6. GENETICS
Ancient Greek γενετικός genetikos
means genesis or origin
discipline of biology
science of genes, heredity and variation
in living organisms
deals with the molecular structure and
function of genes
with pattern of inheritance from parent
to offspring
gene distribution and variation in
change in population
7. GENETICS
can be applied to the study of any living
system from viruses and bacteria
through plants (crops) and humans
(Medical Genetics)
living things inherit traits from their
parents has been used since prehistoric
times to improve crop plants and
animals through selective breeding
modern science of Genetics, which
seeks to understand the process of
inheritance only began with the work of
Gregor Mendel.
9. GREGOR JOHANN MENDEL
July 22, 1822 – January 6, 1884
Austrian Monk
During his child hood, worked as a
gardener and studied beekeeping
studied at University of Olomouc
Upon recommendation of his physics
teacher Friedrich Franz he entered the
Augustinian Abbey of St. Thomas in
Brno in 1843
He took the name Gregor upon
entering monastic life
10. GREGOR JOHANN MENDEL
He was ordained into priesthood in
August 1847
In 1849, he was assigned as a teacher
to a secondary school in the city of
Znaim
He took the licensure exam for teachers
but he was failed
During middle part of his life, he did
groundbreaking into the theory of
heredity
Using pea pod plants, he studied the seven
characteristics of it.
11. GREGOR JOHANN MENDEL
By tracing these characteristics,
Mendel discovered 3 basic laws which
governed the passage of a trait from
one member of a species to another
member of the same species
1st Law states that the sex cells of a
plant may contain two different traits
but not both of those traits
12. GREGOR JOHANN MENDEL
2nd Law stated that the characteristics
are inherited independently from
another (the basis of recessive and
dominant gene composition)
3rd Law stated that each inherited
characteristic is inherited by two
hereditary factors (known more
recently as genes. One from each
parents, which decides whether a gene
is recessive or a dominant.
13. GREGOR JOHANN MENDEL
If a seed gene is recessive, it will not
show up within a plant, however the
dominant trait will.
His work later became the basis for the
study of modern genetics, and are still
recognized and used today‟
His work led to the discovery of
particulate inheritance, dominant and
recessive traits, genotype and
phenotype, concept of heterozygous
and homozygous
14.
15.
16. MENDEL‟S EXPERIMENTAL
QUANTITATIVE APPROACH
Hybridization is matting and crossing of
two true-breeding varieties
P generation(parental) is the true –
breeding parents
F1 generation (first filial generation) is a
hybrid offspring
F2 generation ( second filial
genentation) produced if allowing
F1 hybrid to self-pollinate
17. LAW OF SEGREGATION
allele pairs separate during gamete
formation and randomly unite at
fertilization.
two purpose of this are
developed pure lines
counted the results
and kept
the statistical notes
18. PURE LINE
a population that breeds true for a
particular trait [ this was an important
innovation because any non-pure
(segregating) generation would and did
confuse the results of genetic
experiments]
19.
20. Results from Mendel's Experiments
Results from Mendel's Experiments
F1
Parental Cross F Phenotypic Ratio F2 Ratio
Phenotype 2
Round x 5474 Round:1850
Round 2.96:1
Wrinkled Seed Wrinkled
Yellow x Green 6022 Yellow:2001
Yellow 3.01:1
Seeds Green
Red x White
Red 705 Red:224 White 3.15:1
Flowers
Tall x Dwarf
Tall l787 Tall:227 Dwarf 2.84:1
Plants
21. PHENOTYPE
literally means, “the form that it
shown”
the outward, physical appearance of a
particular trait
Mendel‟s pea plants exhibited the
following phenotypes
round or wrinkled seed
yellow or green seed
red or white flower
tall or dwarf plant
23. DOMINANT
The allele that expresses itself
at the expense of an alternate
allele, the phenotype that is
expressed in the from the cross
of two pure lines
24. RECESSIVE
An allele whose expression is
suppressed in the presence of a
dominant allele, the phenotype
that disappears in the F1
generation from the cross of two
pure lines and reappears in the F2
generation
25. MENDEL‟S CONCLUSION
1. The hereditary determinants are of
a particulate nature. These
determinants are called genes
2. Each parent has a gene pair in each
cell for each trait studied. The F1
from a cross of two pure lines
contains one allele for the dominant
phenotype and one from the
recessive phenotype. These two
allele comprise the gene pair
26. MENDEL‟S CONCLUSION
3. One member of the gene pair
segregates into a gamete, thus each
gamete only carries one member of
the gene pair.
4. Gametes unite at random and
irrespective of the other gene pairs
involved.
27. MENDELIAN GENETICS
DEFINITION
Allele one alternative form of a given
allelic pair, tall and dark are the
allele for the height of pea plant;
more than two alleles can exist for
any specific gene, but only two of
them will be found in any individual
Allelic pair the combination of two
alleles which comprise the gene
pair.
28. MENDELIAN GENETICS
DEFINITION
Homozygous an individual which
contains only one allele at the
allelic pair, for example DD is a
homozygous dominant; while dd
is homozygous recessive, pure
lines are homozygous for the
gene of interest.
29. MENDELIAN GENETICS
DEFINITION
Heterozygous an individual which
contains one of each member
of the gene pair, example the
Dd.
