Energy efficient planning in towns of kmc

Final Draft Thesis Presentation
on

“ENERGY EFFICIENT PLANNING IN TOWNS OF KMC”

Supervised By:
Prof. Dr. Sudarshan R. Tiwari
Co-supervised By:

Associate Prof. Sushil B. Bajracharya

Presented By:
Sarita Maharjan
068/MSU/214
3rd October, 2013

Need for the Study
Population Growth
Increase in Urbanization
Increase in Energy Consumption
Increase in CO2 emissions

Need to Build Energy
Efficient City

CBS, 2011






Population growth rate is
1.40 % per year
in urban, the growth rate is
3.38% per year
Population living in urban
areas 17%
By 2030 – about 50% of
population –urban.

Energy Efficiency of Planning in Towns of KMC

Importance of the Study
 Fuel imports absorb ¼ of Nepal’s foreign exchange earnings.
 Decline of non-agriculture sector due to shortage of energy supply.

Objective of the Study





To develop energy efficient planning approaches for town
To seek integrated approach of land use & transportation for energy
efficiency
To identify energy efficient alternative solutions that will provide
choices for energy decisions
To give multiple solutions for awareness to society about energy
efficiency and importance of energy in every aspect of life


Methodology
Degree of Problem
Definition
Research Paradigms
Research Strategy
Data Type
Data Collection
methods/ tools

Explanatory Research; research attempt to make
an explanation on ‘Why’
Positivism/ Post Positivism paradigm and
Constructivism paradigm.
Case Study
Positivism/ Post Positivism – quantitative data
Constructivism paradigm – qualitative data
Document reviews, field observation &
questionnaire survey

Data Analysis

Summary of data- Google doc online, Analysis of
the questionnaire - MS Excel
Findings from document reviews & field
observation analyzed descriptively

Write up Findings &
Conclusions

Findings & conclusion are summarized.
Identify the feasible solution for towns in Nepal.

LITERATURE REVIEW


Energy Efficiency





Efficient energy use
"Using less energy to provide the same service" (http://eetd.lbl.gov/ee/).
A way of managing and restraining the growth in energy consumption.
offers a powerful and cost-effective tool for achieving a sustainable
energy future.

The Benefits of Energy Efficiency:
 Reduces customer energy bills.
 Gives customers greater control over energy costs.
 Performs at a lower cost than new energy supply from new power plants
in many cases.
 Reduces air pollution and greenhouse gases.
 Can create jobs and improve state economies.

Link between GDP and Energy Consumption

Figure : Growth in world energy consumption and growth
Figure : Growth in world energy consumption and growth
in world real GDP
in world real GDP
(Source: http://ourfiniteworld.com/2011/11/15/is-it-really(Source: http://ourfiniteworld.com/2011/11/15/is-it-reallypossible-to-decouple-gdp-growth-from-energy-growth/,
possible-to-decouple-gdp-growth-from-energy-growth/,
2011)
2011)


Energy Consumption in Cities

Figure : Energy consumption in selected cities in Highselected Asian Cities
income Cities (Source: UN-HABITAT, 2008)
(Source: UN-HABITAT, 2008)


Energy Scenario in Nepal

 Energy consumption pattern

Energy use per capita in Nepal is 33.84 kg of oil equivalent (http://www.economicshelp.org/blog/).

Table : Total Energy Consumption by Various Fuel Types and Years (Unit in 000 GJ) (Source: WECS 2010)


Existing Land Use Patterns of KMC

Map : Land use map 2008 of KMC
(Source: http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/Page_Landuse+System_1084)

Table : land use 2008 of KMC
(Source: Suwal, 2009)


INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDIES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Freiburg: Eco-city Of Germany
Urban Village Project: Eco-city Of Oakland
Cape Town
Solar City Movement In India
Chandigarh: Solar City


Study Area: Ward No. 13 of KMC


Study Area: Ward No. 13 of KMC…
General Information
Ward No. 15

Syuchatar
VDC
Bishnumati
River

This ward comprises 213.3 hectares of land.

Ward No. 14

Census 2001
Total population: 29721
Total number of HHs: 6429
Males: 16209
Females: 13512

Study Area: Ward No. 13 of KMC
Rationale of Selection of Study Area
 WECS,2010Residential
consumes
more
energy
(89.1%)
followed
by
transport (5.2%) in Nepal.
 UN Habitat, 2008- transport
consumes
more
energy
followed by building in
KTM.

CITY
CENTRE

 Inhabitants of Ward No. 13
are seemed to be pursuing
energy inefficient way of life.
 Contains mix type of income
group

FINDINGS OF FIELD DATA ANALYSIS


Findings of Field Observation
Land use pattern

Stone Spout
Chagal
Saraswoti
marga

Balkumari
Tahachal

Tankeshwor

Ganodaya
Kalimati
Old
Kalimati

Kuleshwor

Kalanki


Findings of Field Observation…
Land use pattern…


Public Transportation System


Public Transportation System…


Questionnaire Form

Energy 13 of KMC
 250 HHs in the 24 toles/ lanes of Ward No.Efficiency of Planning

in Towns of KMC

Answers to the Research Questions


1.

