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ORGREENIC BAKERY

            Group Members:
            Shung Chi Tao Jennifer 11523480d
            Cheng Ka Wan          11346388d
            Wu Shan Ting          11343039d
            Mok Yee Sum Eugenia 11256305d


 Marketing HTM 2121
Business Concept
              Vision Statement

 “To provide quality and nutritious bread to all
                   customers”
Business concept

             Mission Statement

 “To promote green and healthy brad as the
 essential diets for everyone, particularly office
                      ladies”
Objectives
External Environment:
Demographic Trends

           • 30% of interviewee eat bakery almost
             every day (Produce Green Foundation and Hong
             Kong Vegetarian Society ,2001)
Existing   • Bakery market keep in growing
market


           • From 2005 to 2011
           •      bakery products business
           •      employees
 Trend     •      gross output
           • Located at Kowloon + Hong Kong
External Environment:
Political & Legal Trends


   Government intervention on the food concern

   Centre for Food Safety impose guidelines on the

    operation of food industry (Chow, 2009)
External Environment: Ecological
Trends

   Steady supplier

   91% of the health store customer buy organic
    food because they are environmentally friendly

   Plastic bag is harmful to the Earth
External Environment: Economic
Trends
   The World This Year (2010)
     lose of confidence in the ability of a few
    countries to pay their debt

   Increase in buying power
Environmental analysis: SWOT
Micro Environment: Competitor
    1
Hung Fook Tong Holdings-
Competitor in product category

   Target customers: MTR passengers

   Promotions: Advertisement and internet

   Environment: Clean and hygienic

   Strength: high market share,

               CSR, healthy image

   Weakness: plastic container and packages
Micro Environment: Competitor
    2
Maxim’s Cakes-
Competitor in customers category

   Target customers: white collars
   Product & Service: Bakery, Cake, made to order
    services
   Promotions: Advertisement and sales promotion
   Strength: long history ,reputation
   Weakness: seldom new products
Micro Environment: Competitor
3
Roll – Geographical Competitor

   Target customer: teenagers
   Product: Swiss roll
   Promotion: coupon, social media
   Environment: clean and fresh
   Strength: fresh image,
                low cost promotion
   Weaknesses: limited labor force
Target Market Analysis:

Segmentation

    Geographic     • Commercial area
   segmentation    • People who work in offices




   Demographic     • 879,790 office ladies aged from 25 to
   Segmentation      44 (Census and Statistical Department)
                   • higher disposable income


                   • Social class segmentation and
   Psychological     lifestyle(Jackie L.M. Tam, Susan H.C.
   Segmentation      Tai, 1998)
                   • 5 segments
Target Market Analysis :
                      Target
Market

  “Traditionalists”
  “Strivers”

  “Achievers”

  “Adapters”

  “Middle-class hopefuls”


 • 7% of the “Achievers” willing to latch new trends (Jackie L.M. Tam,
 Susan H.C. Tai ,1998)

 • Rich with high disposable income (Thompson & Hickey, 2011)
Target Market Analysis:

Positioning
   The place the product occupies in consumer‟s minds relative to
    competing products


   Competitive advantage : organic and healthy


   Factors being analyze : Market price, Healthy
4Ps - Price

   Critical factor in operation (Myers, M. B., Cavusgil, S. T., &
    Diamantopoulos, A. 2002)

   Packaged way-$18-$25

   Target market is “ Achievers”

   Higher than our competitor

   Can achieve physical needs and the social status

Customers need to actively maintain and present their status through
buying pattern, brand, tangible and intangible products. (Ehrenreich,
1989)
4Ps – Products
      Atmosphere
      • Café liked environment- sofa and table
      • Bright light and green plants


      Organic food
      • Bread , cake and health drinks
      • Quality control by the Hong Kong Organic
        Certification Centre

      Package
      • Breakfast -$20-25
      • Lunch--$30-35
4Ps- Place
   Location of Bakery in HK
4Ps- Place
   Location of Orgreenic
4Ps- Place
4Ps - Promotion
 Communicate benefit to customer

 Create demand
                 • Leaflet :background
 1.Advertising     of Ogreenic & product



                 • Regular discount
   2.Sales
  promotion      • Coupon distribution
4Ps - Promotion

                  • Convincing retailer
   3.Personal
     selling      • Create relationship
                    with customers



