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Ch16bppt fetal development honors
1.
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide
Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College The Reproductive System 16 PART C Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
2.
Stages of Pregnancy
and Development Fertilization Embryonic development Fetal development Childbirth Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
3.
Fertilization The oocyte
is viable for 12 to 24 hours after ovulation Sperm are viable for 24 to 48 hours after ejaculation For fertilization to occur, sexual intercourse must occur no more than 2 days before ovulation and no later than 24 hours after Sperm cells must make their way to the uterine tube for fertilization to be possible Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
4.
The Zygote First
cell of a new individual The result of the fusion of DNA from sperm and egg The zygote begins rapid mitotic cell divisions The zygote stage is in the uterine tube, moving toward the uterus Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
5.
Cleavage Rapid series
of mitotic divisions that begins with the zygote and ends with the blastocyst Zygote begins to divide 24 hours after fertilization Three to 4 days after ovulation, the preembryo reaches the uterus and floats freely for 2–3 days Late blastocyst stage—embryo implants in endometrium (day 7 after ovulation) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
6.
Cleavage Inner cell mass Blastocyst cavity Trophoblast (a) Zygote (fertilized egg) (b)
Early cleavage 4-cell stage (c) Morula Fertilization (d) Early blastocyst (a) (b) (e) Late blastocyst (implanting) (c) Ovary (d) Uterine tube (e) Secondary oocyte Ovulation Uterus Endometrium Figure 16.15 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
7.
Developmental Stages Embryo—developmental
stage until ninth week Fetus—beginning in ninth week of development Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
8.
Embryo of Approximately
18 Days Figure 16.16 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
9.
The 7-week Embryo Figure
16.17 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
10.
Functions of the
Placenta Forms a barrier between mother and embryo (blood is not exchanged) Delivers nutrients and oxygen Removes waste from embryonic blood Becomes an endocrine organ (produces hormones) and takes over for the corpus luteum (by end of second month) by producing Estrogen Progesterone Other hormones that maintain pregnancy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
11.
The Fetus (Beginning
of the Ninth Week) All organ systems are formed by the end of the eighth week Activities of the fetus are growth and organ specialization This is a stage of tremendous growth and change in appearance Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
12.
Photographs of a
Developing Fetus Figure 16.18a Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
13.
Photographs of a
Developing Fetus Figure 16.18b Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
14.
Development of the
Human Fetus Table 16.1 (1 of 2) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
15.
Development of the
Human Fetus Table 16.1 (2 of 2) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
16.
Effects of Pregnancy
on the Mother Pregnancy—period from conception until birth Anatomical changes Enlargement of the uterus Accentuated lumbar curvature (lordosis) Relaxation of the pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis due to production of relaxin Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
17.
Effects of Pregnancy
on the Mother Physiological changes Gastrointestinal system Morning sickness is common due to elevated progesterone and estrogens Heartburn is common because of organ crowding by the fetus Constipation is caused by declining motility of the digestive tract Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
18.
Effects of Pregnancy
on the Mother Physiological changes (continued) Urinary system Kidneys have additional burden and produce more urine The uterus compresses the bladder, causing stress incontinence Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
19.
Effects of Pregnancy
on the Mother Physiological changes (continued) Respiratory system Nasal mucosa becomes congested and swollen Vital capacity and respiratory rate increase Dyspnea (difficult breathing) occurs during later stages of pregnancy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
20.
Effects of Pregnancy
on the Mother Physiological changes (continued) Cardiovascular system Blood volume increases by 25–40% Blood pressure and pulse increase Varicose veins are common Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
21.
Childbirth (Parturition) Labor—the
series of events that expel the infant from the uterus Rhythmic, expulsive contractions Operates by the positive feedback mechanism False labor—Braxton Hicks contractions are weak, irregular uterine contractions Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
22.
Childbirth (Parturition) Initiation
of labor Estrogen levels rise Uterine contractions begin The placenta releases prostaglandins Oxytocin is released by the pituitary Combination of these hormones oxytocin and prostaglandins produces contractions Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
23.
Stages of Labor
Dilation Cervix becomes dilated Full dilation is 10 cm Uterine contractions begin and increase Cervix softens and effaces (thins) The amnion ruptures (“breaking the water”) Longest stage at 6–12 hours Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
24.
Stages of Labor Figure
16.20 (1 of 3) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
25.
Stages of Labor
Expulsion Infant passes through the cervix and vagina Can last as long as 2 hours, but typically is 50 minutes in the first birth and 20 minutes in subsequent births Normal delivery is head first (vertex position) Breech presentation is buttocks-first Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
26.
Stages of Labor Figure
16.20 (2 of 3) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
27.
Stages of Labor
Placental stage Delivery of the placenta Usually accomplished within 15 minutes after birth of infant Afterbirth—placenta and attached fetal membranes All placental fragments should be removed to avoid postpartum bleeding Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
28.
Stages of Labor Figure
16.20 (3 of 3) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
29.
Developmental Aspects of the
Reproductive System Gender is determined at fertilization Males have XY sex chromosomes Females have XX sex chromosomes Gonads do not begin to form until the eighth week Testosterone determines whether male or female structures will form Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
30.
Developmental Aspects of the
Reproductive System Menopause—a whole year has passed without menstruation Ovaries stop functioning as endocrine organs Childbearing ability ends There is a no equivalent of menopause in males, but there is a steady decline in testosterone Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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