2. UNIT–I
DISK OPERATING SYSTEM (DOS): Introduction, History & Versions of DOS, DOS
Basics - Physical Structure of Disk, Drive Name, FAT, File and Directory Structure and
Naming Rules, Booting Process, DOS System Files. DOS Commands: Internal - DIR,
MD, CD, RD, COPY, COPY CON, DEL,REN VOL, DATE, TIME, CLS, PATH, TYPE,
VER etc. External - CHKDSK, XCOPY, PRINT, DISKCOPY, DOSKEY, TREE, MOVE,
LABEL, FORMAT, SORT, FDISK, BACKUP, EDIT, MODE, ATTIRIB, HELP, SYS
etc, Executable V/s Non Executable Files in DOS.
Introduction: - MS DOS dk iwjk uke Microsoft Disk Operating System gSA
MS- DOS ,d Character User Interface Operating System (CUI) gSA tks yxkrkj viuh dqN
fo’"krkvksa ds lkFk ;wtj dks ubZ lqfo/kk;sa miyC/k djkrk gSA
;g lcls yksdfiz; operating system Fkk A ekbZdzks dEI;wVj esa ;g iz;ksx gksrk Fkk A lu 1984 esa buVsy
80286 izkslslj ;qDr ekbZdzks dEI;wVj fodflr fd;s x;s rc buesa MSDOS 3.0 vkSj msdos 4.0 version
dk fodkl fd;k x;k A
Microsofts bl vkijsfVax flLVe dks fMLd vkijsfVaax flLVe dgk x;k D;ksafd ;g vf/kdrj fMDl ls
lacaf/kr buiqV vkmViqV dk;Z djrs FksA
Ms dos ,d vkijsfVax flLVe ;wtj vkSj gkMZos;j ds chp e/;LFkrk dk dk;Z djrk gSA vkijsfVax flLVe
dkEI;wVj esa gkMZos;j ,oa software dks control gh ugha djrk gSA muds chp ijLij laca/k LFkkfir djrk gS A
ftlls ;wtj dks computer Operate djus esa dkssbZ leL;k ugha gskrh gSA ms dos esa dhoksMZ dh lgk;rk ls
dkeaM fn;s tkrs gSA dos bu commands dks le> dj ml dk;Z dks leiUu djrk gSAvkSj vkmViqV dks
iznf’kZr djrk gSA
Version of MS DOS :-
MS DOS Operating System x86 based personal compter ds fy;s cuk;k x;k gS ;g IBM dk
eq[; vkijsfVax flzLVe gS A
IBM us blds dbZ otZu fudkys ftlesa ls dqN izeq[k fuEu gSA
MS DOS Versoion 1.12
MS DOS 2.0 – support for 10 MB Harddisk drive and tree structure fileing System dk iz;ksx
fd;k x;k A
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3. MS DOS 3.0 support for lagrge hard disk drive
MS DOS 3.1 Support for Microsoft Network
MS DOS 3.3 Support FAT16 and large Drive
MS DOS 4.0 Support Graphical Mouse Interface
MS DOS 4.01 blesa volume Serial Number Formatting Hardisk dk use fd;k x;kA
MS DOS 5.0 full screen Editor dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA
MS DOS 5.5 (window NT) all windows nt 32 bit
MS DOS 7.0 Support for FAT 32 File System
MS DOS 8.0 Dos Boot Disk Create By Windows XP
File (QkbZy)
Computer esa data vkSj Information dks ,df=r djds LVksj djus ds fy;s ,d ;wfuV dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gS A
;g MkVk electronic fof/k ls lso fd;k tkrk gS A blfy;s bls electronic File Hkh dgrs gSA
dEI;wVj es nks izdkj dh QkbZy gksrh gSA
MkVk QkbZy
izksxzke QkbZy
MkVk QkbZy %& ftl QkbZy esa ;wtj MkVk ds lso djrk gS A MkVk QkbZy dgykrh bl QkbZy dk fuek.kZ fdlh
application Software or Editor esa fd;k tkrk gSA tSls nqdku ds leku dh tkudkjh ;k tux.kuk dh
tkudkjh vkfnA
izksxzke QkbZy%& dEI;wVj esa fdlh application program ;k vU; software dks pykus okyh tks QkbZy
gksrh gS og izksxzke QkbZy gksrh bl QkbZy esa lk/kkj.k MkVk ugha gksrk gSA bl esa dekMksa dk lsV gksrk gSA
ftudk ,d ykftdy dze gksrk gSA
bl QkbZy ij fDyd djds bls pyk;k tk ldrk gSA
bl dk fuek.kZ dEI;wVj dh fdlh Hkk"kk esa fd;k tkrk gS fdlh fo’ks"k dk;Z djus ds fy;s tkrk gSA
tSls %&
MkVk QkbZy
Ram.txt , Micro.doc, Hello.jpg vkfn
izksxzke QkbZy%&
mark.bat, edit.com, label.exe
QkbZy ds ukedj.k ds fu;e %&
dEI;wVj dh eseksjh esa QkbZy lso djus ds fy;s mldk ,d uke fn;k tkrk gSA ftls QkbZy use dgrs gSA
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5. MS DOS dks (Open) pkyw djuk %&
MS DOS dks start djus ds nks rjhds gksrs gSaA
1. click on Start Button all Program Accessoriess Command Prompt ij fDyd djus
ls Command Prompt window Open gks tkrh gS
2. click on start button run type CMD and click on ok button ls command prompt
window open gks tkrh gSA
tks fuEu gSA
Drive Name
Prompt and cursor
Root Directory
current directory name
bl izkWEWV ls MkWl ds dekaMvksa dks pykrs gSA bUVj dj us ij dekM py tkrk gSA
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6. Internal Command (vkfUrfjd funsZ’k)
Internal Command os command gksrs gSA ftUgsa pykus ds fy;s fdlh fo"ks’k QkbZy dh vko’;drk ugh
gksrh gSA ;g command command.com es ifjHkkf"kr gksrs gSaA internal command dos ds lkFk lnSo
miyC/k gksrs gSaA vr% bUgsa ge dHkh Hkh ju dj ldrs gSaA
mnkgj.k%
MD, CD, DATE, TIME, CLS, VOL, REN, COPY, DEL vkfnA
DIR COMMAND
bl dekWM dk iwjk uke directory information report gSA bldh lgk;rk ls ge Directory ,oa file dh
Detail information dks ns[k ldrs gSaA ;g MkWl dk lcls T;knk mi;ksx gksus okyk dekWM gSA
Syntax :-
Example:- c:>dir
bl example esa C drive dh Mk;jsDVjh ,oa QkbZy dh fMVsy fyLV vk;sxh A
DIR Command’s Switches
DIR/AD :- bl dekWM ls dsoy Mk;jsDVjh dh fyLV vkrh gSA
DIR/AH: bl dekWM ls dsoy fNih gqbZ Mk;jsDVjh ,oa QkbZy dh fyLV vkrh gSA
DIR/AS: bl dekWM ls dsoy flLVe QkbZy ,oa Mk;jsDVjh dh fyLV vkrh gSA
DIR/AR: bl dekWM ls dsoy Read only QkbZy ,oa Mk;jsDVjh dh fyLV vkrh gSA
DIR/P: bl dekWM ls QkbZy ,oa Mk;jsDVjh dh fyLV dks (Page by Page) ns[k ldrs gSA
DIR/S: bl dekWM ls QkbZy ,oa Mk;jsDVjh ,oa lc Mk;jsDVjh dh fyLV dks Hkh ns[k ldrs gSA
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7. DIR/B: bl dekWM ls dsoy QkbZy ,oa Mk;jsDVjh dh fyLV vkrh gSA mldh Detail Information ugha
vkrh gSA
DIR/ON: bl dekWM ls Mk;jsDVjh ,oa QkbZy dh fyLV Alfa bate (A to Z)dze esa vkrh gSA
DIR/OS: bl dekWM ls Mk;jsDVjh ,oa QkbZy dh fyLV lkbZt ds vk/kkj ij vkrh gS lcls NksVh QkbZy
lcls igys ,oa lcls cMh lcls ckn esa vkrh gSA
DIR/OG: bl dekWM ls Mk;jsDVjh ,oa QkbZy dh fyLV lewg (Group) esa vkrh gS A
DIR/OD: bl dekWM ls Mk;jsDVjh ,oa QkbZy dh fyLV Date ds vk/kkj ij vkrh gS lcls iwjkuh QkbZy
lcls igys vkrh gS A
DIR/W: bl dekWM ls Mk;jsDVjh ,oa QkbZy dh fyLV pkSMkbZ esa vkrh gS A Mk;jsDVjh dks"Vd esa vkrh gS
Note :-
1.Hyphen dk iz;ksx djus ls blds Opposite result vkrs gSaA
Example %& DIR/A-D blls Mk;jsDVjh dks NksMdj dsoy QkbZy dh fyLV vkrh gSA
2. ,d lkFk ,d ls vf/kd switches dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA
Example :- DIR/S/P
MD Command
bl dekWM dk iwjk uke Make Directory gSA bldh lgk;rk ls ge ubZ Mk;jsDVjh dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA
Syntax:-
Example:- C:>MD micro
C:>_
bl mnkgj.k esa micro uke dh Mk;jsDVjh dk fuekZ.k gks tk;sxkA
CD Command
bl dekWM dk iwjk uke Change Directory gSA blls ge ,d Mk;jsDVjh dks nwljh Mk;jsDVjh esa cny ldrs
gSA
Syntax:-
Example: - C:>CD MICRO
C:MICRO>
CD < Directory Name>
MD <New Directory Name>
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22. Sort Command
bl dh lgk;rk ls QkbZy ds esVj dks dkWye ds vk/kkj ij sort dj ldrs gSaA ,oa sorted contains dks ns[k
ldrs ,oa ubZ QkbZy esa lso dj ldrs gSaA
Syntax:-
Example:-
Executable or Non Executable Files:- dEI;wVj esa dbZ izdkj dh QkbZy gksrh gSaA ftlesa ,d izdkj
dh QkbZy executable file bu QkbZy ds vzUnj dekaM gksrs gSaA tks ,d fo’ks"k dk;Z dks djus ds fy;s rS;kj
dh tkrh gS ,e,l MkWl esa fdlh dk;Z dks djus ds fy;s ,d fo’ks"k QkbZy rS;kj dh tkrh gSA bls cSp QkbZy
dgk tkrk gS ;g QkbZy ,e,lMkWl dh Executable File dgykrh gSA os QkbZy ftudk f}rh;d uke EXE,
COM or BAT gksrk gSA Executable File dgykrh gSaA bu QkbZyksa dk primary Name fy[kdj ,UVj
