1. Different
Meanings of
the Same
Lexical
Meaning

2. • We are not only talk about the meaning of
lexical units in its isolated circumstances.
• We are then must look carefully:
– The meaning specified by the phrase
– The way they can be identified
• Some words do not function as referentially
relevant semantic units.
– The word to for example as a marker of infinitive
constructions is referentially meaningless even
they are not grammatically meaningless.

3. • Individuals words may not the only principal
semantics units, phrases must be treated as
semantic units.
• The meaning of the whole cannot be
determined by adding up the meaning of the
parts.
• Meaning are idiomatic:
1. IDIOMS PROPER
2. UNITARY COMPLEXES
3. COMPOSITES

4. idioms
• Are combination of words which have both a
literal and nonliteral semantic structure, but
the connection between them cannot be
describe as additive processes.
– Unitary complexes consist two or more free forms
combined to refer differently from the head word.
• Poison oak is not kind of oak but plant of sumac family.
– Composites combination of words belong to the
same referent even the attributes aren't sufficient
to determine the meaning.
• White oak is not white.

5. • Unitary Complexes and Composites refer to
narrower semantic area then any individual
words.
• Idioms are generally more specific in meaning
than single words are in the same semantic
domains.
• There is a tendency to think of combination of
lexical units as involving merely the addition
of one set of meaning to another.
• Combination of words involve not only
addition bur also mutual delimitation.
E.g. gold ring page 116.

6. Related Referential Meaning
• Derivation: all essential components
underlying base are incorporated into another
meaning, belonging to distinctly semantic
domain. E.g. page 121
– The relation between bases and derivative forms
are systematic, and basically represent the various
types of so called case relation.
– Morphological derivation must not be confused
with semantic derivation, since not all
morphological derivation involves semantic
derivatio.

7. • Replacement: involves the substitution of at
least one component in the base by another
component which alter the meaning, but does
not involve the major shift in semantic
domain.
– The semantic process of replacement differ
conspicuously from the process of addition, in
replacement one diagnostic semantic component
is substituted for another.

8. • Figurative extension: involves a radical shift in
semantic domains in which the semantic
relations between base and extended
meaning depend upon either supplementary
component or a reinterpreted diagnostic
component.
– Base meaning and figurative meaning is best
explained as reinterpretation of diagnostic
element, rather than a supplementary feature.

9. • Peripheral clustering: there is usually a central
meaning around which certain peripheral
meaning cluster.
• Procedures for analyzing the differences in
meaning and the relation between meaning:
1. Identify the major semantic relations:
derivation, replacement, figurative
extension, and central peripheral.
2. Identify a central meaning, if one exists.
3. Determine the semantics domains to which
various meaning belongs.

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atención