    4.Public      •   Official website
    relations
  and publicity   •   Specific & updated
Milestones
Date             Event                            Objective           Person        Budget

                                                                      Responsible
                                                                                                  Before
                                                                                             establishment of
2/5-7/5/2012     Design the leaflet                                   supervisor
                                                                                                 company
9/5-11/5/2012    Find the printing company                            PR

                 for leaflet

13/5-17/5/2012   Produce leaflet                                      PR            $5000

1/6- 17/6/2012   Plan official website            Attract        new supervisor

                                                  customer

9/6-15/6-2012    Find      website       design                       PR            $6000

                 company

10/6/2012        Establishing      of   official Get awareness

                 website

12/6-20/2012     Distribution of leaflet          Attract        new Assistance     $2000

                                                  customer            manager
Milestones
1/7/2012           Opening of company


3/7-23/7/2012    Discount period              Attract       new

                                              customer
                                                                                         Establishment
24/7-25/7/2012   Produce leaflet                                   Assistance   $10000
                                                                                          of Orgreenic
                                                                   manager

26/7-5/8/2102    Distribution of leaflet      Attract       new PR              $1500

                                              customer

7/8-9/8/2012     Product coupon                                    PR           3500

10/8-20/8/2012   Distribution of coupon       Attract       new retailers

                                              customer

25/8-31/8/2012   Offer special discount for      Keeping     the

                 old customers                existing customers



1/9-8/9/2012     Distribution of leaflet      Attract       new

                                              customer
Milestones

15/10-       Distribution of leaflet   Attract     new Assistance   $500   Christmas promotion-
28/10/2012                             customer          manager
                                                                            a highlighted event


11/11-       Discount period           Attract     new

18/11/2012                             customer



11/12-       Distribution of coupon    Attract     new retailers

15/12/2012                             customer



17/12-       Christmas discount        Attract new and

31/12/2012                             existing

                                       customers
Milestones
10/1-           Distribution of leaflet   Attract      new Assistance $1000

15/10/2012                                customer             manager
                                                                              Promotion in next year
5/2-13/2/2012   Discount period           Attract      new

                                          customer

6/3-10/3/2012   Distribution of leaflet   Attract      new Assistance $1000

                                          customer             manager

12/3-           Distribution         of Attract        new retailers

18/3/2012       coupon                    customer

15/4-           Offer special discount          Keeping

20/4/2012       for old customers         the       existing

                                          customers

21/4-           Evaluation                Make                 Supervisor

30/4/2012                                 adjustment
Budgeting Controls-Forecast
sales
Budgeting Controls- marketing
expense budget
            Marketing materials                    Cost       Amount/ days    Total
                                                                needed




  Color Leaflet
                                                 $2/leaflet      7500        $15000

  Labor cost (Past-time employee distributing
  leaflet)
                                                 $133/ day        45         $6000


  Website design
  company
                                                   $6000           /            $6000


  Coupon
                                                $0.1/coupon      3500        $3500
Budgeting Controls-Income
        statement                                                  Orgreenic
                                                               Income Statement
                July(2012) August       September October      November December January(2013) February March       April     May       June      July

