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1323 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology Volume 1, Issue 4, June 2012 Enhancing the Slew rate and Gain Bandwidth of Single ended CMOS Operational Transconductance Amplifier using LCMFB Technique 1 Abhishek Singh, 2Sunil Kumar Shah, 3Pankaj Sahu 1 abhi16.2007@gmail.com, 2 sunil.ggits@gmail.com, 3 pankaj.sahu@yahoo.co.in Department of Electronics & Communication, Gyan Ganga Institute of Technology and Sciences, Jabalpur (M.P) Abstract • Its output of a current contrasts to that of standard operational amplifier whose output is a Industry is continuously researching techniques to voltage. reduce power requirements, while increasing speed, to meet the demands of today’s low • It is usually used "open-loop"; without (battery) powered wireless systems. The negative feedback in linear applications. This is operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) is possible because the magnitude of the resistance a fundamental building block in analog (mixed- attached to its output controls its output voltage. signal) design and its performance characteristics Therefore a resistance can be chosen that keeps the are the foundation of system level characteristics. output from going into saturation, even with high Improving the performance of the fundamental differential input voltages. amplifier structure, while avoiding costly silicon area and static power increases, is critical to Improving the performance of the fundamental improving system performance. The application amplifier structure, while avoiding costly silicon area of Local Common Mode Feedback (LCMFB) to and static power increases, is critical to improving the conventional OTA structure provides system performance. The application of Local significant increases in gain-bandwidth and slew Common Mode Feedback (LCMFB) to the rate performance without an increase in static conventional OTA structure provides significant power and limited additional silicon area. In the increases in gain-bandwidth and slew rate presented research, local common mode feedback performance without an increase in static power and technique has been applied to single ended limited additional silicon area. Both single ended and differential operational transconductance fully differential amplifier architectures are used in amplifiers. LCMFB provides wide-range industry for modern design. programming of amplifier characteristics and increases the versatility of the amplifier structure. 2. Circuit principle Keywords: Slew rate, GBW, OTA, LCMFB As shown in Figure 2, the OTA employs a differential input pair and three current mirrors. The 1. Introduction differential input pair is comprised of transistors M1, 2. The differential pair is biased by MB1, 2. Mirrors The operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) is formed by M3, 5 and M4, 6 reflect currents generated an amplifier whose differential input voltage in the differential pair to the output shell. The current produces an output current. Thus, it is a voltage generated by the mirror of M3, 5 is then reflected to controlled current source (VCCS). There is usually the output via the mirror formed by M7, 8. The an additional input for a current to control the mirror gain factor, K, indicates the gain in mirrors amplifier's transconductance. The principle formed by M3, 5 and M4, 6 with the following differences from standard op-amp are- relations: β5=Kβ3, β6=Kβ4 where β=(KP/2)(W/L). Cascoding transistors M9, 10 are biased by Vcasn/Vcasp 450 All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCET
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1323 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology Volume 1, Issue 4, June 2012 and provide increased gain via increased (cascoded) output resistance. Figure.2.1 Proposed LCMFB OTA architecture Figure.2. Conventional OTA architecture 3. Circuit Structure The conventional OTA is differentiated from other 3.1 Input Stage for main OTA amplifiers by the fact that its only high impedance node is located at the output terminal. The The conventional OTA (Figure 3.1) uses a conventional OTA does not employ an output buffer differential pair in conjunction with three current and is therefore, only capable of driving capacitive mirrors to convert an input voltage into an output loads. The gain of the OTA (GmRo) is dependent on current. Common mode signals (Vi(+)=Vi(-)) are, the large output resistance of the shell (M5-M10) and ideally, rejected. For a common mode input voltage, is decreased to GmRo//RL≈GmL if a parallel resistive the currents are constant and will be: id1=id2=IBIAS/2, load R L is applied. Industry is researching techniques and iout=0. A differential input signal will generate an to reduce power requirements, while increasing output current proportional to the applied differential speed, to meet the demands of low (battery) powered voltage based on the transconductance of the wireless systems. These systems require amplifiers differential pair. Although the output stage is a push- with low bias currents, capable of producing large pull structure, the conventional OTA is only capable dynamic currents. Application of Local Common of producing an output current with a maximum Mode Feedback (LCMFB) [1-3] techniques to the amplitude equal to the bias current in the output shell conventional OTA architecture produces an efficient (K*IBIAS,OS). For this reason, the conventional OTA is class AB amplifier with enhanced gain-bandwidth a referenced as a class A structure capable of and slew rate. An OTA structure, with local common producing maximum signal currents equal to that of mode feedback, provided by R1, R2, is shown in the bias current applied. Slew rate (SR) is directly Figure 2.1. proportional to the maximum output current and is defined as the maximum rate of change of the output The active load transistors M3,4 are reconnected to voltage. For a single stage amplifier, the slew rate is have a common gate (node C) and matched resistors the output current divided by the total load R1, R2 are used to connect the gate and drain capacitance. The conventional OTA therefore suffers terminals of M3, M4. Resistors R1, R2 can be the consequence that high speed requires large bias implemented with PMOS transistors MR1, 2 currents which translates to large static power operating in the triode region. dissipation. Wireless and battery powered systems 451 All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCET
