Lh1 water

LH1 WaterPlant and Soil Water Relationships

Many Plants are 90% Water ,[object Object]

Water keeps cells rigid so that they don’t collapse

Water is the primary vehicle for transporting plant nutrients, sugars, hormones and all other biochemical molecules within the plant,[object Object]

Areas of High Water Potential include very wet or moist soils or where the molecules of water are greater than molecules of dissolved minerals

Areas of Low Water Potential include leaf tips where water is actively evaporating, also any tissue such as roots which have high concentrations of dissolved minerals and molecules,[object Object]

Roots and other plant parts contain high concentrations of solutes: molecules dissolved in water necessary for all biochemical reactions.

Water moves into roots from an area of high water potential to low water potential in an attempt to equalize the contents of the plant cellsOsmosisThe process which water enters the Root System

Water Travels Upwards in Plants through the Xylem Through Cohesion and Adhesion Cohesion is the attraction water molecules have for other water molecules. Adhesion is the attraction between water molecules on mineral particles

Xylem is formed by sections of long ultrathin segments known as vessel elements or tracheids

Water lost through Stomatal Pores when they are open for gas exchange is known as TRANSPIRATION ,[object Object]

Stomata close if a dark cloud passes overhead during the day and they close at night.,[object Object]

Transpiration of Water into the Atmosphere is fueled by the Sun’s Radiant Energy and the process of the movement of water through a plant is known as Transpirational Pull Each water molecule is “connected” to other water molecules due to attraction of Hydrogen and Oxygen of different molecules Transpirationincreases if: ,[object Object]

Under warm and windy conditions

If there is full sun, as opposed to cloudy conditions or plants growing in shade,[object Object]

Needle-like Leaves Reduce Surface Area Loss of Water

Summer Dormancy in Mediterranean Climates Babianacorms grow during wet winters and … Are dormant in the summer

Water Movement in Soil Gravitational Water: water that moves down through the soil due to the effect of gravity Capillary Water: Water that is held on soil particles and aggregates which can be used by plants Hydroscopic Water: Water that is bound tightly to soil particles and not available to plants

A Totally Saturated SoilOccurs During a Rainstorm

This water is held against the pull of gravity by the forces of adhesion, the attraction of water molecules to other particles

This water is known as Capillary water. It is the available water in the soil which plants can suck off of soil particles

Capillary forces can move water laterally or upward through the small soil pores through the cohesion of water molecules from areas of high water potential to low water potentialField CapacityA measure of the amount of water a soil retains after gravitational water drains

When all available water is removed by plants or has evaporated there remains Hydroscopic Water ,[object Object]

Plant root hairs cannot obtain this water from the soil particles,[object Object]

Adding organic matter to sandy soils can significantly increase its field capacity

Clay soils hold more capillary water and also hydroscopic water

At the point where plants cannot obtain water from a soil they will wilt

If they are not quickly watered they may reach their PWP (Permanent Wilting Percentage) and die! Soils differ in their ability to retain water, both capillary and hydroscopic water

With Clay soils, water must be applied more slowly and more water must be applied to water at the same depth as a sandy or loamy soil ,[object Object],*Clay soils take longer to saturate due to its small pore spaces. But when it is saturated it holds onto the water more tightly and water drains less well

More water must be applied to a clay soil to reach the same depth as sandy or loamy soil

Movement of Water into Soil is known as Infiltration *When the application of water is higher than infiltration then run-off will occur *Infiltrometer gauges how fast water will penetrate soil. Will give you an idea of soil texture.

How to Determine the Water Content of the Soil? Tensiometer is an airtight, hollow tube filled with water with a porous end inserted into the soil A vacuum gauge at the other end measures the pull exerted by the soil on the water. The greater the pressure the drier the soil

Misc. Water Quality Parameters

Hard vs. Soft Water Hard Water is due to high levels of dissolved minerals, commonly calcium and magnesium Causes spots on dishes, scale on shower heads, and can clog drip irrigation emmiters Hard Water is worse in S. California Soft Water has

Guidelines for Using Grey Water in the Garden Mix washwater with rinse-cycle water before using on plants Some plants are more sensitive, eg. Azaleas and strawberries Do not use wash water for potted plants with restricted root zones Do not pour directly onto base of plants which may cause crown rot Use of black water not allowed by law

Chlorine in Bleach will damage plants, let water stand overnight before using to let chlorine dissipate Boron will burn leaf edges. Fabric softeners contain either boron or metaphosphates containing sodium. Use natural detergents. Phosphates will generally not hurt plants, usually acts as a fertilizer, but can cause algae blooms in lakes and streams.

Hunter Sprayers used for some Large Landscape Installations but wasteful

Underground Watering Systems(E.g. Netafim)

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