1. A survey on Device-to-Device
Communication
Kuldeep Narayan Singh
30-Jan-15 1A survey on Device-to-Device Communication

2. Table of Content
• Background and Introduction..
• Classification and Promises of D2D
• D2D Vs Ad-hoc
• Challenges
• Applications
• Conclusion
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3. 1. Background and Introduction
Key Challenges
• global mobile data traffic increased (81% in 2013)[1]
• Increase in mobile data traffic 2 times/year[1]
• 1000x by 2020 and 100,000x by 2030[1]
• Current infrastructure unable to handle this huge traffic[1]
Figure 1: growth in mobile data traffic
(in EB/month)[1]
Figure 2: Future key challenges[2]
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4. 1. Background and Introduction
Affects of increase in mobile data traffic
• User QoS decreases[2]
• User experiences network congestion
• Cost Increases[2]
• CAPEX Increases
• OPEX Increases
• Revenue Decoupling
Figure 3: Data-Revenue-vs.-Cost-Decouple-graph[3]
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5. 1. Background and Introduction
Technologies Introduced for NW performance enhancement
Figure 7: Device to Device
Comm.[2]
Figure 5: Adv. Small Cells[2]
Figure 6: Interference
Management[2]
Figure 4: Adv. MIMO/BF[2]
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6. 1. Background and Introduction
Device-to-Device Communication
• Direct Communication without Base Station
• Key Motivation
• Offload Core Network Traffic
• New Comm. Paradigm to Support Public Safety
Figure 8: Conventional network and offloaded network(with D2D)[2]
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7. 2. Classification and Promises of D2D
Classification of D2D Technology[5]
1. Inband D2D
• Operates in cellular band
1.1 Network Assisted D2D 1.2 No Network Assisted D2D
Figure 9: D2D with network
assisted in licensed band[5]
Figure 10: D2D without network
assisted in licensed band[5]
Network Assisted
• N/W providers have control over D2D.
• Most recommended scenario in D2D
• Could reduce energy consumption and
better cellular resource management
No Network Assisted
• N/W providers have limited or no control
• Comm. Without network deployment
• Similar work as Terrestrial Trunked
Radio(TETRA)
•Useful in national security and public safety
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8. 2. Classification and Promises of D2D
Classification of D2D Technology[7]
1. Network Assisted D2D
1.1.a Underlay 1.2.b Overlay
Figure 11: Schematic Representation of overlay and underlay Inband D2D[5]
Underlay
• Increase spectral efficiency by
utilizing Spatial Diversity
• Many algorithms have been
proposed. [7] Use uplink for D2D. [8]
Use mode selection.
Overlay
• A dedicated resource for D2D
• Reduces the concern of interference
• More focus on resource allocation to
avoid wastage of resource
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9. 2. Classification and Promises of D2D
Classification of D2D Technology[5]
Inband D2D Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages:
• QoS Guaranteed.
• Transmission Distance~ 1KM, Max Data Rate: 1Gbps
• No need of new interface.
Disadvantage:
• Challenge to handle D2D and Cellular interference.
• Complex algorithm for resource allocation
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10. 2. Classification and Promises of D2D
Classification of D2D Technology[5]
2. Outband D2D
•.Operates in ISM(Licensed Free Band)
• Could be
• Network Controlled
• Autonomous
Figure 11: D2D without network
assisted in licensed band [2]
Figure 12: Schematic representation
of out of band D2D[6]
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11. 2. Classification and Promises of D2D
Classification of D2D Technology
Advantages and Disadvantages of Out Band D2D[7]
Advantages:
• No interference issue b/w cellular and D2D
• No need of recourse allocation.
• simultaneous D2D and cellular communication
Disadvantages:[7]
• Unlicensed band interference uncontrollable
• Two interfaces required
• Not power efficient, Low Tx. Distance and Data Rate.
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12. 2. Classification and Promises of D2D
Promises of Device-to-Device Communication[2]
1. Proximity services
• High Data Rate and Low delays
• low energy consumption
2. Increase spectrum efficiency
• D2D and cellular on same spectrum
3. Extend Cellular Coverage
4. Quality of Service Guaranteed
5. Economical
• Uses the pre-existing cellular infrastructure
6. Public Safety and National Security
• Replace the old TETRA technology with improved LTE-A D2D
technology
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13. 3. D2D Vs Other Technologies
Issues with Ad-hoc technologies[4]
1. Security
• Much less than cellular system.
• Not suitable for Public Safety Application.
2. Unlicensed Spectrum
• No central control of interference.
3. Not suitable for high user density
• Throughput, Reliability and Range Suffer
4. Manual Pairing
• Not Suitable for Autonomous, Dynamic Proximity Services
5. Less Power Efficient
• Runs parallel with cellular More battery drain
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14. 3. D2D Vs Ad-hoc
Difference to Ad-hoc
Parameters D2D Ad-hoc
(Wi-Fi, Bluetooth etc)
Frequency band Licensed band LTE-A ISM band
Max. Transmission
Dist.
1000m 10-200m
Max. Data Rate 1Gbps 24-250 Mbps
Security Robust less; Not suitable for
Public safety
Expenses CAPEX: No cost as
user using the same
terminal
OPEX: Very less in
terms of battery use
CAPEX: No cost as
user using the same
terminal
OPEX: Very less in
terms of battery use
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15. 4. Challenges
Major Technical in D2D[5]
1. Interference Management – especially in the case of underlay D2D
2. Power Allocation – Proper regulation needed to avoid interference
3. Resource Allocation – Critical issue in Inband D2D
4. Optimal Peer Discovery Methods
Centralized or Distributed
4. Modulation Format
• OFDM or SC-FDMA?
5. Channel Management
6. Energy Consumption
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16. 4. Challenges
Major Business Challenges in D2D[5]
1. D2D between devices subscribed to different operators
– Which spectrum to use (for direct communication)?
2. Lawful interception
– How to monitor direct communication?
3. Charging
– How to perform (content-based) charging?
– How to charge if D2D communication is supported w/o NW
coverage?
4. Privacy, Security, Authentication etc…
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17. 4. Applications
Application and Use cases of D2D [4]
1.Local voice traffic
• Offload voice traffic from BS
• Example: In conferences exchange
voice traffic without BS
2.Local Data Services
• Content sharing
• Streaming services
• Mobile Multiplayer gaming
Figure: Offloading voice traffic in different
scenario[4]
Figure: Local data sharing D2D[4]
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18. 4. Applications
Application and Use cases of D2D [5]
3.Multiuser Cooperative Comm.(MUCC)
• The user in good coverage may help
(Benefited user )BU to improve its signal
and act as a supporting user (SU)
4. Vehicle to Vehicle communication
• Requires very low latency
• Provides information about the nearest
car in front including traffic.
Figure: D2D in Multiuser cooperative
communication(MUCC)[4]
Figure: D2D in V2V scenario[4]
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19. 4. Applications
Application and Use cases of D2D [5]
5. Public safety (police, fire and ambulance services)
• Still uses old Technologies like TETRA
• Key Motivation: Move public safety to a new level(LTE)
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Figure: Public safety scenario in D2D[3]

