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ISSN: 2278 –
1323 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology Volume 1, Issue 4, June 2012 A Comparative Analysis of Feed-Forward and Elman Neural Networks for Face Recognition Using Principal Component Analysis Amit Kumar1, Mahesh Singh2 1. M.Tech Scholar 2. Asst. Professor (C.S.E Deptt.) Advance Institute of Technology and Management, Palwal-121102,INDIA Abstract—In this paper we give a comparative analysis of II. Principal Component Analysis performance of feed forward neural network and elman Principal component analysis (PCA) involves a mathematical neural network based face recognition. We use different procedure that transforms a number of possibly correlated inner epoch for different input pattern according to their variables into a smaller number of uncorrelated variables difficulty of recognition. We run our system for different called principal components. PCA is a popular technique, to number of training patterns and test the system’s derive a set of features for both face recognition. Any performance in terms of recognition rate and training particular face can be: time. We run our algorithm for face recognition (i) Economically represented along the Eigen pictures application using Principal Component Analysis and both coordinate space neural network. PCA is used for feature extraction and (ii) Approximately reconstructed using a small collection of the neural network is used as a classifier to identify the Eigen pictures faces. We use the ORL database for all the experiments. Here 150 face images from the database are taken and To do this, a face image is projected to several face templates some performance metrics such as recognition rate and called eigenfaces which can be considered as a set of features total training time are calculated. We use two way cross that characterize the variation between face images. Once a validation approach while calculating recognition rate set of eigenfaces is computed, a face image can be and total training time . In two way cross validation, we approximately reconstructed using a weighted combination interchange training set into test set and test set into ofthe eigen-faces. The projection weights form a feat ure training set. Feed forward neural network has better vector for face representation and recognition. When a new performance in terms of recognition rate and total test image is given, the weights are computed by projecting training time as compare to elman neural network. the image onto the eigen-face vectors. The classification is then carried out by comparing the distances between the Keywords—Feed forward neural network, Elman neural weight vectors of the test image and the images from the network, Principal Component Analysis. database. Conversely, using all of the eigen-faces extracted from the original images, one can reconstruct the original I. Introduction image from the eigen-faces so that it matches the original The task of recognition of human faces is quite complex. The image exactly. human face is full of information but working with all the Suppose there are P patterns and each pattern has t training information associated with the face is time consuming and images of m x n configuration. less efficient. It is better to use some unique and important information (facial feature vectors) and discard other useless 1. The database is rearranged in the form of a matrix information in order to make system efficient. Face where each column represents an image. recognition systems can be widely used in areas where more 2. With the help of Eigen values and Eigen vectors security is needed. For example on Air ports, Military bases, covariance matrix is computed. Government offices etc. Also, these systems can help in 3. Feature vector for each image is then computed. places where unauthorized access of persons is prohibited. This feature vector represents the signature of the Sirovich and Kirby [1] had efficiently represented human image. Signature matrix for whole database is then faces using principal component analysis. M.A. Turk and computed. Alex P. Pentland [2] developed a near real time Eigen faces 4. Euclidian distance of the image is computed with system for face recognition using Euclidean distance. A face all the signatures in the database. recognition system can be considered as a good system if it 5. Image is identified as the one which gives least can fetch the important features, without making the system distance with the signature of the image to complex and can make use of those features for recognizing recognize. the unseen faces. For feature extraction we use Principle Component Analysis and for recognition feed forward neural III. Neural Network network and elman neural network are used. In this paper we A Neural Network is made up of neurons residing in various give an approach to recognize the faces in less training time layers of network. These neurons of different layers are and less training patterns (images). connected with each other via links and those links have some values called weights. These weights store the information. Basically the neural network is composed of 3 types of layers: first is Input layer, which is responsible for 238 All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCET
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ISSN: 2278 –
1323 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology Volume 1, Issue 4, June 2012 inserting the information to the network. Second is Hidden interchange training set into test set and test set into training layer. It may consist of one or more layers as needed but it set. has been observed that one or two hidden layers are sufficient to solve difficult problems. The hidden layer is Table 1 Feed-forward results of ORL database responsible for processing the data and training of the network. Last layer is the output layer which is used to give Number Number Total Recognition the network’s output to a comparator which compares the of images of training rate (%) output with predefined target value . in images time Neural networks require training. We give some training in test (sec) input patterns for training and some target values and the set set weights of neural networks get adjusted. A Neural network is said to be good and efficient if it requires less training patterns, takes less time for training and is able to recognize 150 100 932.50 96 more unseen patterns. 