Cell

Beginning of life on earth is still a mystery ! BUT ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Cell is Structural & Functional Unit of an Organism All organisms are made up of cells ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Different types of cells are different in their minute Structure & Functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Fundamental Structural and Functional Organisation of all cells are Similar ,[object Object]

Why We Need To Understand Cells? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Why? The Study of cell is a logical starting point of medical education. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Thorough Knowledge of Structure and Function of cell is Necessary to Understand Modern aspects of medical sciences like: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Living Systems Have Different Levels of Organization. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Structural Organization of Animal Cell ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Compartments in Protoplasm ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Cytoplasm & Nucleoplasm Have Fluid Part and Insoluble Structures ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

CYTOPLASM ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Components of Cytoplasm ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Cytosol is the Fluid component of Cytoplasm Excluding Organelles and the Insoluble Components.

Organic Solutes of Cytosol ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Inorganic Solutes of Cytosol

Functions of Cytoplasm ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],Supporting Functions of Cytoplasm

[object Object],[object Object],Cytoplasm is Site for Most cellular activities

Functions of a Multicellular Organism such as, Growth , Reproduction, Respiration, Excretion etc. are the Ultimate Result of Individual Cellular Activities ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Vital Functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Specified Functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Two Major Requirements For Cell Functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Cellular Function are Based on Metabolism ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Purpose of metabolic reaction may be: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Cellular Activities Required to Maintain Normal Life are Based on Specific Metabolic Processes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Many Other Cellular Activities are also Required to Maintain Normal Life ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Many Other Cellular Activities are also Required to Maintain Normal Life ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Overall Behaviour of Human body is Collaborated Functions of Organs ,[object Object]

Specific Cellular Activities are Performed In Different Compartments Of Cell ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Specific Cellular Activities In Cytosol ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Organelles Are Metabolic Machinery of the Cell ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Metabolic machinery of the cell: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],ORGANELLES

All Organelles have unique functions and perform specific jobs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Mitochondrion (Chondriosome) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Mitochondrion Matrix Inter Membrane Space Outer Membrane Inner Membrane Folded Inside To Form Cristae

Mitochondrion Energy yielding metabolic processes  Biological Oxidation (Respiratory Chain).  Oxidative Phosphorylation.  Citric Acid Cycle.  Oxidation of Fatty Acids. CO, CN and other deadly Poisons cause Death because they block the energy yielding reactions in Mitochondria.

Mitochondria (Chondriosomes) are Powerhouse of cells ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Mitochondria are site for many other Specific Cellular Activities ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Mitochondrial Medicine ,[object Object]

Mitochondrial Diseases (Mitochondrial Cytopathies) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Depending on which cells of the body are affected, Mitochondrial Diseases may result in: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Endoplasmic Reticulum is Interconnected Network of branching canals and vesicles

Endoplasmic Reticulum is Interconnected Network of: Tubules Vesicles Sacs (Cisternae)

Two Types Of Endoplasmic Reticulum ,[object Object],[object Object],Ribosomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum is Membrane Bound Organelle Involved in Synthesis of Proteins & other Compounds ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

RER Is the Site for Protein Synthesis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Each cell contains thousands Miniature “Protein Factories” The Ribosomes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

A ribosome is a small, dense, functional structure found in all known cells that assemble proteins ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Ribosomes Are Embedded On Surface Of ER Or Found Free In Cytoplasm ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Protein Synthesis Can be Interrupted By External Factors ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The Smooth ER Has a Wide Range Of Functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The Rough and Smooth ER Are Usually Interconnected ,[object Object]

ER & Intracellular Transport ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Body or Golgi Complex) Network of membranous tubules and vesicles present in most living cells

Golgi Apparatus is In Direct connection with ER ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Golgi Apparatus is involved in secretory functions of cells ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Lysosomes are Small and Simple Membranous Sacs, Contain Digestive Enzymes. Membrane Enzymes

Lysosome is a cellular organelle responsible for intracellular digestion and recycling of macromolecules. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Lysosomes: Autolysis of Dead Cell Material ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Lysosomes have about 40 different types of digestive enzymes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],Lysosomes: Defence against living Bacteria

Lysosomes Allow the Cell to Recycle the Valuable Nutrients ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Why Don't Lysosomes Digest the Cell? ,[object Object],[object Object]

Diseases Due to Absence of Lysosomal Enzymes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Lysosomal Storage Diseases (LSD) are due to absence or deficiency of enzyme(s) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Excessive Storage of Molecules is the Major Hazard of LSDs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Common clinical findings in LSDs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Lysosomes are involved in Programmed Cell Death: Apoptosis. ,[object Object],[object Object]

The Lysosomsal Membrane Allows Only Small Particles To Exit It. ,[object Object],[object Object]

INCLUSIONS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cytoskeleton of of Cytoplasm Maintain Cell Shape & Motility

Cell Has The Ability to Move During Various Conditions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cell motility involves physical forces generated by Cytoskeleton

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],The Cytoskeleton is Like a Little Highway Infrastructure Inside The Cell.

Other Important Functions Of CYTOSKELETON ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

CELL MEMBRANE (Plasma Membrane, Cytomembrane or Plasmalemma) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

CELL WALL ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],NUCLEUS

Nucleus is Responsible For Overall Behavior of the Cell. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Genetic Material is Organized as Chromatin ,[object Object],[object Object]

Chromatin is a DNA-protein complex ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

CHROMOSOMES ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Each DNA Molecule is Made up of Many Genes ,[object Object]

Genetic Diseases ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Examples Of Genetic Diseases ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

NUCLEOLUS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Vacuoles A number of small cavities in the cytoplasm of a cell, bound by a single membrane and containing water, fat, or metabolic waste.

Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Types on the Basis of Development ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Cell Types On the Basis of Development ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Prokaryotic Cell ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Eukaryotic Cell ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Cell

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