Revenue
Net sales      $62,000      $93,000     $105,000    $124,000   $150,000   $217,000   $155,000   $168,000 $217,000 $210,000 $232,500 $225,000      $232,500
Cost of goods
               $45,060      $46,030     $47,310     $48,450    $51,410    $52,131    $47,280    $46,289   $47,389   $47,694   $47,093   $47,500   $47,460
sold
Gross Profit   $16,940      $46,970     $57,690     $75,550    $98,590    $164,869   $107,720   $121,711 $169,611 $162,306 $185,407 $177,500      $185,040
Expenses
Variable cost
Water          $2,100       $2,000      $1,900      $1,900     $2,100     $2,200     $2,100     $2,100    $2,100    $2,200    $2,000    $1,900    $1,800
Electricity    $7,000       $8,000      $8,000      $8,000     $10,000    $10,000    $10,000    $11,000   $12,000   $12,000   $13,000   $10,000   $1,1000
Promotion
cost(Shown in $10,750       $4,750      $1,250      $1,750     $1,250     $1,250     $1,250     $1,250    $2,250    $1,250    $1,250    $1,250    $1,250
table 1)
Miscellaneous
               $110         $130        $120        $150       $130       $180
                                                                                      •Break-even: 5$140 $150 $160
                                                                                     $150  $170 $140
                                                                                                     months                                       $1,40
expense
Total variable
               $19,960      $14,880     $11,270     $11,800    $13,480    $13,630
                                                                                       •High-lighted promotion in Dec,
                                                                                     $13,500  $14,520 $16,490 $15,590 $16,400 $13,310 $14,190
cost
Fixed Costs
                                                                                       income increase rapidly
Rent
Salary
               $65,000
               $20,000
                            $65,000
                            $20,000
                                        $65,000
                                        $20,000
                                                    $65,000
                                                    $20,000
                                                               $65,000
                                                               $20,000
                                                                          $65,000
                                                                          $20,000
                                                                                       •Increase income steadily$65,000 $65,000
                                                                                     $65,000
                                                                                     $20,000
                                                                                              $65,000 $65,000 $65,000 $65,000   after$20,000
                                                                                              $20,000 $20,000 $20,000 $20,000 $20,000
Telephone      $110         $110        $110        $110       $110       $110         Dec $110 $110 $110 $110 $110 $1,900
                                                                                     $110

Total fixed cost $85,110    $85,110     $85,110     $85,110    $85,110    $85,110    $85,110    $85,110   $85,110   $85,110   $85,110   $85,110   $85,110


Total Costs     $105,070    $99,990     $96,380     $96,910    $98,590    $98,740    $98,610    $99,630   $101,600 $100,700 $101,510 $98,420      $99,300

Net Income      ($88,130)   ($53,020)   ($38,690)   ($21,360) $ 0         $66,129    $9,110     $22,081   $68,0111 $61,606    $83,897   $77,080   $85,740
Marketing Control


       1. Statistical report provide precise
            & specific information


       2.   Re-assess the pricing &
            marketing methods
Conclusion
   Promote healthy lifestyle to office ladies

   identify the potential benefits of consuming
    organic products
Reference
   Bohi, H. (2010). BEHAVIORAL TARGET MARKETING: Virtual stalker or virtual coach?. Alaska Business
    Monthly, 26 (2), 10-14.
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   Centre for Food Safety. (2012). Food and Environmental Hygiene Department. Trade Guidelines on Safe
    Production of Buns and Sandwiches.
   Chow. S.M. (2009). Centre for Food Safety. Food Safety Focus. (39).
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   General Household Survey Section. (2012). Statistical Tables. Census and Statistical Department.
    http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hong_kong_statistics/statistical_tables/index.jsp?subjectID=2&tableID=007.


   Google Map,(2012). Bakery in Hong Kong . Retrieved February 5, 2012,
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   Harcar, T. a. and Kaynak, E. (2008). Life-Style Orientation of Rural US and





   Hong Kong Census and Statistic Department, (2011). Chinese . Retrieved February 11, 2012, from
    http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/freedownload.jsp?file=stat_table/labour/D5250010C2011QQ03C.xls&title=%
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    reflextive practices. Appetite, 56 336-344.
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




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ORGANIC BAKERY PROMOTION PLAN