djus ij ;g QkbZy ju gks tkrh gSA
blds foijhr os QkbZYk ftuds vUnj MkVk gksrk gSA bUgsa MkWl IkzekV ij ju ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS ;g QkbZy
Executable QkbZy dh lgk;rk ls ju gksrh gSaA bu QkbZyksa dk f}rh;d uke txt, doc, dat gksrk gSA
Booting Process:-
Computer dks Start gksus fd izfdz;k dks Booting process dgrs gSaA bl izksfll ds nkSjku dEI;wVj ls tqMs
gq;s lHkh gkMZos;j ,oa lkQVos;j dks pSd fd;k tkrk gS tc ge dEI;wVj dks Start djrs gSaA ml le; lcls
igys jkse ls izkjafHkd izksxke ,oa dEI;wVj dh lsfVax yksM gksrh gSA blds ckn POST fdz;k gksrh gS bl dk iwjk
uke Power on self test gSA bl izfdz;k esa dEI;wVj ls tqMs gqw;s lHkh gkMZos;j dks pSd fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn
Sort File Name
or
Sort filename>>new file Name
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23. dksbZ =VqfV gksrh gS rks mls og izfnf’kZr djrk gS A bl fd okn MBR ls vkijsfVsx flLVe dks yksM fd;k
tkrk gS bl nkSjku flLVe QkbZy gkMZfMLd ls jse esa yksM gks tkrh gSaA vkSj viuk dk;Z djrh gS
,e,l MkWl dh flLVe QkbZy fuEu gSaA
Command.com
config.sys
IO.sys
MSDOS.sys
Autoexec.bat
bu QkbZy dks flLVe QkbZy dgk tkrk gSA bu QkbZy ds fuEufyf[kr dk;Z gSA
Command.com:- ;g QkbZy ,e,l MkWl dh ,d lcls egRoiw.kZ QkbZy gS ;g QkbZy ;wtj dks
bUVjQsl iznku djrh gSA bl QkbZy esa all Internal Command ifjHkkf"kr gksrs gSA ftls ge
MkWl izekWV ij pyk ldrs gSA
Config.sys:- bl QkbZy ds vUnj system dh Configuration gksrh gS
IO.sys:- bldk iwjk uke input out system file gS A ;g buiqV ,oa vkmViqV dks control
djrh gSA
MSDOS.sys:- io.sys and msdos.sys QkbzZy dks MkWl dk duZy dgk tkrk gS tks ;wtj ,oa
dEI;wVj ds chp bUVjQsl dk dk;Z djrh gSA
Autoexec.bat:- ;g QkbZy lcls ckn esa ju gksrh gS ;g gkMZfMLd esa vkijsfVssx flLVe dks <w<rh
gS vkSj mls ju djrh gS A
blh ds lkFk cqfVax izfd;k iwjh gks tkrh gSA
cqfVax izksfll nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA
1. Cold Booting :- tc ge dEI;wVj dks ikoj cVu ls LVkZV djrs gSaA ml nkSjku tsk izksfll gksrh gS
mls dksYM cqfVax dgk tkrk gSA
2. Worm Booting:- tc ge dEI;wVj dks fjLVkZV djrs gS ml le; okEkZ cqfVax gksrh gS bls soft
booting Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
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24. UNIT–II
WINDOWS XP: Introduction to Windows XP and its Features, Hardware Requirements
of Windows. Windows Concepts, Windows Structure, Desktop,Taskbar, Start Menu, My
Pictures, My Music, My Documents, Working with Recycle Bin - Restoring a deleted file,
Emptying the Recycle Bin. Managing Files, Folders and Disk - Navigating between
Folders, Manipulating Files and Folders, Creating New Folder, Searching Files and
Folders. My Computer – Exploring Hard Disk, Copying and Moving Files and Folder
from One Drive to Another, Formatting Floppy Drive, Windows Explorer and its
Facilities, Using Floppy, CD, DVD, Pen Drive, Burning CD. Windows Accessories -
Calculator, Notepad, Paint, WordPad, Command Prompt. Entertainment- Media Players,
Sound Recorder, Volume Control, Movie Maker.
Introduction:- Microsoft us MkWl ds ckn dbZ GUI Interface Windows Operating System
design fd;s A fo.Mkst ‘’kCn bldh vkd`fr ,oa dk;Z djus ds rjhds ls cuk gSA blesa izksxke fo.Mkst ds
vkdkj esa [kqyrs gSA blesa izR;sd option fo.Mks esa [kqys bl izdkj bldk uke fo.Mks j[kk x;k A
MkWl esa tks dk;Z dekaM dh lgk;rk ls fd;s tkrs gS og blesa ekml ls vklkuh ls dj ldrs gSaA bldks pykuk
vklku gksrk gSA fo.Mkst esa izO;sd vki’ku vkbdu ,o ehuw esa gksrs gSA
ekbdzkslkWQV ges’kk lkQVos;j m|ksx esa ges’kk izFke LFkku ij jgk gS D;ksafd ;wtj dh vko’;drk vuqlkj
lkQVos;j rS;kj djrs gSA fo.Mkst 95 ds ckn Microsoft us izR;sd c"kZ dqN uk dqN u;k cktkj esa ykrh jgh
gSA windows XP ,d vR;ar le`} ,oa 'kfDr’kkyh Operating System gSA bldks ;wtj dks vkijsV djus esa
vklkuh gksrh gSA fo.Mkst ,sDlih ds ikWp ,sfMlu gSA ftudk iz;ksx vyx vyx dk;Z ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA
tks fuEu gSA
Available Windows XP Edition:-
1. Windows XP Professional Edition
2. Windows XP Media Edition
3. Windows XP Home Edition
4. Windows XP Tablet Edition
5. Windows XP 64- Bit Edition
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25. Windows XP Professional Hardware Requirements
Component Requirements
CPU Pentium 233 Megahertz (MHz) or above
Memory 64 MB RAM Minimum 128
Recommended 4 GB Maximum
Hard disk Space 1.5 GB Free Space
Display VGA (Video Graphics Adapter)
Accessories Keyboard , Mouse
Windows XP features:-
Windows XP dh viuh dqN fo’ks"krk,sa gSA ftl dh otg ls ;g cgqr popular gSA
1. GUI Interface:- windows XP Graphical User Interface Operating system gSA blesa
picture , icon, symbol vkfn dh lgk;rk ls bldks vklkuh ls pkyk;k tk ldrk gSA
2. Plug & Play :- blesa plug &play {kerk bls vkSj vf/kd ljy cukrk gS blls vki dksbZ Hkh ubZ
fMokbl dEI;wVj esa vklkuh ls tksMdj pyk ldrs gSA bles MkbZoj lhMh dh vko’;drk ugh gksrh gSA
3. Help & Support:- windows xp dh lcls vPNh fc’ks"krk help &Support gS bl ls blls ge
windows xp dh gsYi ys ldrs gSaA vkSj vius dk;Z dks lQyrk iwoZd dj ldrs gSA bldh shortcut
key F1 gSA
Starthelp & support
4. File and setting transfer wizard:- bl ls ge ,d dEI;wVj dh foMks.t setting nwljs
computer esa transfer dj ldrs gSA
Start all program accessories system tool File and setting transfer wizard
5. Clear Type:- blls text clarity dks cMk;k tk ldrk gSA
Right click on desktop appearance effect select clear type
6. Tour windows xp :- windows xp ds lkFk lcls cMh fo’ks"krk Tour windows xp gS ftlls
ge basic windows xp pykuk lh[k ldrs gSA
Start all program accessories tour windows xp
7. Remote Desktop Connection:- blls ge vius nwj cSBs nksLRk ;k cksl ls fjeksVyh tqMdj gsYi ys
ldrs gSA vFkkZr~ nwj cSBk nksLr gekjs dEI;wVj dks vkijsV dj ldrs gSA
Start all program accessories Communication Remote desktop
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26. 8. Write to CD:- windows xp esa CD Write djus okys software dh vko’;drk ugh gksrh lh/ks
CD dks jkbZV dj ldrs gSaA
9. Clean Desktop:- windows XP esa fDyhu MsDlVkWi lqfo/kk gksrh gSA blls ,sls vkbZdkWu ftudk
iz;ksx lkB fnu rd ugha djrs gSA mu vkbZdku dks fDyhu MsDlVkWi QksYMj esa Transfer dj fn;k
tkrk gSA ftlls MsDlVkWi fDyhu fn[kus yxrk gSA
Right click on desktop Desktop custom desktop cleanup desktop
10.Easy to connect Network:- windows xp esa network dks tksMuk vklku gksrk gSA D;ksafd blesa
wizard method dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
11.Search:- windows xp esa searching djuk vklku gksrk gSA blesa vyx vyx izdkj ls Hkh
searching dj ldrs gSaA tSls ;wtj dks QkbZy QksYMj contract vkfnA
Start Search or windows+ F
12.Easy to installation:- blesa fdlh Hkh izksxzke dks fLFkkfir djuk vklku gksrk gSA D;ksafd blesa fotkMZ
ls installation gksrk gSA
13.Accessibility:- blesa Accessibility gksrh gSaA ftlls bldks va/ks ,oa cgjs vkfn ds lkFk lkFk
vkuLdzhu fdcksMZ gksrk gSA ftlls bldks ekkml ls pkyk;k ldrs gSA
Start all program accessories accessibility
Desktop:-dEI;wVj LVkZV gksus ds ckn tks fLdzhu fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA og MsDlVki gksrk gSA bl ij flLVe