How do people perceive energy efficiency?
o From literature- energy experts perceive energy potentials, whereas ordinary
people see homes, appliances and normal ways of doing things
o From field data- only 3.6% have right idea of EE, 20% have no idea, mojority
of people(18.8%) perceive it as a economic benefit, 18.8% have no idea,
people perceive EE can be achieve in home by using CFL , people perceive EE
is responsibility of government
Understanding of benefit of energy
Understanding of Energy Efficiency
Responsibilitysave energy at home
for energy efficiency
1.Activities toefficiency
F, 20

D, 19.2
D, 8.8
C, 16.8
C, 10

E, 6.4
D,E, 0.8
D, 3.6
C,E, 0.8
C,D, 1.2

C, 8

B,E, B,E, 2
0.4
B,C,
B,C, 0.4 2.8
A,C, 2.4

Using less energy
Economic benefit
Environmental benefit energy
Avoid unnecessary

C

A, 27.2

C

A, 30
A, 38.4

B, 21.2
A,B,
B, 8.8 B, 16.4
9.6

A
A

B
B

E, 8.8
E, 18.8

Legend
Legend

D
E

D

A,B,5.2
A,B, 1.6
A,B,C, 0.8
A,C, 1.6
A,B,D, 0.4
A,B,E, 0.4
A,D, 0.4
A,B,E, 0.4
A,E,
A,C, 2.4
1.2

Legend

use
A
Government
Productivity/quality of life
Use of low energy equipment/
B
Society
All
appliances
C
No idea
Individual affecting the
Energy use withoutperson
level of service
D
All

E

Avoid unnecessary transport use
E
No idea
for walkable distance

F

No idea


1.

What is the energy scenario of domestic use and in community in
Kathmandu?
o From literature- Residnetial sector consumes largest share of electricity,
LP Gas is increasing as a cooking fuel in urban areas, petroleum product
highly consumed in community by transport sector then in domestic use,
use of RE is zero in Nepal


2.

What is the energy scenario of domestic use and in community in
Kathmandu?
o From field data- electricity is highest in demand followed by LP Gas
in domestic use; consumption of petroleum product is dominant then
electricity at community , use of RE-less(26%) in domestic use & in
community use –zero

Use of Gas(%)
Use of LP Electricity(%)

Use of Renewable/ non energy intesive Way(%)
Use of Petroleum Product(%)

Energy in Domestic use- Petroleum Product
Renewable/Non Energy Intensive Way use- LP Gas
Energy in Domestic
Petroleum product Energy Intensive Way
Renewable/Non
Energy in Domestic use- Electricity

Energy Electicitydomestic Use LP Gas 89%
scenario of
Highest 89%
Energy scenario of domestic Use Highest
89%
89%
67%
67%
67%
67%67%
67%
67%
53%
53%
53%
53%
42%
53%
53%
53%
42%
42%
89%
30%
67%
67%
67%
18%
12% 42%
11%
7% 0% 10% 0%
53%
53%
1% 0% 53% 2%
1%
0%
0%
0% 0%
42%
30%
16%
10%
2%
1%12%
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%5%0%
2%
1%
0% 0%
0%
0%
0%

Energy scenario ofof domestic Use
Energy scenario ofdomestic Use
Energy scenario domestic Use
Petroleum
Electricity
LP Gas
product
Use for cooking
30%
Use for cooking
Renewable/Non
67%
Use for cooking
1%
water heating for shower
18%
Energy Intensive
Use for water heating for shower
53%
11%
Drinking water purify-municipal water
Way 7%
30%
purify-municipal
0%
Drinkingcooking
water purify-jar water water
10%
Use for
0%
Drinking water purify-jar water
10%
Pump for water purify-jar water
water
89%
Drinkingwater heating for
0%
Use for
Pump for water
0%
16%
Backup during Load shedding
42%
Pump for water
0%
showerduring Load shedding
Backup
1%
12%
Drinking water purify53%
municipal water
Drinking water purify-jar
water
Pump for water

Domestic activities
Domesticactivities
Domestic activities


67%
5%
12%

Domestic activities


Answers to the Research Questions…
3.

How does planning contribute in alleviating the problem of energy?
From literature- integration of transport & land use, mixed land use, Ecocity
planning, various land use decisions


4.

How does transportation planning help in resolving the problem of energy?
From literature- directed transport networks, sustainable transport system- TOD,
Integrated rapid transit system, non-motorized transport, mass transit, improved
vehicle technology, smart card, on-demand transportation system, mobility
sharing, park and ride, better traffic flow, pricing policy


5.