  • 1. ORGREENIC BAKERY Group Members: Shung Chi Tao Jennifer 11523480d Cheng Ka Wan 11346388d Wu Shan Ting 11343039d Mok Yee Sum Eugenia 11256305d Marketing HTM 2121
  • 2. Business Concept Vision Statement “To provide quality and nutritious bread to all customers”
  • 3. Business concept Mission Statement “To promote green and healthy brad as the essential diets for everyone, particularly office ladies”
  • 5. External Environment: Demographic Trends • 30% of interviewee eat bakery almost every day (Produce Green Foundation and Hong Kong Vegetarian Society ,2001) Existing • Bakery market keep in growing market • From 2005 to 2011 • bakery products business • employees Trend • gross output • Located at Kowloon + Hong Kong
  • 6. External Environment: Political & Legal Trends  Government intervention on the food concern  Centre for Food Safety impose guidelines on the operation of food industry (Chow, 2009)
  • 7. External Environment: Ecological Trends  Steady supplier  91% of the health store customer buy organic food because they are environmentally friendly  Plastic bag is harmful to the Earth
  • 8. External Environment: Economic Trends  The World This Year (2010) lose of confidence in the ability of a few countries to pay their debt  Increase in buying power
  • 10. Micro Environment: Competitor 1 Hung Fook Tong Holdings- Competitor in product category  Target customers: MTR passengers  Promotions: Advertisement and internet  Environment: Clean and hygienic  Strength: high market share, CSR, healthy image  Weakness: plastic container and packages
  • 11. Micro Environment: Competitor 2 Maxim’s Cakes- Competitor in customers category  Target customers: white collars  Product & Service: Bakery, Cake, made to order services  Promotions: Advertisement and sales promotion  Strength: long history ,reputation  Weakness: seldom new products
  • 12. Micro Environment: Competitor 3 Roll – Geographical Competitor  Target customer: teenagers  Product: Swiss roll  Promotion: coupon, social media  Environment: clean and fresh  Strength: fresh image, low cost promotion  Weaknesses: limited labor force
  • 13. Target Market Analysis: Segmentation Geographic • Commercial area segmentation • People who work in offices Demographic • 879,790 office ladies aged from 25 to Segmentation 44 (Census and Statistical Department) • higher disposable income • Social class segmentation and Psychological lifestyle(Jackie L.M. Tam, Susan H.C. Segmentation Tai, 1998) • 5 segments
  • 14. Target Market Analysis : Target Market  “Traditionalists”  “Strivers”  “Achievers”  “Adapters”  “Middle-class hopefuls” • 7% of the “Achievers” willing to latch new trends (Jackie L.M. Tam, Susan H.C. Tai ,1998) • Rich with high disposable income (Thompson & Hickey, 2011)
  • 15. Target Market Analysis: Positioning  The place the product occupies in consumer‟s minds relative to competing products  Competitive advantage : organic and healthy  Factors being analyze : Market price, Healthy
  • 16. 4Ps - Price  Critical factor in operation (Myers, M. B., Cavusgil, S. T., & Diamantopoulos, A. 2002)  Packaged way-$18-$25  Target market is “ Achievers”  Higher than our competitor  Can achieve physical needs and the social status Customers need to actively maintain and present their status through buying pattern, brand, tangible and intangible products. (Ehrenreich, 1989)
  • 17. 4Ps – Products Atmosphere • Café liked environment- sofa and table • Bright light and green plants Organic food • Bread , cake and health drinks • Quality control by the Hong Kong Organic Certification Centre Package • Breakfast -$20-25 • Lunch--$30-35
  • 18. 4Ps- Place  Location of Bakery in HK
  • 19. 4Ps- Place  Location of Orgreenic
  • 21. 4Ps - Promotion Communicate benefit to customer Create demand • Leaflet :background 1.Advertising of Ogreenic & product • Regular discount 2.Sales promotion • Coupon distribution
  • 22. 4Ps - Promotion • Convincing retailer 3.Personal selling • Create relationship with customers 4.Public • Official website relations and publicity • Specific & updated