Genotype the specific allelic
combination for a certain gene
or set of genes.
30. DIFFERENT TYPE OF CROSS
IN GENETICS
Backcross the cross of an F1 hybrid to
one of the homozygous parents;
for pea plant height the cross
would be Dd x DD or Dd x dd;
most often though a backcross is
a cross to a full recessive parent.
31. DIFFERENT TYPE OF CROSS IN
GENETICS
Testcross the cross of any individual to
a homozygous recessive parent,
used to determine if individual is
homozygous dominant or
heterozygous.
Monohybrid cross a cross between
parents that differ at a single
gene pair (usually AA x Aa)
32. DIFFERENT TYPE OF CROSS IN
GENETICS
Monohybrid the offspring of two parents
that are homozygous for
alternate alleles of a gene pair.
is good for describing the
relationship between alleles.
when an allele is homozygous it
will show its phenotype
it is the phenotype of the
heterozygous which permit us to
determine the relationship of
the allele
33. DIFFERENT TYPE OF CROSS
IN GENETICS
Dominance the ability of one allele to
express its phenotype at the expense of an
alternate allele.
the major form of interaction
between alleles
generally the dominant allele
will make a gene product that
the recessive can not.
therefore the dominant allele
express itself whenever it is
present
34. PUNNETT SQUARE
A handy diagrammatic device for
predicting the allele composition of
offspring from a cross between
individuals of known genetic make up
35.
36.
37.
38. LAW OF INDEPENDENT
ASSORTMENT
Mendel derived this law by performing
breeding experiments in which he
followed only a single character.
He identified this law by
following two characteristics at
the same time.
example 2 of the 7 characters
Mendel‟s studied is were seed
color and seed shape
Each pair of alleles segregates
independently of other pairs of alleles
during gamete formation
39. LAW OF INDEPENDENT
ASSORTMENT
seed color may be yellow (Y) or green
(y) seed shape round (R) or wrinkled (r)
example YYRR will have a parental
cross with yyrr
F1 plants will be dihybrids
heterozygous YyRr
phenotypic categories with a
ratio of 9:3:3:1
9 yellow-round to 3 green-round
to 3 yellow-wrinkled to one-
green
wrinkled
40.
41.
42. COMPLETE DOMINANCE
Occurs when the phenotype o the
heterozygote is completely
indistinguishable from that of the
dominant homozygote
43. INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
Occurs when phenotype of the
heterozygous genotype is an
intermediate of the phenotypes of the
homozygous genotypes.
example the snap dragon
flower color is either
homozygous for red or white
when the red homozygous
flower is paired with the white
one, the result is pink
pink now is being called as
this
44.
45. CO - DOMINANCE
Occurs when the contributions of both
alleles are visible in the phenotype
example is A and B alleles are
codominant in producing AB
blood group phenotype
in which A- and B- type
antigens are being made
46. TAY SACHS DISEASE
fatal, recessive genetic disorder in
children that causes progressive
destruction of the Central Nervous
System
Infants having this kind of disease
are normal for the first few months
relentless deterioration of mental
and physical abilities
becomes blind, deaf and unable to
swallow
47.
48. EPISTASIS
Greek word that means „stopping‟
A gene at one locus alters the
phenotypic expression of a gene at a
second locus
49.
50. PLEIOTROPY
from a Greek word pleion
have multiple phenotypic effects
responsible for the multiple symptoms
associated with certain hereditary
diseases
cystic fibrosis
sickle cell disease
53. PEDIGREE ANALYSIS
To analyze the results of matting
that have already occurred
collection of information about a
family‟s history for a particular
trait and assembling this
information into a family tree
describing the interrelationship of
parents and children across the
generation
54. PEDIGREE ANALYSIS
one importance of this is to help us
predict the future
a serious matter when the alles in
question cause disabling or deadly
hereditary diseases instead of
innocuous human variation such as
hairline or earlobe configuration
57. CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Most common lethal genetic disease in
U.S.
chloride transport of channels are
defective or absent in the plasma
membrane of a children
result is abnormally high concentration
of extracellular chloride which causes
mucus that coats certain cells to
become thicker and stickier
Most children die before their 5th
birthday
58. SICKLE CELL DISEASE
most common inherited disorder
caused by substitution of single amino
acid by the hemoglobin protein of red
blood cells.
multiple effect of a double dose of this
is an example of pleiotropy
no cure
59. MATING OF CLOSE RELATIVES
forbidden love
consanguineous a disease causing
recessive allele
more likely produce offspring
homozygous for recessive traits
60. DOMINANTLY INHERITED
DISORDERS
Achondroplasia a form of dwarfism
heterozygous individuals have the
dwarf phenotype
therefore all people who are not
achondroplastic dwarf are homozygous
for recessive allele
61.
62. NEW BORN SCREENING
some genetic disorders can be
detected at birth
one common screening program is
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
phenylalanine and its by-product
phenylpyruvate can accumulate to
toxic levels in the blood causing
mental retardation.
63.
64. NEW BORN SCREENING
some genetic disorders can be
detected at birth
one common screening program is
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
phenylalanine and its by-product
phenylpyruvate can accumulate to
toxic levels in the blood causing
mental retardation.