The first chapter of APA - 6Th

2. ‫درسی‬ ‫واحد‬:‫پیشرفته‬ ‫رایانه‬
‫مهر‬94
‫نگارش‬:‫حیدریان‬ ‫مجید‬
‫موضوع‬:APA

3. Writing for the
behavioral and
social sciences

4. Y O U R L O G O 4
3
Ethical and legal
standards in
publishing
4
Ensuring the accuracy
of scientific
knowledge

5. 1 |
1Writing for the behavioral and social sciences APAY O U R L O G O 5
03
In this chapter, we discuss several
consideration that authors should
weigh before writing for
publication, it includes article type
and ethical and legal standards
which be examined in following.
0
1
Research is complete
when the results are
shared with scientific
community; it is
accomplished in formal
and informal ways.
02
The scientific journal is the repository
of accumulated knowledge of a field.
There are information about history of
a topic and allow investigator to avoid
needlessly repeating work and
contribute something new.

6. 2 |
1 APATypes of articles
66
articles Empirical studies
Literature
reviews Methodological
articles
Theoretical
articles
Other types
of articles
Case studies

7. 2 |
2 APAEmpirical studies
7
General features:
Original research,
analyzing data and test
the hypotheses, distinct
sections;
Introduction:
development the problem
under investigation,
including its historical
antecedent, and
statement of purpose of
the investigation;
Result:
report of the
finding and
analyses; Discussion:
summary,
interpretation, and
implication of
results.
Method:
description of the
procedures used to
conduct the
investigation;
Empirical studies are reports of original research. These include secondary analyses that test
hypotheses by presenting novel analyses of data not considered or addressed in previous
reports.

8. 2 | 3 APALiterature reviews
8
11111111111111111
General features:
syntheses and meta-
analyses of research,
evaluation of published
research in a field,
combine the results of
studies, tutorials
Introduction:
define and
clarify problem;
Results:
identify relations,
contradictions, gaps, and
inconsistencies in the
literature;
Discussion:
suggest the next
step or steps in
solving the
problems.
Method:
summarize previous
investigations to
inform the reader of
the state of
research;
Literature reviews, are critical evaluations of material that has already been published.
By organizing, integrating and evaluating previously published material, authors of literature
reviews consider the progress of research toward clarifying a problem.

9. 2 |
4 APATheoretical articles
9
General features:
expand, refine, analyze
or create a theory
present empirical
information.
to advance
a theory.similar to literature
review in structure.
examine internal consistency
and external validity of theory

10. 2 |
5 APAMethodological articles
10
1
2
3
4
General
features
: present new methodological approaches
modification of existing methods
focus on methodological and data analytic
approaches and introduce empirical data
only as illustrations of the approach,
provide sufficient details to applicability of
methods
5 compare the methods and presented,
highly technical materials.

11. 2 |
6 APACase studies
In writing case studies, authors carefully consider the
balance between providing important illustrative
material and using confidential case material
responsibly.
Case studies are reports of
case materials obtained
while working with an
individual, a group, a
community, or an
organization.
Case studies illustrate a problem; indicate a means for
solving a problem; and/or shed light on needed
research, clinical applications, or theoretical matters.

12. 2 | 7 APAOther types of articles
Brief reports
comments and replies on
previously articles
obituaries
letters to the
editor
monograph
60
book reviews

13. 3 | 1 APAEthical and legal standards in publishing
13
These standards are designed to achieve
three goals:
one two three
To ensure
the accuracy
of scientific
knowledge,
To protect
the rights of
research
participant,
To protect
intellectual
property
rights.
The guidance is drawn from the “Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct”
which contains standards that address the reporting and publishing of scientific data and
it is known as APA Ethic code. These codes are not statistic and may be revised and
updated over time.

14. 4 |
1 APAEnsuring the accuracy of scientific knowledge
Any scientific method can be repeated and verified so psychologist do
not fabricate and falsify data. Also modifying results, including visual
images to support a hypothesis or omitting troublesome observation
from reports to present a more convincing story is prohibited. If any
error or problem find out in published article then a correction notice
can be published.

15. 4 |
2 APAEnsuring the accuracy of scientific knowledge
Articles must be accessible for requester and author must share
this information promptly and the request should be borne by the
requester. Also all the information about participants’ identity
must be deleted and if there is any sponsor must be addressed as
well. If any researcher request for data article, author can share
data by a written agreement and specific conditions.
Data and other information related to the research must retain
for a minimum of five years after publication, because of any
question arise related to article or others are to attempt
replication.

16. 5 |
1 APADuplicate and piecemeal publication of data
Article must be independence of separate research
efforts. Both duplicate and piecemeal publications
of data constitute threats to these goals.
Duplicate
publication is the
publication of the
same data or ideas
in two separate
sources.
Piecemeal
publication is the
unnecessary splitting
of the finding from
one research effort
into multiple articles.

17. 6 | 1 APADuplicate publication
Previously published research: Authors must not submit to an APA journal a manuscript
describing work that has been published previously, whether in English or another language.
Similar content and form of a manuscript must not submit. Manuscript previously published in
abstracted form or in periodical with limited circulation and availability does not include duplicate
publication. But brief report in APA will not publish anywhere else because they include sufficient
descriptions of methodology to allow for replication and archival record of them.
Acknowledging and citing previous work.
1.The amount of duplicated material must be small.
2.The text must clearly acknowledge in the author note and
other relevant sections of article.
3.Any republished tables and figures must be clearly marked as
printed or adapted, and original source must mention in a
footnote to the table or figure.
4.The original publication must clearly and accurately cited

18. 6 |
2 APAPiecemeal publication
60% 80%
Piecemeal publication.
It is the unnecessary splitting of the finding
from one research effort into multiple
articles. It causes misleading, distortion of
scientific literature and weakens the article
importance.
Reanalysis of published data.
In large scale and longitudinal projects publishing in a
single journal may be inappropriate and it must publish
in several different articles. But author must notice to
report pervious results and cite accurately to facilitate
future researches.
Y O U R L O G O 18

19. ‫از‬ ‫فراوان‬ ‫سپاس‬‫تـوجــه‬ ‫حـسـن‬‫شما‬...