  • 23. Milestones Date Event Objective Person Budget Responsible Before establishment of 2/5-7/5/2012 Design the leaflet supervisor company 9/5-11/5/2012 Find the printing company PR for leaflet 13/5-17/5/2012 Produce leaflet PR $5000 1/6- 17/6/2012 Plan official website Attract new supervisor customer 9/6-15/6-2012 Find website design PR $6000 company 10/6/2012 Establishing of official Get awareness website 12/6-20/2012 Distribution of leaflet Attract new Assistance $2000 customer manager
  • 24. Milestones 1/7/2012 Opening of company 3/7-23/7/2012 Discount period Attract new customer Establishment 24/7-25/7/2012 Produce leaflet Assistance $10000 of Orgreenic manager 26/7-5/8/2102 Distribution of leaflet Attract new PR $1500 customer 7/8-9/8/2012 Product coupon PR 3500 10/8-20/8/2012 Distribution of coupon Attract new retailers customer 25/8-31/8/2012 Offer special discount for Keeping the old customers existing customers 1/9-8/9/2012 Distribution of leaflet Attract new customer
  • 25. Milestones 15/10- Distribution of leaflet Attract new Assistance $500 Christmas promotion- 28/10/2012 customer manager a highlighted event 11/11- Discount period Attract new 18/11/2012 customer 11/12- Distribution of coupon Attract new retailers 15/12/2012 customer 17/12- Christmas discount Attract new and 31/12/2012 existing customers
  • 26. Milestones 10/1- Distribution of leaflet Attract new Assistance $1000 15/10/2012 customer manager Promotion in next year 5/2-13/2/2012 Discount period Attract new customer 6/3-10/3/2012 Distribution of leaflet Attract new Assistance $1000 customer manager 12/3- Distribution of Attract new retailers 18/3/2012 coupon customer 15/4- Offer special discount Keeping 20/4/2012 for old customers the existing customers 21/4- Evaluation Make Supervisor 30/4/2012 adjustment
  • 28. Budgeting Controls- marketing expense budget Marketing materials Cost Amount/ days Total needed Color Leaflet $2/leaflet 7500 $15000 Labor cost (Past-time employee distributing leaflet) $133/ day 45 $6000 Website design company $6000 / $6000 Coupon $0.1/coupon 3500 $3500
  • 29. Budgeting Controls-Income statement Orgreenic Income Statement July(2012) August September October November December January(2013) February March April May June July Revenue Net sales $62,000 $93,000 $105,000 $124,000 $150,000 $217,000 $155,000 $168,000 $217,000 $210,000 $232,500 $225,000 $232,500 Cost of goods $45,060 $46,030 $47,310 $48,450 $51,410 $52,131 $47,280 $46,289 $47,389 $47,694 $47,093 $47,500 $47,460 sold Gross Profit $16,940 $46,970 $57,690 $75,550 $98,590 $164,869 $107,720 $121,711 $169,611 $162,306 $185,407 $177,500 $185,040 Expenses Variable cost Water $2,100 $2,000 $1,900 $1,900 $2,100 $2,200 $2,100 $2,100 $2,100 $2,200 $2,000 $1,900 $1,800 Electricity $7,000 $8,000 $8,000 $8,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $11,000 $12,000 $12,000 $13,000 $10,000 $1,1000 Promotion cost(Shown in $10,750 $4,750 $1,250 $1,750 $1,250 $1,250 $1,250 $1,250 $2,250 $1,250 $1,250 $1,250 $1,250 table 1) Miscellaneous $110 $130 $120 $150 $130 $180 •Break-even: 5$140 $150 $160 $150 $170 $140 months $1,40 expense Total variable $19,960 $14,880 $11,270 $11,800 $13,480 $13,630 •High-lighted promotion in Dec, $13,500 $14,520 $16,490 $15,590 $16,400 $13,310 $14,190 cost Fixed Costs income increase rapidly Rent Salary $65,000 $20,000 $65,000 $20,000 $65,000 $20,000 $65,000 $20,000 $65,000 $20,000 $65,000 $20,000 •Increase income steadily$65,000 $65,000 $65,000 $20,000 $65,000 $65,000 $65,000 $65,000 after$20,000 $20,000 $20,000 $20,000 $20,000 $20,000 Telephone $110 $110 $110 $110 $110 $110 Dec $110 $110 $110 $110 $110 $1,900 $110 Total fixed cost $85,110 $85,110 $85,110 $85,110 $85,110 $85,110 $85,110 $85,110 $85,110 $85,110 $85,110 $85,110 $85,110 Total Costs $105,070 $99,990 $96,380 $96,910 $98,590 $98,740 $98,610 $99,630 $101,600 $100,700 $101,510 $98,420 $99,300 Net Income ($88,130) ($53,020) ($38,690) ($21,360) $ 0 $66,129 $9,110 $22,081 $68,0111 $61,606 $83,897 $77,080 $85,740
  • 30. Marketing Control 1. Statistical report provide precise & specific information 2. Re-assess the pricing & marketing methods
  • 31. Conclusion  Promote healthy lifestyle to office ladies  identify the potential benefits of consuming organic products
