender audit) and Gender outcome
assessment in all Ministries/Departments at Central and State levels.
The Gender Budget Cells located in the different ministries need
to be strengthened so that women’s concerns can be mainstreamed
across different sectors. Further, it needs to be ensured that
each of such measures (as listed above) is backed with adequate
resource allocation. Calling for implementation of the WCP across
all ministries could ensure at least a minimum resource allocation
targeted at women. The poor and even receding implementation
of WCP as pointed by the Mid Term Appraisal of the Tenth Plan
warrants special efforts at correction

Considering the large numbers of women in unpaid work and
women’s central role to the care economy; to address women’s
concerns in these sectors, policies need to focus on social services
to support women’s care roles (old age, child care). With increasing
women’s role in the care economy (both paid and unpaid), adequate
resource allocations need to be made to support women’s care
roles. In the absence of sex disaggregated data, evaluation of
schemes through a gender lens or any effort at strengthening
gender dimensions of existing schemes poses a big question. So,
provision of such data should be prioritized. In the light of the



present agrarian crisis and the changing face of agriculture being
highly gendered, the vulnerability of women farmers in particular
needs attention in the larger context of food security.

Considering the huge gender disparities in land ownership patterns,
women’s access to land needs to be strengthened immediately. This
could be done by (a) improving women’s claims to family land (by
enhancing legal awareness on inheritance laws, provide legal support
services, etc.); (b) improving access to public land by ensuring that
all land transfers for poverty alleviation, resettlement schemes, etc.,
recognize women’s claims; etc., (c) Improving women’s access to
land via market through provision of subsidized credit to poor, by
encouraging group formation for land purchase or lease by poor
women, etc.

Women’s rights organizations in India have demanded that the
Government should ensure adequate gender budgeting in all
ministries and departments, enact a comprehensive Food Security
Bill, ensure universal PDS as a core component, allocate 6%
of GDP for Health, allocate 6% of GDP for Education, Make
budgetary allocation to cover special schemes for women workers,
increase allocation for women farmers, enhance resource allocation
for tribal, dalit, and minority women and increase budgetary support
for schemes to assist women-headed households and differently
abled women.

The target of 30% gender allocations under all ministries has not yet
been achieved. This must be implemented immediately. There is need
for gender audit and gender outcome appraisal of all ministries and
departments at the central and state levels. Very often, resource allocations
made under gender budgeting do not reach in time and they remain
unspent. There should be proper monitoring and supervision of the
allocated funds with greater transparency and accountability at all levels.


Vibhuti Patel 169

Conclusion

Budget audit from the perspective of poor, women, minorities,
people with disability, children, geriatric groups and other vulnerable
sections is now practiced by many countries with an objective
to support government and civil society in examining national,
regional and local budgets from a sectional perspective and applying
the study results for the formulation of responsive budgets. There
is no single approach or model of a sensitive budget exercise. In
some countries, for example, these exercises are implemented by
the government while in other countries individuals and groups
outside government undertake the budgetary analysis.

Budgets garner resources through the taxation policies and allocate
resources to different sections of the economy. There is a need to
highlight participatory approaches to pro-poor budgeting, bottom
up budget, child budget, SC budget, ST budget, green budgeting,
local and global implications of pro-poor and pro-women
budgeting, alternative macro scenarios emerging out of alternative
budgets and inter-linkages between gender-sensitive budgeting and
women’s empowerment (Bhat et al, 2004). Bottom up budgets have
emerged as an important and widespread strategy for scrutinizing
government budgets for their contribution to marginalised sections
of economy. They have utilized a variety of tools and processes to
assess the impact of government expenditures and revenues on the
social and economic position of men, women, boys and girls. Serious
examination of budgets calls for greater transparency at the level
of international economics to local processes of empowerment.
There is a need to provide training and capacity building workshops
for decision-makers in the government structures, gram sabhas,
parliamentarians and audio-visual media (Patel, 2004).

Budget analysis from gender perspective should be introduced



and promoted in all women’s groups, educational and research
institutions. Public debate on gender sensitive budget will help the
country to tilt the balance in favour of area development and peaceful
use of resources in the present atmosphere of jingoism. Gender
commitments must be translated into budgetary commitment. By
using the Right to Information (2005), transparency /accountability
for revenue generation & public expenditure can be ensured. For
Reprioritisation in public spending we must prepare ‘bottom up
budgets’ and lobby for its realisation in collaboration with the elected
representatives. Gender economists must lift the veil of statistical
invisibility of the unpaid ‘care economy’ managed by poor women
and highlight equality & efficiency dimension and transform macro-
policies so that they become women friendly.

The gender budget initiative has opened new vistas of research and
analysis of public expenditure in the country and opened serious
methodological debates for carrying out such analysis. This has
also highlighted the urgency of sharpening the methodological
tools for monitoring the progress of Women’s Component Plan
introduced in the Ninth Five Year Plan. Efforts at ensuring
gender-just and gender-sensitive budget demands continuous
process of dissecting the government budget to establish its
gender-differential impact, translation of gender commitment to
budgetary commitments- Outlay of Rs. 13780 crores and Women
Component Plan & Gender Budget to play complimentary role for
effective convergence, proper utilisation and monitoring of fund
from various developmental sectors.


Vibhuti Patel 171

Bibliography

Bandopadhyaya, D. (2002) Panchayats in Karnataka, Economic and
political Weekly, 37(35), August 31- September 6, pp.3572-3573.

Banerjee, N. (2002) “What is Gender Budgeting?” Public Policies
from Women’s Perspective in the Indian Context, UNIFEM- United
Nations Development Fund for Women, Delhi. Website- http://
www.unifem.org.in

Banerjee, N. and Roy, P. (2004) “What Does the State Do for Indian
Women?” Economic and Political Weekly, Review of Women Studies,
Vol. XXXIX, No.44, October 30-November 5, pp.4831-4837.

Bhat, A., Kolhar, S., Chellappa, A. and H. Anand (2004) “Building
Budgets from Below”, Economic and Political Weekly, Review of
Women Studies, Vol. XXXIX, No.44, October 30-November 5,
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CBGA (2007) Budget 2007-08: Dream or Despair? Response to the Union
Budget 2007-08, Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability
(CBGA), Delhi.

Lahiri, A., Chakraboorty, L and Bhattacharya, P.N. (2002), “Gender
Budgeting in India”, The National Institute of Public Finance ad Policy,
New Delhi.

Nakray, K. (2009) “Gender Budgeting: Does it Really Work? Some
Experiences from India”, U.K. : Policy and Politics, Vol. 37, No. 2,
pp. 307-10.

Patel, V. (2002), Women’s Challenges of the New Millennium, Gyan
Books, Delhi.



Patel, V. (2009) http://www.gender-budgets.org/content/
view/292/156/ United Nations Development Fund for Women
(UNIFEM) and The Commonwealth Secretariat.

Rajaram, I. (2007) “Women in the Eleventh Plan”, National Institute
of Public Finance and Policy, Delhi.

Sau, S. (2002), “Decentralised Financial and Physical Planning: A
Study across Gram Panchayats and Blocks in Midnapore District of
West Bengal”, Department of Economics with Rural Development,
Vidyasagar University, Midnapur, West Bengal.

UNDP (2001), Decentralisation in India- Challenges and Opportunities,
United Nations development programmeme, New Delhi.

Vibhuti Patel is Professor and Head of the Department of Economics,
SNDT Women’s University, Mumbai. She is member of the subgroup on
“Gender, Micro Finance and local Self Government Bodies” for the 11th
Five Year Plan, Government of India. She has published extensively on
gender issues nationally and internationally.


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