1. Coastal Management Coastal Flows and Processes

2. What is Coastal Management? This refers to sea defence or coastal protection All three of which means protection of the beach against flooding and erosion

3. Hard Engineering These are methods that aim to stop the coastal processes from occurring It involves the use of man made structures to defend against the erosive power of waves Some structures used are gabions, groynes, re-curved sea walls, revetments and rip raps

4. Soft Engineering These are methods that try to work with nature to protect the coast These focus on planning, management and changing individual attitudes towards coastal protection Beaches or naturally formed materials are used to control or re-direct erosion processes Some coastal features used are sand dunes and salt marshes. Beach replenishment is also a form of soft engineering

5. Hard Engineering

7. They create a zone of calm water behind them

9. They are built into cliff faces to protect the cliff from the force of the waves

11. The aim is to stop the movement of material along the beach due to longshore drift

12. They are effective at reducing erosion in the area they are constructed in by causing significant build up of beach material.

14. Very costly

16. Energy of the wave is dissipated effectively as water is let through the spaces between the boulders

18. Beach material builds up behind them

20. Beach Replenishment This process involves the transportation of sand from elsewhere to be distributed along the beach Environmentally, this is the preferred method as it keeps the beauty of the landscape of the beach It is very costly and time consuming as regular replenishments are required

22. No building of new structures is allowed in coastal areas vulnerable to coastal erosion.

24. Stabilising Dunes Coastal dunes can be found along the shore where lots of sand and strong winds exist. The winds carry and deposit the land on the coast further inland, forming coastal dunes gradually which help defend the coast from the sea. However they are very fragile and thus access points to the beach are controlled and designated. Shrubs and trees are planted to stabilise the dunes to anchor the sand.

25. Growth of Coral Reefs They can weaken wave energy. Artificial reefs are created along the coast to help enhance fishing opportunities, serve as undersea barriers and replace damaged coral reefs.