  • 32. Reference  Bohi, H. (2010). BEHAVIORAL TARGET MARKETING: Virtual stalker or virtual coach?. Alaska Business Monthly, 26 (2), 10-14.  Canadian Consumers :Are Regio-Centric Standardized Marketing Strategies  Centre for Food Safety. (2012). Food and Environmental Hygiene Department. Trade Guidelines on Safe Production of Buns and Sandwiches.  Chow. S.M. (2009). Centre for Food Safety. Food Safety Focus. (39). http://www.cfs.gov.hk/english/multimedia/multimedia_pub/multimedia_pub_fsf_39_02.html.  Feasible? Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 20 ( 4), 433-454.  General Household Survey Section. (2012). Statistical Tables. Census and Statistical Department. http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hong_kong_statistics/statistical_tables/index.jsp?subjectID=2&tableID=007.   Google Map,(2012). Bakery in Hong Kong . Retrieved February 5, 2012, fromhttp://maps.google.com/maps?hl=zh-TW&tab=wl  Goeldner, C.R., & Brent Ritchie, J.R., (2009). Tourism: Principles, practices, philosophies. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley& Sons Inc.chapter 19.  Gonzalez, A. M. and Bello, L. (2002).The Construct " Lifestyle" in Market  Harcar, T. a. and Kaynak, E. (2008). Life-Style Orientation of Rural US and
  • 33.   Hong Kong Census and Statistic Department, (2011). Chinese . Retrieved February 11, 2012, from http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/freedownload.jsp?file=stat_table/labour/D5250010C2011QQ03C.xls&title=% E6%8C%89%E9%9B%B6%E5%94%AE%E5%95%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%88%A5%E5%8A%83%E5% 88%86%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%B6%E5%94%AE%E6%A5%AD%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B%E5%96% AE%E4%BD%8D%E6%95%B8%E7%9B%AE%E3%80%81%E5%B0%B1%E6%A5%AD%E4%BA%BA %E6%95%B8%E5%8F%8A%E8%81%B7%E4%BD%8D%E7%A9%BA%E7%BC%BA%E6%95%B8%E 7%9B%AE%EF%BC%88%E5%85%AC%E5%8B%99%E5%93%A1%E9%99%A4%E5%A4%96%EF%B C%89&issue=2011%E5%B9%B49%E6%9C%88&lang=2.  Hong Kong Census and Statistic Department, (2011). Report on 2003 Annual Survey of Industrial Production. Retrieved February 14, 2012, from http://www.statistics.gov.hk/publication/stat_report/commerce/B10700012003AN03B0100.pdf  Hjelmar, U. (2011). Consumers' purchase of organic food products. A matter of convenience and reflextive practices. Appetite, 56 336-344.  Jackie L.M. Tam, Susan H.C. Tai, (1998) "Research note:The psychographic segmentation of the female market in Greater China", International Marketing Review, Vol. 15 Iss: 1, pp.61 – 77  Kotler, P., Armstron, G., Ang, S. H., Leong, S. M., Tan, C. T. and Hon-Ming, O. Y. (2009). Principle of marketing a Global Perspective. Pearson Eduction South Asia. Singapore.  Kotler, P., Bowen, J. & Makens, J. (2010). Marketing for Hospitality and  Langberg, J. (2001). Potential Market for Frozen Dough, Food Industry Score Card. 01(E3) Retrieved February 15, 2012, from http://www.safoodcentre.com.au/_media/pdf/sundry_sites/food_sa/facts/industry_scorecards/e3_frozend oughexports.pdf.  Maxim‟s,(2012).Maxim‟ Cake . Retrieved February 14, 2012, from http://www.maxims.com.hk/tc/main.asp
  • 34. Myers, M. B., Cavusgil, S. T., & Diamantopoulos, A. (2002). Antecedents and actions of export pricing strategy: A conceptual framework and research propositions. European Journal of Marketing, 36(1), 159-188. doi:10.1108/03090560210412746.  Produce Green Foundation & Hong Kong Vegetarian Society, (2001). „香港人吃麵包調查報告‟. Retrieved February 11, 2012, from http://www.vegsochk.org/HealthyDiet/BreadReport.htm  Sari, A., & Huam, H. T. (2011). The role of psychographic for distinguishing main categories of consumers based on lifestyle, personality and value variables.International Journal of Economics and Research, 02(04), 29.  Schifferstein, H. & Ophuis, P. (1998). Health-related determinants of organic food consumption in the neverlands. Food Quality and Preference, 9 (3), 119-133  Segmentation the Behavior of Tourist Consumers. European Journal of Marketing, 36(1/2), 51-85.  Shankar, V., & Bolton, R. N. (2004). An Empirical Analysis of Determinants of Retailer Pricing Strategy. Marketing Science, 23(1), 28-49.  Tourism (5th ed), Upper Saddled River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.    