vkbZdku, izksxzke ds vkbZdku ,oa QkbZy ,oa QksYMj gksrs gSA blls ge fdlh Hkh vkbZVe dks vklkuh ls iz;ksx
dj ldrs gSA bl ij tks QkbZy QksYMj ;k izksxzke lcls T;knk iz;ksx gksrs gSA mudks j[kuk pkfg;sA vuko’;d
QkbZy QksYMj ij bl ij ugha j[kuk pkfg;sA
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27. Taskbar:- Windows dk Taskbar cgqr egRoiw.kZ fgLlk gksrk gS bl ij mi;ksx fd;s tkus okys izksxzke
fn[kkbZ nsrs gSA ;gkW ls ge iz;ksx fd;s tkus okys izksxzke dks can ,minimize or maximize dj ldrs gSaA
Windows XP esa Taskbar Improve fd;k x;k gSA blesa VkLd ckj dks ykWd fd;k tk ldrk gSA blesa
VkLdckj dks ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij ewo dj ldrs gSA ;fn vf/kd izksxzke [kqy tkrs gSA rks mudh xzqfisx
Hkh dj ldrs gSA blesa nk;sa rjQ uksfVfQds’ku ,fj;k gksrk gS ftlesa le; usVodZ ;k dqN egRriw.kZ izksxzke dks
tksM ldrs gSA;fn vf/kd izksxzke [kqy tkrs gSA rks blesa LdzkWfyax Hkh dj ldrs gSa
Start Button:- tc windows xp dks igyh ckj pykrs gS rks LVkVZ ehuw Lor% fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA blds vUnj
foaMkst ds lHkh izksxzke ,oa tks izksxzke ge LFkkfir djrs gS os lc blesa vius vki tqM tkrs gSA vkSj mudks
LVkZV ehuw ls ckn esa mudks iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA blesa control panel search network vkfn vki’ku
gksrs gSA ftlls dEI;wVj dh setting dks change fd;k tk ldrk gS windows xp esa start button dks
customize fd;k tk ldrk gSA LVkVZ cVu foaMks dk vk/kkj gksrk gS A dEI;wVj dks LVkVZ djds izksxzke dks
LVkVZ cVu ls gh [kksyk tkrk gSA ehuw ds vUnj lc ehuw gksrs tks rhj ds fu’kku ls iznf’kZr gksrs gS
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28. s
s
MY Picture:- My Picture windows xp dk flLVe QksYMj gksrk gSA tc ge dEI;wVj esa dksbZ QksVks
cukrs gS rks og picture default :Ik ls blh esa lsc gksrh gSA blesa windows xp dh default :i ls lsc
QksVks blh esa jgrh gSA ;g QksYMj my documents ds vUnj gksrk gSA ,oa LVkVZ ehuw esa Hkh jgrk gSA
MY MUSIC :- MY Music windows xp dk flLVe QksYMj gksrk gSA tc ge dEI;wVj esa dksbZ music
record djrs gS rks og My music esa default :Ik ls lsc gksrk gSA blesa windows xp ds default :i
ls lsc music blh esa jgrs gSA ;g QksYMj my documents ds vUnj gksrk gSA ,oa LVkVZ ehuw esa Hkh jgrk gSA
MY Document :- ;g dEI;wVj dk flLVe QksYMj gksrk gS tc ge dksbZ QkbZy dk fuek.kZ djrs gSaA vkSj
mls lh/ks lsc dj nsrs gSaA rks og my documents esa lsc gks tkrh gS bles my music my picture , my
videos vkfn QksYMj default :i ls blh esa jgrs gSaA ;g QksYMj desktop ij ,oa LVkVZ ehuw jgrk gSA bldk
iz;ksx ge nksuks txg ls dj ldrs gSaA
Accessories: windows accessories windows xp ds lkFk gksrs buesa vko’;d lkQVos;j gksrs gSaA
ftudk ge iz;ksx dj ldrs gSA dqN egRoiw.kZ accessores fuEu gSA
1. Calculator:- Calculator windows xp dh accessories gSA blls ge eSFkl~ dh x.kuk;sa adj ldrs
gSA blesa nks izdkj ds dsYdqysVj gksrs gSaA ftldks fdckMZ ;k ekml nksuksa ls pkyk;k tk ldrk gSA bldks
pykus ckyh dk uke calc.exe gksrk gSA
dsYdqysVj LVkVZ djuk%& bldks nks izdkj ls LVkVZ fd;k tk ldrk gS
Start Run calc ok
Start all programs accessories calculator
A. Standard :- ;g ,d lk/kkj.k dsYdqysVj gksrk gS ftlls lk/kkj.k dsYdqys’ku dh tk ldrh gSaA
B. Scientific:- ;g dsYdqysVj ,Mokal gksrk gS bls Engineering and advance math dh
calculation dh tk ldrh gSA
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29. 2. Notepad :-
;g windows xp dk basic text editor gSA
blesa tks QkbZy curh gS mldk f}rh;d uke .TXT gksrk gSA
bles vf/kdre 64 lines and 1024 Colum gksrs gSA
bleas VsDl dh QkWeZfVzx ugha fd tk ldrh gSA
blesa HTML documents dk fuek.kZ fd;k tkrk gSAvFkkZr~ cso ist dk fuek.kZ Hkh bl esa dj
ldrs gSA
blesa ikWp ehuw gksrs gS ftldh lgk;rk ls bles dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA tks gSA
bldks pykus okyh QkbZy dk uke notepad.exe gSA
File:- bl ehuw ls QkbZy ls lacaf/kr dk;Z fd;s tkrs gSaA tSls QkbZy dks lsc djuk QkbZy dks [kksyuk
ubZ QkbZy ckukuk fizUV fudkykuk vkfnA
Edit :- blls QkbZy esa Editing lacaf/kr dk;Z fd;s tkrs gSaA
Format:- blesa word wrap fd;k tkrk gS ,oa Font dks cnyk tk ldrk gSA
View- blls Status bar dks ‘’kks dj ldrs gSaA
Help:- blls uksVisM ds ckjs esa gsYi ys ldrs gSA
Start all program accessories notepad
Or
Start Run Notepad
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30. 3. WordPad :-
blls simple text documents dk fuek.kZ fd;k tkrk gS A
blesa VSDl dh Formatting dh tk ldrh gSA blesa bullet Style and tab dk iz;ksx fd;k
tk ldrk gSA
blesa tks QkbZy curh gS mldk f}rh;d uke .DOC gksrk gSA
blesa ehuw ckj ds vykok Standard bar and formatting bar gksrh gSS ftlls dk;Z dks
vklkuh ls ,oa TkYnh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
blesa N% ehuw gksrs gSA
File Edit View Insert Format Help
blesa Insert ehuw ls object dks tksMk tk ldrk gSA
bldks pykus ckyh QkbZy dk uke wordpad.exe gksrk gSA
Start all program accessories WordPad
Or
Start Run WordPad
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32. 5. Command Prompt :-;g MkWl dk dalksy console gksrk gSaA blesa ,e,l MkWl ds dekaMl pyk;s tkrs
gSaA bldks pykus ckyh QkbZy dk uke CMD.EXE gksrk gSA
Entertainment: windows xp esa euksjatu djus ds fy;s Entertaiment option gksrk gS blds vUnj
sub menu gksrs gSAtks fuEu gSA
Sound Recorder
Volue Control
Windows media player
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33. Sound Recorder:- blls ge viuh vkokt dks dEI;wVj esa fjdkMZ djds ds lso dj ldrs gSA bldk
iz;ksx djus ds fy;s gekjs ikl ekbdzks Qksu gksuk pkfg;s A blds fcuk ge vkokt dks fjdkMZ ugh dj ldrs gSaA
,oa dEI;wVj esa sound driver gksuk pkfg;sA
blesa cuus ckyh QkbZy dk f}rh;d uke .wav gksrk gSA blesa pkj ehuw gksrs gSaA ftudk iz;ksx ge fjdkfMZx
djrs le; djrs gSaA
blesa ge Sound esa editing dj ldrs gSaA
blesa ge Sound esa effect yxk ldrs gSA
blesa ge Sound dks MIX dj ldrs gSA
Sound Record djuk%& Sound recorder open djus ds ckn fjdkMZ cVu ij fDyd djrs gSaA
vkSj cksyuk LVkVZ djrs gSaA fjdkMZ djus ds ckn stop button ij fDyd djrs gSaA blds ckn play button ij
fDyd djds ml fjdkfMZxa dks lqurs gSaA vkSj ckn esa mls lso djrs gSaA
Volume Control:- blls ge dEI;wVj ds volume dks control dj ldrs gSA
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34. s
Media Player:- bldh lgk;rk ls ge audio and video nksuksa izdkj ds xkus lqu ldrs gSA
,oa fQYe Hkh ns[k ldrs gSaA
blesa play, pause, next, pervious stop vkfn cVu gksrs gSaA ftlls ge xkus ;k fQYe dks daVksy dj
ldrs gSaA
Windows Movie Maker:- blls ge fQYe dk fuek.kZ dj ldrs gSaA blesa fofM;ks vkfM;ks ,oa QksVks dks
vkil esa feDl dj djds mldh fQYe dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA
bldh lgk;rk ls ge blesa effect Hkh yxk ldrs ftlls bldks vkSj vf/kd izHkkoh cuk ldrs gSA
blesa movie cukus ds rhu fLVsi gksrs gks gSaA
1. Capture video:- blls fofM;ks] fiDpj ,oa vkfM;ks dks import djrs gSA
2. Edit movie:- bl LVsi esa fofM;ks fiDpj ,oa vkfM;ks dks lsV djrs gSA ,oa mles ,sfues’ku dks lsV
djrs gSA
3. Finish Movie:- bl LVsi esa fQYe dks lso djrs gSA
bu rhuks LVsi dks ehuw okj ,oa Vwy okj dh lgk;rk ls Hkh djr ldrs gSA
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35. Recycle Bin :-
Recycle Bin ,d flLVe QksYMj gSA blesa tks QkbZy ;k QksYMj ;k izksxzke delete fd;s tkrs gSaA og