How have energy efficient approach been applied to planning of towns?
From literature
local experiences- resource efficient mixed landuse, courtyard system planning,
use of thermal mass, less energy intensive material & waste management system

PRINGGA now
'pi', 'ping', etc.

DULA now 'dol'

DULA now 'dol'

Gvala: settlement
extent in dula
TALA now also
'tala'


5.

How have energy efficient approach been applied to planning of towns?
international experiences• Integrated transport- land use,
 Influence of Land Use on Energy Efficiency
• Sustainable transportation system,
 Influence of Mixed Land Use on Energy Efficiency
• Mixed land use,
 Influence of Transportation on Energy Efficiency
• Compact form,
 Influence of Water on Energy Efficiency
• Improvement of urban planning,
 Influence of Behaviour and Lifestyle on Energy Efficiency
• Improvement of urban infrastructure and basic services,
• Solar city concept,
• Ecocity concept,
• LEED Certification,
• LBC Certification,
• Energy Positive Buildings & neighborhoods, Building Retrofits,
• High-efficiency techniques and appliances,
• Development right transfer programme and behaviour change
interventions through awareness

Recommendation for Management of Energy Efficient
Operation in Town


Recommendation for Management of
Energy Efficient Operation in Town
Made at community level, domestic level, policy level and for awareness to the people
about energy efficiency.
At Community Level

Bicycle Sharing System

According to Friedberg case study

Temp
o

Bus

Micro
Van

Wal
k

walk
& ride

Institutio
nal
vehicle

Bicycle

Privat
e car

Private
Bike

Transport use
for work

3

5

0

35

11

0

0

0

46

Transport use
for Market

0

0

0

74

3

0

0

0

18

Transport use
for Study

3

3

3

28

6

34

0

0

22

Transport use
for
Entertainment

8

6

11

6

37

0

0

2

30

Transport use
for Others

17

9

9

4

34

0

0

1

26

Total

31

23

23

147

91

34

0

3

142

 to suppress the excessive
private motorbike use and
to promote the use of
public transport.
 From field dat:
 Private vechicle use
highley for work
 Less use of public
transport
 Bicycel use zero


Automated Key Bicycle Sharing Stations in Ward No. 13


Automated Key Bicycle Sharing Stations in KMC


Energy Efficient Operation in Town…
At Community Level
Smart Solar Street Lighting System

According to case study of cape town and
solar city movement in india

 adjust their brightness as needed
 autonomy Auto on / off
 solve the problems of no light,
insufficient light & lack of management
in the town.
 Advantages: no consumption of grid
power, no electricity charge, no need of
power supply facilities, no pollution,
easy-installation
and
one-time
investment long-time payback.

Smart Solar Street Lighting System in Ward No. 13


At Community Level
Solar City Programme

According to case study of solar city movement in india
and Chandigarh

 to initiate renewable energy
technologies and energy
efficiency measure in town
 grid connected system offer to
transfer excess power to the grid
while power can be drawn from
the grid in case of shortage
 reduce the electricity demand in
town.
 government buildings be the
first priority for PV development
as case study of India


Solar City Programme in Ward No. 13


At Community Level

Improvement of Urban Planning
 connected pavements/ sidewalk
 easy road crossings
 safe and attractive pathways with
street lighting
 bicycle paths and bicycle parking
spaces
 improved landscaping
 availability of green spaces, parks


At Community Level

Mixed land use development

 in this modern day, only
proximate market places
can’t satisfy the concept
of mixed land use.
 incorporate the facilities
that are in demand;
according to the change
in behaviour and
lifestyle of people

At Community Level
Improvement in Quality of Water
Energy scenario of domestic Use

Electricity
Use for cooking

30%


18%

 both municipal water and jar
water supply system should
10%
Pump for water
89%
incorporate the appropriate
42%
purification system at the main
Energy scenario of domestic boil
Min. useful energy required toUse drinking water supply 3.09 & 3.08
- 3.17, point; as mass
purification system requires less
GJ/household/year in Mountains, LP Gas Terai respectively
Hills &
Use for cooking
67%
(energy Practical Action Nepal, 2009).
Source: than done in individual
53%
households.
30%

Pump for water

7%

10%
0%
1%


At Household Level

Energy Responsive Buildings
most of the metropolitan area is covered with
lots of residential developments.
building sector accounts for the major energy
share of energy consumption

 From the literature of traditional
settlement pattern of KTM and
case study of Cape Town
 include optimization overall layout,
orientation of building and integration
of passive techniques.
 use light and fresh air efficiently in
order to reduce energy demands for
heating,
cooling,
lighting
and
ventilation.
 The building envelope (wall, floor, roof
and fenestration) need to integrate
with building service functions such as
heating, cooling, natural ventilation,
sufficient daylighting and energy
storage.