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1323 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology Volume 1, Issue 4, June 2012 require high slew rate and gain bandwidth values 3.2 Operation of Proposed Architecture with low static power dissipation. These requirements are difficult to achieve with class A structures such as For quiescent (or common mode) operation, the drain the conventional OTA. The proposed class AB currents of transistors M1-M10 have equal values structure with Local Common Mode Feedback (ID1-10=Ibias/2) while the current iR in transistors MR1, (LCMFB), can meet these requirements 2 is zero. The gate-source voltage of M3, 4 is the same as their drain-source voltage. For common mode signals, these transistors perform as low impedance (diode connected loads) with value: = _ (6) The SR and GBW are given as GBW = _ (7) The GBW is dependent on the programmable resistance RMR1, 2. As RMR1, 2 increases, the GB increases. Class AB operation provides large non- symmetric currents in the output shell. These currents are created by the large gate-source voltage swings (generated at nodes A/B) applied to M5, M6. Maximum output current generation occurs when the Figure 3.1 Conventional OTA open loop gain maximum gate-source differential is applied to M6 (or M5) and M5 (or M6) is in cutoff. The GBW and Slew Rate is given as, GBW = Kgm1, 2 / 2πCL _ (3) SR = = /CL And PStatic = (VDD- VSS) 3Ibias _ (9) SR = KIBias/ CL _ (4) Class AB operation in the LCMFB OTA produces signal currents much larger than the bias current The slew rate and GBW, therefore, increases linearly applied with the same static power dissipation as that with K. of the conventional structure (K=1). The advantage The static power dissipation (PSTATIC) is the product of this operation is the capability to design high slew of the sum of the currents flowing through the current rate architectures with low static power dissipation. sources or sinks with the power supply voltages and 4. Design and Implementation Issues is given by Table 4.1 Design specification and parameters PStatic = (VDD- VSS) IBias (2+K) _ (5) Parameter Specification An increase in the mirror gain factor (K) will increase the SR and GB of the conventional OTA at the cost Technology AMI 0.18 µm CMOS of increased area and static power dissipation and a decrease in phase margin. 452 All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCET
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1323 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology Volume 1, Issue 4, June 2012 Lambda 1λ= 0.6 µm M5 7.7/0.18 µm 0.28 Threshold Voltages 0.42 volts, 0.41 volts M6=M7=M8 5.18/0.18 µm 0.23 Transconductance 171µA/V2, 37µA/V2 M9=M10, (L MIN ) 1.098/0.18 µm 0.24 Power Supply 1.8 V MB1 1.098/0.18 µm 0.23 Bias Current 600 µA MB2 2.677/0.18 µm 0.23 GBW 100MHz Load Capacitance 10.0 pF 5. Simulation of circuit performances and implementation of circuit layout The operational transconductance amplifier is Table 4.2 Comparative Analysis designed with power voltage of 1.8V in 0.18um CMOS process. Figure 5.1 shows the layout of PARAMETERS SE- SE-PROPOSED operational transconductance amplifier and bias CONV circuit designed. Slew Rate (V/µs) 9.1 150 Bandwidth (MHz) 5.7 27 Maximum O/P Current 0.5 1.3 (mA) Static Power Dissipation 4.95 6.5 (mW) Gain Margin (dB) 25.2 35 Figure 5.1.1 Conventional OTA layout Phase Margin (Degree) 88.3 55 Table 4.3 W/L ratio for Design issues TRANSISTORS DIMENSIONS (W/L ) VDS, Sat (V) M1=M2 4.122/0.18 µm 0.25 M3 1.912/0.18 µm 0.28 M4 7.21/0.18 µm 0.28 Figure 5.1.2 Proposed OTA layout 453 All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCET
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1323 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology Volume 1, Issue 4, June 2012 The waveforms of Frequency response simulation and output setting time simulation are shown in Figures 5.2 and 5.3. Figure 5.2 Output Setting Time simulations 6. Conclusion In this study, a local common mode feedback technology has been adopted. As a result, the operational transconductance amplifier has greater slew rate and GBW as well as quick output signal setting time. References [1] Xin Lei, Dongbing Fu, Dongmei Zhu, and Chen Su, “A novel high-transconductance operational amplifier with fast setting time”, 978-1-4244-5798- 4/10/$26.00 ©2010 IEEE [2] Mai M. Kamel, Eman A. Soliman, Soliman A. Figure 5.3 Frequency Response simulations Mahmoud, “High Bandwidth Second Generation Current Conveyor based Operational Silicon Area Dimensions for proposed Transconductance Amplifier”, 978-1-61284-857- architecture 0/11/$26.00 ©2011 IEEE [3] Sunil Kumar Shah, “Implementation of 8-bit 4 MSPS pipeline ADC”, National Conference on Innovations in Communication System and System Design (ICS2D-12), Gyan Ganga Institute of Technology and Sciences, Jabalpur, 2012 [4] Siddhartha, Gopal Krishna, Bahar Jalali- Farahani, “A Fast Settling Slew Rate Enhancement technique for Operational Amplifiers”, 978-1-4244- 7773-9/10/$26.00 ©2010 IEEE 454 All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCET
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1323 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology Volume 1, Issue 4, June 2012 [5] Antonio J. López-Martín, Sushmita Baswa, Jaime Ramirez-Angulo, and Ramón González Carvajal, “Low-Voltage Super Class AB CMOS OTA Cells With Very High Slew Rate and Power Efficiency”, IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS, VOL. 40, NO. 5, MAY 2005 About the Authors Abhishek Singh is currently pursuing his M. Tech (final semester) in Embedded System and VLSI Design from GGITS, Jabalpur. He did his Bachelor of Engineering from GGITS, Jabalpur in 2009 and his area of interest lies in Electronics and Communication, Analog Communication and Analog VLSI. Sunil Kumar Shah did his B. Tech from The Institution of Engineers (India) and M. Tech from GGITS, Jabalpur in Embedded System and VLSI Design. Presently he is working as Professor and his area of specialization includes Electronics and Communication and VLSI Design. Pankaj Sahu is currently pursuing his M. Tech (final semester) in Digital Communication from GGCT, Jabalpur. He did his Bachelor of Engineering from SRIT, Jabalpur and his area of interest lies in Electronics and Communication and Analog Communication. 455 All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCET
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