20. 5. Conclusion
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• Provided survey on D2D based on available literature.
• Types of D2D Communication[2]
• Inband (Underlay, Overlay)
• Outband (Controlled, Autonomous )
•Discussed Major Technical and Business Issues.
•Interference control, Resource management, Pricing etc.
• Applications
•Public Safely, Offloading etc.
•Survey shows D2D is still immature.[1]
•Still numerous open challenges.

21. References
[1] http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/visual-
networking-index-vni/white_paper_c11-520862.html
[2] Smart Direct LTE Communication Shahid Mumtaz.
[3] http://wirelesshabitat.eu/archives/104
[4] http://www.slideshare.net/fransiscobento1/d2d-device-to-device-
communication?next_slideshow=1
[5] A Survey on Device-to-Device Communication in Cellular Networks Arash
Asadi, Student Member, IEEE, Qing Wang, Student Member, IEEE, and
Vincenzo Mancuso, Member, IEEE
[6] A Survey on Device-to-Device Communication in Cellular Networks: Arash
Asadi, Student Member, IEEE, Qing Wang, Student Member, IEEE, and
Vincenzo Mancuso, Member, IEEE
[7] B. Kaufman and B. Aazhang, “Cellular networks with an overlaid device to
device network,” in Proceedings of Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems
and Computers, 2008, pp. 1537–1541.
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22. 3. D2D Vs M2M
Difference to M2M
M2M (Machine to Machine) / MTC (Machine Type Com.) (3GPP TR 22.368) Definition: M2M/MT
Communication is a form of data communication between entities that do not necessarily
need human interaction.
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D2D M2M
Describes connectivity
services
Defines a class of
devices & is application
oriented
Main target Discovery and local
communication
Data exchange between
machines / infrastructure
Type of device Not defined (arbitrary) Machine
Number of devices Typically two or a few Typically many
Location Proximity Not defined (arbitrary)
Communication Between devices (D2D) Typically many to one (N
terminals to 1 server;
machine to infrastructure)

23. Potential Future Work
• Theoretical Work
– mathematical tools and optimization techniques - very limited
• Architecture
– very little work explaining the required architecture in order to
support D2D communications in cellular networks[5]
• Application
– First introduced for relay now have lots of applications: P2P,
Multicasting, Cellular Offloading etc.
– Could have more application especially in social networking,
location-aware services
• Performance analysis
– Studies are still far from reality
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