2. • Field Theory – Kurt Lewin
• Where to start making changeWhere to start making change
People VS System
• Tao of Change :Push-Pull Theoryao o C a ge us u eo y
• The Heart of Change – John P. Kotter
• Action Research – Cummings & Worleyg y
@ Chiraprapha Akaraboworn2
3. The Transition Curve: A Cycle of CHANGE
3
2 DENIAL
Pe
2. DENIAL
that change is necessary
Retreat/withdrawal.
False competence
7. INTEGRATION
of new skills
and behavior.
erceived
False competence
Blocking
6. SEARCH
for meaning Understanding
dComp
3. AWARENESS
that change is necessary.
Understanding own
5 EXPERIMENTATION
for meaning. Understanding
reasons for success/failure.
petence
Incompetence.
5. EXPERIMENTATION
Testing of new approaches
and skills. Try to do things
differently.
1. SHOCK
Surprise: mismatch
b/w expectation and reality
4. ACCEPTANCE
of reality, letting go of past,
comfortable attitudes.
differently.
@ Chiraprapha Akaraboworn
comfortable attitudes.
4. Field Theory by Kurt Lewin
4
y y
1. Unfreezing
สั่นคลอนสนคลอน
Psychological
2. Moving
เปลี่ยนแปลง 3. Refreezing
่
Disconfirmation
หยุดนิง??
New
•Behaviors Supporting mechanismsBehaviors
•Values
•Attitudes
Supporting mechanisms
•Org. Culture
•Norms
@ Chiraprapha Akaraboworn
•Policies
•Structures
7. OD is a process of change.OD is a process of change.
In The Tao of ChangeNon-Asian view
“to change is to
maintain BALANCE and
“to change is to overcome
resistance.”
HARMONY.”
ป ี่ ป ื
การเปลี่ยนแปลงคือ
การเอาชนะแรงตานทาน การเปลยนแปลงคอ
การรักษาสมดุลและ
การเอาชนะแรงตานทาน
การประสานเขากัน
@ Chiraprapha Akaraboworn 7
(Marshak, 1997)
9. To success in the OD
9
Pay attention to employees’ needs
Create an organizational system
To influence employees
to move forward with planned changes.
@ Chiraprapha Akaraboworn
10. Team Up
10
# of members
5 6 l 5-6 in regular
7-8 in executive class
15 minutes
Name your Consulting Team
Create a logo & motto
@ Chiraprapha Akaraboworn
11. Push-Pull Theory
11
Manufacturers and workplaces can no longer base production
on desktop planning alone and then distribute, or push, them
t th k t It h b tt f fonto the market. It has become a matter of course for
customers, or users, each with a different value system, to
stand in the frontline of the marketplace and so to speak,stand in the frontline of the marketplace and so to speak,
pull the good they need, in the amount and at the time they
need them.
(Ono & Ohno, 1988, p. xiv)(Ono & Ohno, 1988, p. xiv)
@ Chiraprapha Akaraboworn
12. Push System & Pull People
12
Prepare people for change
Manage the systems to allow change to
happenhappen
ี ัเตรียมคนและจัดการระบบ
@ Chiraprapha Akaraboworn
16. Push-Pull Theory in the Process of EPy
E i i Unfreezing Energizing
To motivate and make
the individuals/group
Employees need to see
the need for/g p
ready for change participation and to
be satisfied with the
Breaking down of the
folkways, customs, and
new organization
environment and
d
y , ,
traditions condition
@ Chiraprapha Akaraboworn 16
17. Push-Pull Theory in the Process of EPy
Ch li Moving Channeling
Identification Why employees
choose the degree to
Internalization
g
which they will be
involved in their job
@ Chiraprapha Akaraboworn 17
18. Push-Pull Theory in the Process of EPy
M i i i Refreezing Maintaining
It is for an individual
engaged in a change
Reinforcement –
behavior is shaped byg g g
process to be in an
environment that
p y
environmental
consequences
continually reinforces
the desired change
@ Chiraprapha Akaraboworn 18
20. PUSH PULL
Hard Stuff
•Structure
Soft Stuff/People Issue
•Org. Climate
/ i f/ i•Process
•System
•Value/Belief/Attitude
•Behavior
ORGANIZATION THEORY ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOR
“Shaper” Driver”
@ Chiraprapha Akaraboworn 20
p
Chiraprapha Akaraborworn, AHRD Conference in Asia, 2003
21. OD : Harmony
ith t l i twith external environment
@ Chiraprapha Akaraboworn21
22. OD : Harmony
ithi i ti
22
within organization
P f N dPerformance Needs
Goals Design Mgt.
evel
Org. Org.
Goals
Org.
Design
Org.