blesa ewo gks tkrs gSA
Reclycle Bin ,d ,slk QksYMj gksrk gSA ftls ge fMfyV ugh dj ldrs gSA
blls fMfyV fd;s x;s vkbVe dks fjLVksj fd;k tk ldrk gSA
blds fy;s izR;sd drive esa ,d fuf’pr txg reserve jgrh gSA ftls ge de ;k T;knk dj ldrs
gSA
blds fjuse ugh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
bles ge vkbVel dks fofHkUu rjhdksa ls tek ldrs gSA ,o ns[k ldrs gSA
bl ij jkbV fDyd djds bldh properties dks cnyk tk ldrk gSA
bldks jkbZV fDyd djds empty fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;k mldks [kksydj empty ij fDyd djds
empty fd;k tk ldrk gS ;k ehuw ls Hkh bldks Empty fd;k tk ldrk gSA
My Computer and Window Explorer:-
My Computer ,d flLVe QksYMj gSA bldh lgk;rk ls ge lHkh drive dks ns[k ldrs gSA ,oa mu
ds lkFk dk;Z Hkh dj ldrs gSA
bles ge QkbZy ,oa QksYMj dks fofHkUu viewls ns[k ldrs ,oa tek ldrs gSaA
bles ehuw ,oa LVassMZ ckj gksrh gS ftldk iz;ksx djds ge vius dk;Z dks vklkuh ls dj ldrs gSA
blesa ge QkbZy vkSj QksYMj dks cuk ldrs gSA
blesa ge QkbZy vkSj QksYMj dks fMfyV dj ldrs gSA
blesa ge QkbZy vkSj QksYMj dks ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij ewo dj ldrs gSA
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36. blls ge drive dks format dj ldrs gSa ,oa eSust dj ldrs gSA tSls defragment ,disk
cleanup and backup vkfn fy;k tk ldrk gSA
blls ge drive dk label change dj ldrs gSaA
blls ge QkbZy ,oa QksYMj dks fjuse fd;k tk ldrk gS
;gkW ls ge drive dh properties ns[kk tk ldrk gS
;gkW ls drive and folder dks share and unshared fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vykok ;gkW ls drive ,File and Folder ls lacaf/kr NksVs cMs dk;Z fd;k fd;s tk ldrs gSA
blls ge searching Hkh dj dlrs gSA
Copying and Moving File and Folder:-
File or folder dks dkWih djrs gS rks tgkW ls dkWih djrs gSaA ogkW ij Hkh jgrh gS vkSj tgkW isLV djrs gS ogkW
ij Hkh igqp tkrh gSA
QkbZy ,oa QksYMj dks ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij dkWih djus ds fy;s mls lhysDV djds mlij jkbZV
fDyd djs dkWih djrs gSA vkSj tgkW ij paste djuk gksrk gS ogkW tk dj jkbZV fDyd djds paste
djrs gSaA
fdcksMZ ls select djds shortcut key ctrl+C ls dkWih djds tgkW paste djuk gksrk gS ogkW tkdj
ctrl+V djrs gSA
blh dke dks my computer ds edit ehuw ls Hkh dkWih djds isLV dj ldrs gSaA
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37. ewo djus ij QkbZy ;k QksYMj vius LFkku ls gV dj nwljs LFkku ij igqp tkrk gS
bldks djus dh fdz;k dkWih dh rjg gh gksrh gSA blesa dV djuk iMrk gS
dhoksMZ ls ewo dh Shortcut key ctrl+X djuk gksrk gS tgkW paste djuk gksrk gS ogkW tkdj
ctrl+V djrs gSA
drag djds Hkh bldks ewo fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Deleting File and Folder:-
file and folder ij fDyd djds mldks fMyhV fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Select djds delete key press djds fMyhV fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Select djds File Menu ls Delete fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Manipulation of File and Folder:- blls QkbZy ,oa QksYMj dks eSust djrs gSA
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38. UNIT–III
ADVANCED FEATURES OF WINDOWS XP:
Managing Hardware & Software - Installation of Hardware & Software, Using Scanner
Web Camera, Printers. System Tools - Backup, Character Map, Clipboard Viewer, Disk
Defragmenter, Drive Space, Scandisk, System Information, System Monitor, Disk
Cleanup, Using Windows Update. Browsing the Web with Internet Explorer, Multiple
User Features of Windows, Creating and Deleting User, Changing User Password, etc.
Accessibility Features of Windows - Sharing Folders and Drives, Browsing the Entire
Network, Using Shared Printers. OLE - Embed/Link Using Cut and Paste an Embed/
Link, Using Insert Object Manage Embedded/Linked Object.
ADVANCED FEATURES OF WINDOWS XP
Managing & Installation Hardware & Software:-
dEI;wVj esa fdlh Hkh u;s gkMZos;j dk iz;ksx djus ds igys mldks dEI;wVj esa tksMdj fLFkkfir
(Installation)djuk iMrk gSA foaMkst ,Dlih esa dbZ gkMZos;j ds drivers miYkC/k gksrs gSA ftldk iz;ksx
djds ml gkMZos;j dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;k izR;sd gkMZos;j ds LkkFk ,d lhMh vkrh gSA ftldh
lgk;rk ls mlds Driver dks fLFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gSA
fizaVj dks fLFkkfir(Install) djuk%&
LoZ izFke fizaVj dks dEI;wVj ls tksMrs gSA
blds ckn mlds Driver dks dEI;wVj esa install djrs gSA mlds fy;s mlds LkkFk vkbZ lhMh dk iz;ksx djrs
gSA ;k printer & Fax Wizard dh lgk;rk ls install djrs gSA
Step 1:- start printer & fax
or
Start control panel printer & fax ij fDyd djus ij fizaVj ,oa QSDl uke dk Mk;ykWx ckDl
vkrk gSA
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39. Setp 2:- bl Mk;ykWx ckDl esa add a printer ij fDyd djrs gSA rks printer & Fax wizard start gks
tkrk gSA
bl Mk;yWkx ckDl esa next Button ij fDyd djrs gSA
Setp 3:-
bl ckDl esa ;g pqurs gSA fd fizaVj fdl izdkj dk gSA yksdy ;k usVodZ vkSj D;k fizaVj dks automatically
detect djuk gS fd ugh bldk flysD’ku Hkh blh Mk;YkWkx ckDl es fd;k tkrk gSA ;s lc flysDV djus ds
ckn Next Button ij fDyd djrs gSA
Setp 4:-
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40. bl ckDl esa fizaVj dk iksVZ (Port) dk pquko djrs gS vkSj Next Button ij fDyd djrs gSA
Setp 5:-
bl Mk;ykWx ckDl esa fizaVj dh daiuh ,oa ekWMy dks flYksDV djrs gSA ;fn blesa daiuh ,oa ekWMy ugha feyrs
gSA rks mlds lkFk vkbZ lhMh dks lhMh dh drive esa yxkdj have disk ij fDyd djrs gSA vkSj drive and
folder dks flysDV djds next Button ij fDyd djrs gSA
Setp 6:-
bl Mk;ykWx ckDl esa fizaVj dk uke nsrs gSA vkSj Next Button ij fDyd djrs gSA
Step 7:-
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41. bl Mk;ykWx ckDl esa fizaVj ls VsLV ist fudkyuk gS ;k ugh bldk flYksD’ku djrs gSA vkSj Next Button ij
fDyd djrs gSA
Setp 8:-
Finish Button ij fDyd djrs gh dEI;wVj esa fizaVj installation dh izfdz;k iwjh gks tkrh gSA
Web Camera :-
Computer esa bldk iz;ksx QksVks fudkyus ,oa fofM;ks fjdkfMZx djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA bldk installation
fuEu LVsi esa gksrk gSA
Step 1:- Start Control Panel Scanner & Camera icon ij fDyd djus ij fotkMZ LVkZV gks
tkrk gSS blesa add image device ij fDyd djrs gSA
blesa daiuh dk uke ,oa dSejk dk ekWMy flysDV djrs gSA vkSj Next Button ij fDyd djrs gSA
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42. Step 3:-
bl ckDl esa mldks dEI;wVj ls fdl iksVZ ls tksMk gSA mldk flYksD’ku djrs gSA vkSj Next Button ij
fDyd djrs gSA
Setp 4:-
bl ckDl esa dSejs dk uke nsrs gS vkSj Next Button ij fDyd djrs gSA
Step 5:-
bl ckDl esa Finish Button ij fDyd djrs gSA vkSj oso dsejk installation process complete gks tkrh
gSA
bl ds ckn dEI;wVj esa dSejs dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSA
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43. Backup (cSdi)
Backup ls fMDl ds MkVk dk cSdi fy;k tkrk gSA ftlls ;fn fMDl dk MkVk [kjkc ;k fMfyV gksrk gSA
rks mldks cSdi ls fjLVksj djds fMDl ds MkVk dks iqUk% izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
bles tks QkbZy curh gS mldk f}rh;d uke .bkf gksrk gSA
igys cSdi blds ckn ges’kk fjLVksj fd;k tkrk gSA
cSdi dks ges’kk vkWQ ykbZu j[kuk pkfg;sA vFkkZr~ nwljh fMDl esa cSdi ysuk pkfg;sA