At Household Level


Rain Water Harvesting and Recharging Aquifer
Building use

Yes

No

Total

Yes %

No%

Residential

50

104

154

47.16

72.22

Commercial

12

15

27

11.32

10.42

Mixed

44

25

69

41.50

Use for cooking
Pump for water

17.36

At municipal level and commercial water suppliers

Electricity
30%
18%
7%
10%
89%
42%

100 sq. m. plot area can yield 128,800 liters
of water in KTM (ENPHO).
(6429 X128,800)= 828 ML

 RWH lowers demand of municipal as well as commercial water
reduction
in water demand
reduction in energy needed for pumping for raw
water extraction and pumping for distribution of water
At household level
reduction in water demand
electricity consumption

reduce pumping for water

save


At Household Level

Rain Water Harvesting and Recharging Aquifer…
 If a household have water extraction/
storage well then it should also have
recharge well.
 Recharge of well/ aquifer - by
discharge of rainwater & waste water
from bathroom sinks, bath tub shower
drains, and clothes washing equipment
drains.
 integrate the pervious surfaces on
lawn, parking lot and walkways
 Also part of improving urban planning
and enhancing renewable source of
energy


At Household Level
Use of Renewable Energy
By installing these systems, it is possible
to generate own energy that promotes less
use of electricity and fuel, reducing carbon
footprint as well as energy bills.
Renewable/Non
Energy Intensive
Way
Use for cooking

0%


16%

Drinking water purify-municipal
water

53%


67%

Pump for water

5%
12%


At Household Level

Electricity uses inside dwelling
S.N.

Use of Energy Efficient Appliances and Methods

Overall, by substituting appliances each family had a potential
saving of 348 kWh/year per family; 10.4% of total electricity
consumption (Francisco Ferreira, 2009);
 Use of CFLs or LED lights
 Purchase energy-efficient appliances & products.
 Replace aging appliances with newer energy efficient ENERGY STAR
models.
 Turn off the television, computer, fan and lights or lamps when not in use.
 Use task lighting whenever possible instead of brightly lighting an entire
room.
 Control outdoor lights with sensor timers so they stay off during the day.
 Replace a gas cooking appliance with a unit with an automatic system.
 Cook with small appliances.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Description

%

Cooking
TV
Refrigerator
Computer
Fan
Oven
Heater

44.4
98.4
51.6
62.0
85.2
22.8
41.2

8 Washing Machine

13.2

9 Vacuum Cleaner

26.4

10 AC

11

Other Electronic
goods

3.2

10.8

12 For Shower

18.0

13 Water Purify

6.0

14 Water pump

88.8

15

Backup during load
shedding

50.4


At Policy Level
Encourage use of Public Transportation System

 encourage smart public transportation system
Providing monthly bus cards, semester cards, employed cards, student
cards
etc in discount cost
 Management of transportation system
planning of integrated route networks, provision of mass transit,
punctual
service, safety and security as well as good manner of drive and conductor.
 Bus stops should linked up with the non motorized transport system
 operating public transportation even at late night hours
 start again the trolly bus system and integrate with all the smart systems

At Policy Level
Encourage Reduction in Electricity Consumption by Renewable Energy

Use of Renewable source of source
Barriers to install renewable energy of energy

 provide incentives
 promote and support entrepreneurship in the renewable energies industry.
 high rise apartments, commercial and industrial buildings should generate minimum
15% of the electricity by installing renewable source of energy.

At Policy Level
Encourage Development of Energy Responsive Building
emphasize on a framework of technical and
performance provisions for energy
efficiency in new and existing buildings.
An incentive on construction materials

Revise Bye-laws
include rainwater harvesting system
pervious pavement/ surfaces to some
mandated percent as according to ground
coverage area.


At Policy Level
Other Policies







Encourage smart solar street lighting system and traffic lighting
Incentives on CFL and LED lights
Higher the price of other energy intensive lights or increase tax to such lights
Incentives on electric vehicles and provide attractive tax free schemes
Penalize the tall buildings for casting shadows on neighboring building
Homogenize the price of products, education fees and other service charges
so that it encourage people to use services that are available at proximate.


Awareness Promotion
By Inspiration and Education Programmes
 Variety of inspiration and education
programmes for different occupation
groups.
 Provide educational materials about the
energy and energy efficiency - to share
successful solutions and to motivate
others to make change.
 focus on behaviour change interventions.


conclusion
 Energy demand can’t stop
 Energy Efficiency - using less energy; but also means
generating energy
 Energy Efficiency - increases energy security & reduces energy
consumption per capita
 Applying the recommendations to KMC- 40% of energy can be
saved
 energy use in Nepal -economically not cost effective,
environmentally not friendly;
& principally not sustainable.


Energy efficient planning in towns of kmc

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