Mgt.
nceLe
Process Process
Goals
Process
Design
Process
Mgt
orma
Job/Perfor
mance
Job
Goals
Job
Design
Job
Mgt
Perf
@ Chiraprapha AkarabowornRummler & Brache, 1990
23. Organizational Level
23
g
Inputs Design Components Outputs
h l
Strategy
tion
ness
Technology
ent
gy
Environment
rganizat
ffectiven
Structure Culture
asurem
tems
Or
Ef
Mea
syst
Human Resource Systems
@ Chiraprapha Akaraboworn
24. Group Level
24
Inputs Design Components Outputs
T k St t
O i ti
Task Structure
P f
ess
Organization
Design
Performance
Norms
Compo-
sition
up
ectivene
Interpersonal Relations
Grou
Effe
p
@ Chiraprapha Akaraboworn
25. Individual Level
25
Inputs Design Components Outputs
Organization Skill VarietyOrganization
Design
Skill Variety
Task Autonomy
ess
Group Design
P l
Identity
Autonomy
vidual
ectivene
Personal
Characteristics Task
Significance
Feedback
about
results
Indiv
Effe
esu ts
@ Chiraprapha Akaraboworn
26. General Model of Planned Change
Planning Evaluating
and
Institutionalizing
Planning
and
Implementing
Ch
Diagnosing
Entering
and
C t ti ChangeChangeContracting
@ Chiraprapha Akaraboworn26
27. Action Research Model
27
Problem Identification
Joint diagnosis
Define Problem
Joint action planning
Consultation with a
behavioral scientist
Moving
p g
Data gathering & Action
Multi-Methods
Data gathering &
preliminary diagnosis
Action
Feedback to Client
Data gathering after
action
@ Chiraprapha Akaraboworn
Rothwell, Sullivan & McLean (1995)
28. Contemporary Approaches to Planned Change
28
p y pp
Choose Positive
Subjects
Develop a Vision with
Broad ParticipationSubjects Broad Participation
Collect Positive
Stories with Broad
Participation
Develop Action
Plans
Participation
Examine Data and
Evaluate
Examine Data and
Develop Possibility
Propositions
@ Chiraprapha Akaraboworn
29. Comparison of
Pl d Ch M d l ( 24)
29
Planned Change Models (p. 24)
Similarities
Change preceded by diagnosis or preparation Change preceded by diagnosis or preparation
Apply behavioral science knowledge
Stress involvement of organization membersg
Recognize the role of a consultant
Differences
General vs. specific activities
Centrality of consultant role
Problem-solving vs. social constructionism
@ Chiraprapha Akaraboworn
30. Different Types of Planned Change
30
Different Types of Planned Change
Magnitude of Change
I t l Incremental
Quantum
Degree of Organization
Over-organized
Under-organized
Domestic vs. International Settings
@ Chiraprapha Akaraboworn
g
32. Critique of Planned Change
32
Conceptualization of Planned Change
Change in not linear
Change is not rational
The relationship between change and performance is
unclear
Practice of Planned Change
Limited consulting skills and focusg
Quick fixes vs. development approaches
@ Chiraprapha Akaraboworn
33. 1. Entering & Contracting
2. Diagnosing Organizations
ley
3. Diagnosing groups and jobs
4 C ll ti d l i di ti
Wor
4. Collecting and analyzing diagnostic
information
gs&
5. Feeding back diagnostic information
6 Designing Interventions
mming
6. Designing Interventions
7. Leading & Managing Change
Cum
g g g g
8. Evaluating and Institutionalizing OD
I t ti
@ Chiraprapha Akaraboworn 33
Interventions
34. 8 steps to create change
34
1. Establish a sense of urgencyg y
2. Create the guiding coalition – guiding team
3. Develop a vision and strategy (clear, simple, uplifting)p gy p p g
4. Communicate the change vision (through simple, heart felt
messages)
5. Empower broad-based action (people)
6. Generate short-term wins
7. Consolidate gains and produce more change (Create momentum –
wave after wave of change)
I i i li h i h l ( k h i k)8. Institutionalize new approaches in the culture (make change stick)
@ Chiraprapha Akaraboworn
37. 1. A sense of urgency
การเปลี่ยนเกิดจากการเห็นความจําเปน…แต:
ขาดวิกฤตที่ตองทําใหเปลี่ยน
เห็นแตความสําเร็จอยูตรงหนา
มาตรฐานความสําเร็จต่ํากวาเกณฑมาตรฐานทั่วไป มาตรฐานความสาเรจตากวาเกณฑมาตรฐานทวไป
เนนย้ําแตปาหมายระดับหนวยงานของตนเทานั้น
ขาดการตรวจสอบจากภายนอก
ปฏิเสธความสามารถของบคลากรในองคการ ปฏเสธความสามารถของบุคลากรในองคการ
ผูบริหารใหแตภาพดานบวกขององคกร
@ Chiraprapha Akaraboworn 37
38. 1. A sense of urgency
to motivate action:
ตองแสดงหลักฐานขอมูลที่ทําใหพนักงานเห็นความ
จําเปนจาเปน
see, touch and feel.