bldh izksxzke QkbZy dk uke ntbackup.exe gksrk gS
Backup ysus dh process fuEu gSA
Step 1:-
Start all Program Accessories System Tool Backup
Or
Start - Run ntbackup ok ij fDyd djus ij fuEu Mk;YkkWx ckDl vkrk gSA bl ds cVu Next
ij fDyd djrs gSA
Step 2:-
bl Mk;ykWx ckDl esa ;g flYksDV djrs gSA fd djuk D;k gSA Backup ysuk gSA ;k Restore djuk gS cSdi
dk flysD’ku djus ds ckn Next Button ij fDyd djrs gS
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44. Step 3:-
bl Mk;YkkWx ckDl esa ;g flysDV djrs gS fd fdl dk cSdi ysuk gSA blesa vko’;drk ds vuqlkj vki’ku dks
flysDV djrs gSA ;fn dksbZ fo’ks"k QkbZy dk cSdi ysuk gSA rks let me choose what to backup dks flysDV
djrs gSA vkSj Next Button ij fDyd djrs gSA
Step 4:-
bl ckDl esa Drive or Folder dk flYksD’ku djrs gSA ftldk cSdi ysuk gksrk gSA vkSj blds ckn Next
Button ij fDyd djrs gSA
Setp 4:-
blesa cSdi dks dgkW ij lso djuk gS A vkSj mldk uke nsdj Next Button ij fDyd djrs gSA
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46. Character Map
bldh lgk;rk ls word document esa fo’ks"k v{kj dks insert fd;k tk ldrk gSA ftUgsa dh cksMZ dh
lgk;rk ls VkbZi ugh fd;k tk ldrk gSA bldh izksxzke QkbZy dk uke Charmap.exe gSA
Character Map dks LVkZV djuk
Start all Program Accessories - System Tool - Character Map
Or
Start Run charmap type djds ok ij fDyd djus ij Character Map window open
gksrh gSA
ftl v{kj ;k fpUg dks insert djuk gksrk gSA mldks flysDV djds dkWih djrs gSA vkSj Document esa
paste djrs gSA
Chipboard View
dEI;wVj esa tc ge cut or copy djrs gSA rks og eSVj Chipboard View program esa transfer gks tkrk
gSA vkSj tc paste djrs gS mlds eSVj dh dkWih Document esa paste gks tkrk gSA bldh izksxzke QkbZy dk
uke Chipbrd.exe gSA
blesa tks QkbZy curh gSAbldk f}rh;d uke .clp gksrk gSSA
fDyicksMZ [kksyuk%&
Start all Program Accessories - System Tool - Chipboard View
Or
Start Run Chipbrd type djds ok ij fDyd djus ij Clipboard viewer window open
gksrh gSA
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47. Disk Defragmenter
;g ,d fLkLVe Vwy gSA bldh lgk;rk ls fMzLd dks Defragment djrs gSA vFkkZr~ fMLd esa QSyh QkbZyksa dks
O;fofLFkr fd;k tkrk gSA ftlls dEI;wVj dh speed rst gks tkrh gSA bl Vwy dk iz;ksx dEI;wVj esa ianzg fnu
esa ,d ckj t:j djuk pkfg;sA
Disk Defragmenter dk iz;ksx djuk %&
Start all Program Accessories - System Tool - Disk Defragmenter
ij fDyd djus ij Disk Defragmenter window vkrh gSA
bl foaMks esa ftl drive dk Defragment djuk gksrk gSA ml drive dks flysDV djrs gSA blds ckn
Defragment Button ij fDyd djrs gSA Defragment gksus ds igys Drive dk ,sukysfll fd;k tkrk gS
blds ckn Defragment gksrk gSA
blesa pkj dyj gksrs gS tks disk esa QkbZy ,oa fMDl esa Lisl dh position dks n’kkZrh gSA
yky dyj(Red Color):- defragment files dks n’kkZrk gSA
uhyk dyj (Blue Color)%& Continuous Files dks n’kkZrk gSA
gjk dyj(Green color) %& unmovable files dks n’kkZrk gSA
lQsn dyj(White Color)%& Free Space dks n’kkZrk gSA
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48. Disk Cleanup
bl flLVe Vwy gSA bldh lgk;rk ls fMLd dks Scan djds mlls vuko’;d QkbZykssa dks gVk fn;k tkrk gSA
blls fMLd esa Qzh Lisl gks tkrk gSA
blesa ftl drive dks Ldsu djuk gksrk gS mldks flYksDV djds Cleanup Button ij fDyd djrs gSA blds
ckn ftu QkbZyksa ds izdkj dks flYksDV djds ok Button ij fDyd djrs gSA
Scan Disk dk iz;ksx djuk %&
Start all Program Accessories - System Tool - Disk Cleanup
System Information
;g ,d flLVe Vwy gSA blls flLVe ds gkMZos;j ,oa Software ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr dj ldrs gSA vkSj
;fn izkscye vkjgh gSA rks mldks le>us esa vklkuh gksrh gSA
System Information dk iz;ksx djuk %&
Start all Program Accessories - System Tool - System Information
Scan Disk
;g ,d flLVe Vwy gSA ftldh lgk;rk ls fMLd dks Ldsu fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn dksbZ izkscye gksrh gS A rks
blls fMLd dh izkscye dk irk yxkdj eslst ds :Ik esa iznf’kZr djrk gSA ;fn dksbZ izkscye ugh gksrh gS A rks
No Problem dk eslst vkrk gSA bl Vwy dk iz;ksx le; le; ij djrs jguk pkfg;sA
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49. Window Update
dEI;wVj esa foaMkst vkijsfVax flLVe dks le; l;e vkiMsV djrs jguk pkfg;s A ;fn daiuh dksbZ u;k vkiMsV
djrh gSA rks og vius dEI;wVj ds vks,l es Hkh gks tkrk gSA
blds fy;s dEI;wVj es baVjusV dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA
foaMkst dks vkiMsV djus ds rhu vkWi’ku gksrs gSA
1. Auto update :- blesa foMksat vius vki viMsV gksrh jgrh gSA
2. bles lHkh isap vius vki download gks tkrs gSA ysfdu installation ds iwNrk gS fd dkSu ls isap
install djuk gSA dkSu ls ugha
3. bles lHkh isap dh fyLV iznf’kZr gksrh gSA blesa download ds isap dk flysD’ku ;wtj dks djuk iMrk
gSA
4. ;g Not Update option gksrk gSA
Multiple users Feature of Windows
Windows Xp ,d ls vf/kd ;wtj dk fuekZ.k dj ldrs gSA ftldk iz;ksx ;wtj vius vf/kdkj ds vuqlkj
dj ldrk gSA
blesa nks izdkj ds ;wtj gksrs gSA
1.Computer administrator :- bl ;wtj ls ;wtj dk create, change and delete dj ldrs gSA
dEI;wVj esa dksbzZ u;k izksxzke install djldrs gSA ,oa flLVe esa changes dj ldrs gSA
2. Limited Account:- bl ;wtj ls ;wtj ds password dks change or remove dj ldrs gSA
QkbZy dks ns[k ,oa ubZ QkbZy dks cuk ldrs gSA
User dh piture, theme, other desktop setting change dj ldrs gSA
;wtj cukuk%&
Step 1:-
Start Button Control panel user accounts ij Mkcy fDyd djrs gSA
bl foaMks esa Create a new account ij fDyd djrs gSA
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51. Sharing Folder and drives:-
Windows xp esa QksYMj ,oa Drive dks 'ks;j djus ds fy;s ml ij jkbZV fDYkd djrs gSA
mldh izksiVhZ ij fDYkd djrs gSA
izksiVhZ ckWDl esa ‘share tab ij fDyd djrs gSA
bl ckWDl esa Share this folder on the network dks select djrs gSA vkSj 'ks;j Drive dk uke nsrs gSA
blds ckn Apply and ok button ij fDyd djrs gSA rks Drive or folder Share gks tkrk gSA ml ds
uhps gkFk dk fpUg cu tkrk gSA ftl dks ge usVodZ esa ;wt dj ldrs gSA
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52. Printer Sharing:-
Printer dks 'ks;j djds mldks usVodZ esa iz;ksx dj ldrs gSA
Goto Start - Printer & Fax ij fDyd djrs gS blds ckn fizaVj ij jkbZV fDyd djrs gSA vkSj 'ks;j
ij fDyd djrs gSA blds ckn share this printer dks pqurs gSA vkSj apply and ok ij fDYkd djrs gSA rks
fizaVj 'ks;j gks tkrk gSAftldk iz;ksx ge usVodZ esa dj ldrs gSA
blds bl fizaVj dks usVodZ ds dEzI;wVj esa install djds bldk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSA
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53. u
n
UNIT–IV
LINUX: History & Features of Linux, Linux Architecture, File System of Linux,
Hardware Requirements of Linux, Various flavors of Linux, Linux Standard Directories,
Functions of Profile and Login Filesin Linux, Linux Kernel,
UNIT–V
WORKING WITH LINUX: KDE & Gnome Graphical Interfaces, Various Types of
Shell Available in Linux, Multi-User Features of Linux, Login and Logout fromLinux
System, Linux commands - bc, cal, cat, cd, clear, cmp, cp, mv, date, find, ls, pwd, mkdir,
more, rm, rmdir, chgrp, chmod, chown, tty, wc, who, whois, grep, telnet, vi editor, Using
Floppy, CD-ROMand Pen Drive in Linux, Permissions and Ownerships.
Linux Operating System
What is linux
Linux ,d Operating System gSA vkWijsfVax flLVe ,d rjg dk dEI;wVj dk dUV~zksy izkssxzke gS tks dEI;wVj ds
leLr fdz;kdykikss vFkkZr dk;kZsa ij fu;a=.k j[krk gS Linux vU; vkWijsfVax flLVe tSls M.S. Dos, P.C. Dos,
Os/2 rFkk Win -95 /98 vkWijsfVax dh rjg gh ,d lk¶Vos;j gksrk gSA Linux ,d 32- bit multi operating
System gS tks Intel 80386 ilZuy dEU;wVj ij mi;ksx djus ds fy, fMtkbu fd;k x;kA ykbuDl ds fodkl
dh ’kq:vkr 1960 ds n’kd esa gqbZA lu~ 1968 esa AT & T csy iz;ksx’kkyk ds ’kks/kdrkZvksa us la;qDr iz;Ru ls ,d
vkWijsfVax cuk;k ftls MULTICS ( Multiplexed Infrmation Computer System ) dgk x;k blds ckn
1969 esa unix dk fodkl fd;k x;kA Linux dk fodkl UNIX ls gh gqvk gSA ykbuDl dk fodkl VksjoSYM us
fd;k l ~ 1991 esa bldk igyk otZu 0.11 fjfyt fd;k x;kA Linux dk Graphical interface, X window
System ij vk/kkfjr gSaA
Linux dk bfrgkl :-
Linux dh yksdfiz;rk dks le>us ds fy;s ges 30 o"kZ igys tkuk gksxkkA tc dEI;wVj cM+s cM+s ?kjksa esa] LVsfM;eks esa
gksrk Fkk rFkk ml le; mldk vkdkj gh lcls cM+h leL;k gksrk Fkk] rc ;g lkspk x;k fd izR;sd dEI;wVj esa
vyx vyx vkWijsfVax flLVe gksuk pkfg;sA ,d lk¶Vos;j fdlh flLVe es ,d fo’ks"k m ~ns’; dh iwfrZ ds fy;s gksrk
gS rFkk fdlh flLVe ds fy;s cuk lkW¶Vos;j fdlh nwljs flLVe ij dk;Z ugh dj ldrk gSA bldk vk’k; ;g gS
fd ,d flLVe esa lEcfU/kr dk;Z dks djus okys lkW¶Vos;j dk nwljs dk;Z ds lkFk O;ogkj laHko ugha gksrk gSA ;g
dk;Z ;wyj rFkk flLVe ,MfefuLV~zsVj nksuksa ds fy;s gh dfBu gksrk gSA
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54. ml le; dEI;wVj dh dher cgqr vf/kd gksrh Fkh rks ;wtj dks viuh vko’;drk dks ns[krs gq;s dEI;wVj dks
[kjhnuk pkfg;s IT dh dqy ykxr vlhfer gksrh Fkh lu~ 1969 esa Bell Labs ysczksVjh ds oSKkfudksa us lkW¶Vos;j
lEcfU/kr leL;k dks gy djus ds fy;s dk;Z djuk 'kq: dj fn;kA mUgksaus ,d u;s vkWijsfVax flLVe dk fuekZ.k
fd;k ftldh fo’ks"krk,Wa Fkh –
- flaiy o lqUnj
- vlsEcyh dksM ds LFkku ij C izksxzkfeax ySXost esa fy[kukA
- dksM dks fjlkbZfdy djus dh {kerkA
Bell Labs ysczksVjh ds oSKkfudksa us vius izksysDV dkl uke “UNIX” j[kkA
dksM fjlkbZfdfyax dk Qhpj dkWQh egRoiw.kZ Fkk vkSj ;g rc rd egRoiw.kZ Fkk tc rd dEI;wVj flLVe ,d dksM
dks fy[ks tks fd flQZ ,d flLVe ds fy;s fodflr fd;k x;k gksA nwljh rjQ ;wfuDl dks Lis’ky dksM ds NksVs
NksVs fgLlksa dh vko’;drk gksrh gS ftldks ge lkekU; rkSj ij duZy ds uke ls tkurs gS ;g duZy bl dksM dk
flQZ ,d fgLlk gksrk gS tks fd ,d fo’ks"k flLVe ds fy;s Lohdkjk tkrk gS rFkk ;wfuDl flLVe dk csl gksrk gSA
vkWijsfVax flLVe rFkk vU; lkjs QaD’kUl bl duZy ds pkjksa rjQ fufeZr fd;s tkrs gSA rFkk ;g Higher
programing language esa fy[ks tkrs gS bl rjg dh ySXosat dk fuekZ.k ;wfuDl flLVe ds fuekZ.k ds fy;s fd;k
tkrk gSA bl rduhd dk mi;ksx djds vkWijsfVax flLVe dk fuekZ.k dkQh ljy gks x;k gS ftl ij ge fofHkUu
izdkj ds gkMZos;jksa dks ju dj ldrs gSA
;wfuDl ;wtjksa ds lkFk ,slk O;ogkj djrh gS fd og fofHkUu flLVeksa ds lkFk mls vklkuh ls iz;ksx esa yk ldsaA blh
izdkj ;wfuDl ds fodkl dk dze pyrk jgkA blh dze cfqr lkjh phtsa lEHko gks x;hA gkMZos;j o lkW¶Vos;j osUMj
vius izksMDVksa dks liksVZ djus ds fy;s ;wfuDl dh enn ysus yxsA
igys le; esa ;wfuDl flQZ cM+s cM+s okrkoj.k tgkW esuQsze rFkk feuh dEI;wVj yxs gksrs Fks esa ik;k tkrk Fkk vxj
ge ljdkj ;k fdlh Qkbysaf’k;y dkWjiksjs’kui dk dk;Z fdlh ;wfuoflZBh esa dj jgs gS rks vki viuk dk;Z ;wfuDl
flLVe ds ek/;e ls dj ldrs gSA
ijUrq NksVs dEI;wVj fodflr fd;s tkus yxs Fks vkSj 80 ds n’kd esa vf/kdrj yksxks ds ikl vius gkse dEI;wNj Fks
ml le; ih lh vkdhZVSDpj ds fy;s ;wfuDl ds dkQh lkjs otZu mitC/k Fks ysfdu muesa ls dksbZ Hkh iw.kZ :i ls
LorU= ugha Fkk Linux B. Torvalds us 1991 esa igys ykbuDl duZy dks fy[kkk FkkA ykbusDl us dkQh izflf}
izkIr dh D;ksafd lkslZ dksM 'kh?kzrk ls izkIr gks tkrk gS ;wtlZ viuh vko’;drkuqlkj duZy dks LorU= :i ls
ifjofrZr dj ldrs gSA fQj Hkh ;g le>uk egRoiw.kZ gS fd ykbusDl duZy dSls ‘'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ;s
u;s flLVe izksxzkEl dks fy[kus ls igys dSls dk;Z djrs gSA
ykbusDl duZy lkslZ dkM ij vk/kkfjr dkWudzhV vkfdZVSDpj ,d fo’oluh; vkSj up-to-date refernse linux
kernal hackers and developers dks iznku dj ldrs gSA ykbusDl 1991 ls dbZ ckj izfrfuf/k;ksa ds ,d xzqi
}kjk nksgjk;h tk pwdh gS tks baVjusV ij usenet Newsgroups ds ek/;e ls dE;wfudsV djrs gSA
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55. ~
Linux an Unix Vompatible System vf/kdrj dkWeu ;wfuDl VwYl vkSj izksxzkEl ykbusDl ds vUrZxr ju
gksrs gSA ykbuDl okLrfod :i ls baVsy 80386 ekbdzksizkslslj ij ji djus ds fy;s fodflr dh x;h FkhA
vkWfjtuy otZu vU; IysVQkWeZl ds fy;s iksVsZcy ugha Fks D;ksafd ;s baVsy ds Lis’khfQd bUV~zUIV gS.Mfyax :VhUl dks
mi;ksx djrs gSA
Linux user base cMk gksrk gS 1994 esa Ed Chi }kjk cuk;h x;h ykbusDl ds de ls de 40000 ;wtlZ Fks
ykbusDl MkWD;wesaVs’ku izkstsDV LDP ykbusDl duZy ds fy;s mi;ksxh vkSj fo’oluh; MkWD;wesUVs’ku ds fodkl ds
fy;s dk;Z djrk gSA ;s ykbusDl ;wtlZ vkSj ykbusDl MsoyilZ nksuksa ds gh }kjk mi;ksx fd;s tkrs gSA
FEATURE OF LINUX :-
Linux is portable :- Linux dks lh izksxzkfeax ysaXost esa fy[kk x;k gS ftldk fdlh izdkj ds dEI;wVj gkMZos;j
ls lEcU/k ugha j[kk x;k ;g fd;h Hkkh izdkj ds dEI;wVj ij pykus esa l{ke gS tSls PCAT, MACINTOS,
MINI COMPUTER
Linux is a multiuser and multitasking O.S. :- ,d ls vf/kd O;fDr ,d le; esa ykbuDl vkWijsfVax
flDVe dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSA ,d gkMZos;j fMokbl }kjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
1. Network information service %- fofHkUu izdkj ds dbZ dEI;wVj dks vkil esa tksM+dk midk
mi;ksx djus ds fy, ,d tky Lo:i lajpuk cuk;h tkrh gSA ftls usVofdZax dgrs gSA ykbuDl
fo’ks"k :i ls usVofdZax esa dk;Z djus ds fy;s fodflr fd;k x;k gSA ykbuDl ds nokjk ge ikloMZ
dks “ks ;j dj ldrs gS rFkk Wkvyksa dks lewgksa esa ckWaVdj usVodZ ij mi;ksx esa yk ldrs gSA
2. Multitasking : ykbuDl esa fdlh izksxzke dks NksVs NksVs dk;ksZa esa foHkkftr dj fn;k tkrk gSA
dbZ dk;ksZa dks ,d lkFk fdlh rjg ls djus dh vkijsfVax dh {kerk dks gh eYVhVkfLdax dgrs gSA
3. Virtual Mrmory % ;fn ge fdlh cM+s izksxzke ;k ,Iyhds’ku dks laikfnr djrs gSA rks gesa dqN
fQftdy eSeksjh dh vko’;drk gksrh gS tksfd gkMZ fMLd esa tek dj nh tkrh gS vkSj vko’;drk
iM+us ij bls mi;ksx esa tk;k tk ldrk gSA
4. Posix Compliance : ykbuDl ,d iksflDl dkWeiysal gS vkSj ;wfuDl flLVe ds lkjs leqPp;ksa
dks lgkjk nsrk gSA