แสดงขอมูลที่เปนมูลเหตุจากภายนอกที่ทําใหเกิดการ
เปลี่ยนแปลงภายในเปลยนแปลงภายใน
ลดความภาคภูมิของความสําเร็จในอดีต
@ Chiraprapha Akaraboworn 38
39. John P. Kotter &
D C h
39
Dan Cohen
“ Change happens when
you make people feel differently.”
“you have to appeal more to
the heart than the mind”
@ Chiraprapha Akaraboworn
41. C h d lCreate the guiding coalition
GUIDING TEAMGU NG M
@ Chiraprapha Akaraboworn41
42. 2. The guiding coalition
42
หาแนวรวม
Find the right people
เปนผูบริหารระดับสูง
เปนที่ยอมรับแกคนในองคกร
เปนผูนําการเปลี่ยนแปลง
Trust and common goals
มีเปาหมายรวมกันและสามารถไววางใจได
@ Chiraprapha Akaraboworn
44. 2. Build the guiding team
44
making meetings work
•Stick to one topic per meetingp p g
•Put someone credible in charge
•In charge person has to be
a central force in the guiding teama central force in the guiding team
@ Chiraprapha Akaraboworn
45. l dDevelop a vision and strategy
CLEAR – SIMPLE - UPLIFTINGCLEAR – SIMPLE - UPLIFTING
@ Chiraprapha Akaraboworn45
46. 3. Creating a vision
46
develop a vision and strategy
เปาหมายชัด วิสัยทัศนนํา
@ Chiraprapha Akaraboworn
เปาหมายชด วสยทศนนา
48. 3. Get the vision right
4 things help direct action in the right direction
1. Budgets: financial piece of the plan
2. Plans: step by step how to implement a strategy and is a
logical, linear process
3. Strategies: shows how to achieve the vision, and requires
accurate and up to date info about customers andp
competitors
4. Visions: show an end state where all the plans andp
strategies will take you
@ Chiraprapha Akaraboworn 48
53. Ladder of Inference
53
I take ACTIONS based on
my beliefs
I adopt BELIEFS about the world
I draw CONCLUSIONS
I make ASSUMPTIONS based on
the meanings added
I add MEANINGS (cultural and personal)
I l DATA f h I bI select DATA from what I observe
I OBSERVE data and experiences
@ Chiraprapha Akaraboworn
54. b d b dEmpower broad-based action
PEOPLEPEOPLE
@ Chiraprapha Akaraboworn54
55. 5. empowerment
55
โครงสรางโครงสราง structure
Make it difficult to act
เมื่อพนักงานเขาใจวิสัยทัศน
ํ ิ
หัวหนาขลาดกลัว
supervisors
ขาดทักษะความชํานาญ
Skills underminesและตองการดาเนนการ
เปลี่ยนแปลง
supervisors
discourage
Actions aimed at
I l ti th
Skills undermines
action
แตมักถูกขัดขวางดวยImplementing the
New vision
ระบบงานบุคคลและขอมูล
Systems make it difficult
@ Chiraprapha Akaraboworn
y
To act
56. 5. Empower action
Boss
biggest obstacle to change effortsgg g
Removing the “System” barrierRemoving the System barrier
performance evaluation & reward system – stickiest
problemproblem
Removing other barriers:
Skill – irrational and psychological block
Information – feedback on the action
@ Chiraprapha Akaraboworn 56
58. 6. short-term wins
58
offer reward for hard-working employees with positive,
l b ildi f db kmorale-building feedback
give change leaders concrete data to test and refine
their visions.
Zealous believers will stay the course no matter how long
the change takesg
@ Chiraprapha Akaraboworn
59. 6. Create a short-term wins
Provide feedback to change leaders about the validity of
their visions an strategies
Give those working hard to achieve a vision a pat on the
back an emotional liftback, an emotional lift
Build faith in the effort, attracting those who are not yet
actively helping
Take power away from the cynics
@ Chiraprapha Akaraboworn 59
60. A Cyclical Model of Conflict
60
y
TriggeringBehavior Behavior
Triggering
Event
Triggering
Event
Behavior Behavior
I
Issues Consequences Consequences
Issues
Episode 1 Episode 2
@ Chiraprapha Akaraboworn
63. Consolidate gains andConsolidate gains and
produce more change
CREATE MOMENTUM
WAVE AFTER WAVE OF CHANGEWAVE AFTER WAVE OF CHANGE
@ Chiraprapha Akaraboworn63
64. 7. Broadening the transformation
Create momentum –
64
Create momentum
wave after wave of change
จะทาสีหองไหนดี
หนอ?
In a successful paint,
the smallest pieces.
@ Chiraprapha Akaraboworn