Dos Emulatar : ykbuDl esa ,d Dosemu uke dk izksxzke gksrk gS tks fd Dos emulator cukrk gS
ftlesa vki dbZ MkWl dek.Ml dks fdz;kfUor djrk ldrs gSA
Web server : cso loZj ,slk lkW¶Vos;j gS tks fd cso istksa dks cukus ds dke esa vkrk gS ykbuDl esa
Apache uke dk loZizpkfyr osc loZj ik;k tkrk gSA
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68. fdlh Qkby dks mi;ksx djus ds fy, Linux network system ij rhu System dke djrs gS user, groups
and other . fdlh Qkby dh rhuksa permission dks nsus ds fy, (+) rFkk gVkus ds (-) fpUg dk mi;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA fdlh Qkby dh permission user, groups and other dks nsus ds fy, chmod dek.M dk
mi;ksx fuEu izdkj mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Example:- $chmod u+rwx, g-rwx, o-rwx raja
mDr dek.M ds }kjk u g and o dks read write rFkk executable permission yxk ldrs gSA
lHkh permission gVkus ds fy, fuEu izdkj fy[krs gS
$chmod u-rwx, g-rwx, o-rwx raja
bl dek.M ds }kjk u g o dks rhuksa permission gVk ldrs gS blh izdkj fdlh ,d O;fDr u, g and o dks dksbZ
,d ;k nks ;k rhuksa permission yxkus ;k gVkus d fy, + rFkk – fpUg dk iz;ksx dj ;g dk;Z fd;k tk ldrk
gSA fuEu izdkj r w x permission yxk o gVk ldrs gS%
+r or -r read permission
+w or –w write permission
+x or -x executable permission
fdlh Qkby dh permission nsus o gVkus ds fy, vkafdd iz.kkyh dk Hkh mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS vkafdd
iz.kkyh esa permission ds fy, rhu vad fn;s tkrs gS ftlesa igyk vad ;wtj dk nwljk vad xzqi dk rhljk
vad vU; ds fy, gksrk gSA bl izdkj vakfdd iz.kkyh ds vk/kkj ij fofHkUu mode number fuEu izdkj gSA
400 Read Permission
200 Write Permission OWNER (USER)
100 Execute Permission
040 Read Permission
020 Write Permission GROUP
010 Execute Permission
004 Read Permission
002 Write Permission other
001 Execute Permission
bl izdkj bl vkafdd iz.kkyh ds Combination ds }kjk fdlh Qkby ds }kjk fdlh Qkby dh permission
user group and other ,d nks ;k rhuksa permission nh tk ldrh gSA
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69. ~
fdlh Qkby dh permission ns[kus ds fy, fuEu dek.M dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
$ls -l raja
27.find command :- bl dek.M dk mi;ksx Linux esa file dks search djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;g
dos ds dir/ <file name> command dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA
Syntax: - $find –name <filename> -print
Option: -
-print : ;g search fd;s x;s result dks fizaV djrk gS ;fn print option ugha yxkrs gS rks file search rks djsxk
fdUrq screen ij print ugha gksrkA
-name : ;g fn;s x;s uke dh Qkby dks ns[sskxkA
mnk :- $find -name raja –print
;g dek.M raja file dks orZeku directory esa lpZ djds print djsxkA ;fn ges lkjh lc Mk;jsDVh esa Qkby dks
search djrk gS rks fuEu dek.M fy[krs gSa
$find/ -name raja –print
;g raja file dks lkjh lc Mk;jsDV~zh esa search djsxkA
28.cmp :- ;g ,d rqyuk djus okyk dek.M gS ;g nks QkbZy dh rqyuk djus esa mi;ksx gksrk gSA rFkk ;g crkrk
gS fd nksuksa QkbZy ,d gS ;k ughaA
linux esa ;fn nks Qkbyksa ds igys 14 character cjkcj gks rks os Qkbysa ,d leku dgykrh gSA
Syntax: - $cmp filename1 filename2
Example: - $cmp raja rani
;g Raja file dh Rani file ls rqyuk djsxkA
29.date :- ;g dek.M orZeku fnukWad iznf’kZr djrk gSA
$date
sun Aug 8 20:03:35 IST 2004
30.tty :- ;g dek.M VfeZuy ds Qkby dk uke iznf’kZr djrk gS tks fd ekud input ls tqM+k gksrk gSA
Syntax: - $ tty
/dev/pts/o
31.greap :- bl dek.M dk iz;ksx fdlh text dks ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd Qkbyksa esa search djrs ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gS rFkk mu ykbuksa dks fn[kkrk gS ftlesa fn;k x;k Text string gS ;g dos ds find command dh rjg
gSA
Syntax : greap [option] “text pattern” <filename>
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70. -c :- ;g mu ykbuksa dks iznf’kZr djsxk tks match gqbZ gSA
-I :- ;g lower rFkk upper v{kjksa esa varj ugha djsxkA
-l :- mu Qkbyksa ds uke fn[kk;sxk ftuesa ykbuDl esfpax gqbZ gS
-n :- izR;sd matching line dh list mlds line no ds lkFk nsrk gSA
-v :- mu lines dks fn[kkrk gS tks match ugha gqbZ gSA
mnk :- $greap “I am going” raja.txt
32.chwon :- tc ge Qkby dk fuekZ.k djrs gS rks mlds owner Lo;a gh gksrs gS ij dHkh dHkh fLFkfr ,slh gksrh
gS fdowner ship (LokfeRo) dks nwljs ;wtj ds LFkkukUrj.k djuk pkgr gS rks blds fy;s chwon command dk
use fd;k tkrk gSA
Syntax: - chwon [opion] <username> <filename>
Example :- $chown ajay report
33.chgrp :- ;g chwon command dh rjg gh gS ijUrq bldk iz;ksx Qkby dh group ownership dks
transfer djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA
Syntax: - chgrp [option] <group> <filename>
$Chgrp dca report
34.kill :- ;fn dksbZ izkslsl background esa py jgh gS vFkkZr fdlh nwljs ;wtj }kjk terminal ls pykbZ xbZ gS
rks mls kill }kjk [kRe fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Syntax : kill [option] PID
tgkW PID process identify number gSA
Example : pgdca :$kill 101
;g ml izkslsl dks [kRe dj nsxk ftldk PID 101 gS ;fn vki pid no. ns[kuk pkgrs gS rks ps
command dk iz;ksx djrs gSA
ksh :- ;g linux dk dkQh popular shell gSA korn shell esa tkus ds fy;s ksh command dk iz;ksx
djrs gSA
uucp :- bl dek.M dk mi;ksx ,d e’khu ls Qkby dh nwljh e’khu ij dkih djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA
Syntax : $uucp <source file> <destination file>
Example : $uucp report 1991 anurag ! uar/raju/report 1991
;gkW ij anuraga ,d e’khu dk uke gSA
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71. 35.copy : ;g dek.M postgreSQL table rFkk standered file, system files ds chp MkVk dks ewo
djrk gS copy to command table ds iwjs MkVk dks Qkby esa ewo dj nsrk gSA rFkk copy from
command file ds MkVk dks Vscy esa LFkkukrfjr dj nsrk gSA
Standard Input/Output Re-direction
lHkh operating System esa standard input device keyboard gksrh gSA rFkk standard output device
monitor ( VDU ) gksrh gSA ijarq dHkh dHkh ;g vko’;drk gksrh gSA fd
,d command dk output izkIr dj mls eksfuVj ij ns[kus ds fy, ,d LFkku ij Qkby esa j[kk tk
ldsA
,d command ds fy;s input, keyboard ds LFkku ij ls Qkby esa gksA
Linux esa bl mijksDr leL;kvksa dks gy djus ds fy;s I/O Redirectors gSA ;s input rFkk output
dh fn’kk cny nsrs gSA
Input / Output redirections command
Symbol User Results
> Command > filename
< Command < filename file ls input izkIr djds
command ds }kjk mi;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA bls input re-director
dgrs gSA
>> command>>filename command dk output file dks
append ( tksM+ ) djrkgSA
| (pipe) command1 |
Command2
igys command1 run gksxk vkSj
bldk output command2 dks
fn;k tk;sxkA
command ds output dks file esa
Hkstrk gSA bls output re-director
dgrs gSA
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72. tSls %
$cat> anu
;g anu uke ls file dks mRiUu djsxk blesa input Keyboard ls fy;k tk;sxk rFkk keyboard ls fy;s
x;s input dks anu Qkby esa j[k fn;k tk;sxkA
$ ls > raja
;g current directory list dks raka file esa Hkst nsxkA ;fn crkbZ xbZ file igys ls miyC/k gS ugha
gS rks 'kSy mls igys mRiUu dj nsxkvkSj ;fn file igys ls miyC/k gS rks ls command ds }kjk
mRiUu MkVk Qkby esa ekStwn MkVk dks gVkdj u;k MkVk fy[k nsxkA
$cat < raja.txt
;g jktk Qkby ds vanj ds contents dks screen ij iznf’kZr djsxkA
$cat>> raja.txt
;g jktk Qkby dks append dj nsxkA
$ls|ls
;g current directory dh list dks printer ds fy;s Hkst nsxkA
NOTE: input output dk ,d fo’ks"k area pipe (|) gSA ftlesa programmers dh ,d fo’ks"k :fp
gksrh gS D;ksafd linux programming esa pipe ,d vge Hkwfedk vnk djrs gSA tc pipe (setup)
iz;ksx djrs gS rks blesa ,d dek.M ds fy;s input dk dk;Z djrkgSA iz’u ;g vkrk gS fd ikbZi rFkk
fjMkjsD’ku esa D;k varj gSA
redirection esa output dks ges’kk Qkby esa Hkstk tkrk gS tcfd ikbZi esa output dks dek.M
esa Hkstk tkrk gSA
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73. VI TEXT EDITOR
VI dk iwjk uke Visual Editor gSA Linux esa bldks ,d cM+k Software ekuk x;k gSA blls igys editing dk
dk;Z djus ds fy, ed uked line editor dk iz;ksx gksrk FkkA vi editor dk mi;ksx ascii file dks create djus
;k edit djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA tSls shell scripts cukuk ]mail messages, System file vkfnA
Vi Editor esa ge dlZj dks Ldzhu dh ml yksds’ku ij ysdj tk ldrs gS tgka ij vki dksbZ ifjorZu djuk
pkgrs gS ;k vki fdlh izdkj dk xykscy psat djuk pkgrs gksaA Vi eseksjh esa Qkby dh ,d dkWih ij dk;Z
djrk gS vkSj fMLd ij Qkby dks rHkh viMsV djrk gS tc ge bls ,slk djus ds fy;s dgrs gSA izR;sd ,MhVj
esa buiqV fMokbl nks dk;Z djrh gS Qkby esa VSDLV dks balVZ djkuk vkSj ,MhVj dks funsZ’k nsus ds fy;s dek.M
nsukA
Vi editor ds ykHk (main advantages of Vi) %
1. Vi iw.kZ :i ls UnioX flLVe ij miyC/k gksrk gS ;g LVscy QkWeZ gksrk gS D;ksfd ;s iw.kZ :i ls Qzh
gksrk gSA
2. Vi dbZ lkjh dek.M~l j[krk gS vYQkU;wesfjd dhdksmi;ksx djrk gSA bls Lis’ky QaD’ku dh
vko’;drkugha gksrh gSA
3. Vi ,d NksVk izksxzke gS fyls cgqr T;knk flLVe eSeksjh ;k CPU Vkbe dh vko’;drk ugha gksrh gSA
;g vR;f/kd rhozrk ls dk;Z djrk gSA
4. Vi iw.kZ :i ls VfeZuy fMokbl baMhisUMsUV gSA ;s fdlh Hkkh izdkj ds VfeZuy ds lkFk dk;Z dj ldrk
gSA
Vi editor ds eq[; nks"k (Main disadvantages of Vi):-
Vi Column oreanted ugha gS ;g izR;sd ykbu dks izHkkfor djus ds fy;s dek.M ugha j[krk gSA
1. Vi esa dSjsDVlZ ds Lis’khQkbM iSVuZ ds fy;s dek.M lhfer gSA
Vi Editor dks start nks izdkj ls dj ldrs gS
1. Without file: $vi
2. With file : $vi[option] <file name>
vi ds lkFk mi;ksx fd;s tkus okys dqN option fuEu gS
-L : ;g Vi dks start djrk gSA SSystem ds crash gksus ds le; ij
lost gqbZ Qkby dks recover djrk gSA
-r : Recovers an open filew after a crash
-R :Recover a file last does not allow you to change the file.
Vi Editor Mode:
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74. Vi Editor esa dk;Z djus ds rhu eksM gksrs gSA ftuesa vyx vyx dk;Z fd;s tkrs gSA
Command Mode
Text Mode ( Insert Mode)
Last Line Mode (Ex Mode)
(1). Command Mode :- Vi Editor dk fMQkYV eksM gksrk gSA bl eksM esa ge fofHkUu izdkj ds dek.M dks
tSls ykbZu fMyhV] VsDl dkWih djuk vkfn dk;Z dj ldrs gSA “Esc Key” press djds text mode ls
command mode esa vk ldrs gS Vi Editor izkjEHk gksus ij blh mode esa vkrk gSA
(2). Text Mode (Insert Mode) :- bl eksM esa text type djus dk dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA “i” press djds
command mode ls text mode esa vk ldrs gSA blds vykok Hkh vU; rjhds fuEu gS :
Command Result
Enter Enter dh press djus ls ml v{kj ds rqjar ckn u;h ykbu insert
gkxhA
i i key press djus ls dlZj ds igys v{kj tqM+rk gSA
2 I key press djus ls orZeku ykbu ds izkjEHk esa v{kj tqM+rk gSA
a blls dlZj iksth’ku ds ckn v{kj tksM+rk gSA
A blls orZeku ykbu ds var esa v{kj tqM+rk gSA
c iwjk VsDl cny tkrk gSA
C orZeku ykbu es dlZj ds ckn dk iwjk VsDl cny tkrk gSA
o blls orZeku ykbu ds rqjUr ckn u;h ykbu
O blls orZeku ykbu ds igys u;h ykbu insert gksxhA
R ,d v{kj dks cnyk tkrk gSA
R v{kjksa dks tc rd cnyk tkrk gS tc rd ESC Key press u dh
tk;sA
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75. ~
(3). Last Line Mode (Ex Mode) : bl eksM ds }kjk Qkbyks dks gs.My fd;k tkrk gS Qkbyksa dks
gS.My djus ls rkRi;Z Qkby dks lso djuk]a text string dks search djuk] ,d fLVzax dks nwljh
fLVax ls cnyuk gSA “/” or “ ? ” key press djds bl eksM esa tk ldrs gS budk fuEu izdkj ls
iz;ksx dj ldrs gSA
/text cursor position ls vkxs dh vksj text dks search
djrkgSA
?text cursor position ls ihNs dhvksj text dks search djrk
gSA
N Last Find reapet
:s/text/text1 orZeku ykbu esa igys text ds LFkku ij text1 replace
djrk gSA
:s/text/text1/g orZeku ykbu esa lHkh text ds LFkku ij text1 replace
djrk gSA
:1,5
s/text/text1/g
:1,$
s/text/text1/g
line No 1 ls Qkby ds var rd lHkh text ds LFkku ij
text1 dks replce djrk gSA
Command Mode ds dqN vU; mi;ksxh dekaM fuEufyf[kr gSA
line No 1 ls line No 5 ds e/; lHkh text ds LFkku ij
text1 dks replce djrk gSA
rock_siraj@ymail.com
76. Cursor Movment Command: -
Command Action
k Up arrow
ctrl + P Up arrow
j Down arrow
ctrl + N Down arrow
h Left arrow
ctrl + H Left arrow
- Move the first character of the previous line
0 Move to the first character of the current line
G Go to the last of document
H Home move to the first character on top line
L Move to the first character on the bottom line
M Move to the first character on the middle line
w move to the curser on next word
nG Move Nth Line No
ctrl + F Page Forward
ctrl + B Page Backward
Screen Movement Commands
Command Action
ctrl + Y Roll Up
ctrl + E Roll Down
ctrl + U Scroll Up
ctrl + D Scroll Down
rock_siraj@ymail.com
77. Delete Command
Command Action
dd Delete one line
dw Delete one word
x Delete a character
u undo last change
D Delete all current position
File Command
Command
Action
:w save file
:q quit with saving
:q! quit without saving
ZZ quit with saving
rock_siraj@ymail.com