100 100 643.35 88 Face recognition problem has been studied for 75 100 409.50 86 more than two decades for its significant commercial 50 100 290.08 84 applications. A number of research efforts have been made to build the automated face recognition systems. There are so many face recognition systems available today which use different approaches. In this paper approach for face Feed-forward results are shown in Table 1 . Table 1 show recognition uses neural network with PCA. In this paper we the values of number of images in training set, number of use two types of neural networks such as feed forward neural images in test set, total training time in sec and recognition network, elman neural network and these neural networks rate. For 150 images in training database, recognition rate is have different characteristics. Therefore, we studied these 96% and training time is 932.50 sec and for 50 images two neural networks based face recognition systems that use recognition rate is 84 and training time is 290.08 sec and so PCA for feature extraction. We study the results from these on. We plot the-graph between number of images in training neural networks based face recognition systems to find which set and its correspondent recognition rate or another graph neural network gives better results in all circumstances such between number of images in training set and training time as changing of lighting condition, expression rotation of shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2 respectively. human faces and distractions like glasses, beards, and moustaches. We work on ORL standard face databases and report the results of our study. IV. IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULT In this paper we show the effect of the use of variable learning rate. In each outer epoch we increase the value of learning rate by a very less value. By one outer epoch we mean a single presentation of the all training patterns to the neural network. This step helps in fast convergence of weights. Using this method the learning rate, started from 0.25, reaches to a high value of 4 to 20 without making Figure 1: Recognition rate of feed-forward on different system unstable. In this paper we introduce a new approach training set for ORL database. to select the learning rate for face recognition. We increase the learning rate by 0.005 in each outer epoch. This requires From the above Figure 1 we can show that when number of less learning time and gives comparatively better recognition images in training set is reduced, recognition rate is also accuracy. In this experiment we use 10 hidden neurons and reduced. magnitude is fixed to 0.95. V. ORL Database Results First we show the two different neural network based face recognition results for ORL database. A. Feed-forward Neural Network Results for ORL Database We take the results of feed-forward network on different number of images in training set, for example 150 images (6 images per persons), 100 images (4 images per person) and so on. . Here we show the average recognition rate of two Figure 2: Total training time of feed-forward on different different neural network based face recognition systems from training set for ORL database two way cross validation. In two way cross validation, we 239 All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCET
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1323 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology Volume 1, Issue 4, June 2012 From the Figure 2 we can say that training time is also Table 3 Recognition rate of feed-forward for female reduced when images in training set reduced. Now we person for ORL database discuss the Feed-forward neural network performance on variation of pose i.e. illumination, facial expressions and Number Number Number Number of Recognit- distractions like glasses, beards, and moustaches. There are of images of of female images ion rate total 67 images with glasses are present in ORL database, in in female images correctly (%) which 40 images are present in training database when training images in test recognize training database contains total 150 images and 27 images set in set are present in test database for each training set. Here we training show the recognition rate of 27 images with glasses for each set training set shown in Table 2. 150 12 8 8 100% From the table 2 we can say that feed-forward network correctly identify 27 images class out of 27 images in test 100 8 8 7 88% data set means give 100 % recognition rate in ease total 150 images present in training database and for 100 images in 75 6 8 7 88% training data set recognition rate is 93% shown in Figure 3 Table 2 Recognition rate of Feed-forward for person 50 4 8 6 75% wearing glasses for ORL database Number of Number Number of Number of Recog- images in of images images images nition From the table 3 we can say that when training data set training with with correctly rate (%) contains total 150 images, only 12 female images in training set glasses in glasses in recognize data set and 8 female images in test data set. Feed-forward training test set network correctly recognize all female images, accuracy is set 100% and in case of 100 images present in training data set accuracy is 89% shown in Figure 4 150 40 27 27 100% 100 27 27 25 93% 75 21 27 25 93% 50 16 27 22 81% Figure 4: Recognition rate of feed-forward network of female person for ORL database In this paper we present the variation in the recognition rate when we consider the images with moustaches. There is total 20 images with moustaches in ORL database. In which 8 Figure 3 Recognition rate of feed-forward for person with images with moustaches present in test data set but in glasses for ORL database training data set number of images with moustaches vary for example training data set contains total 150 images in which In our ORL database there are 20 female images, 8 images only 12 images with moustaches and for 100 images in present in test database for each training data set and 12 gaining data set only 8 images with moustaches present in images present in training data set when total 150 images training data set. Here we show the recognition rate of feed- present in training database. Here we show the recognition forward of 8 images with moustaches in Table 4 rate of 8 female faces for each training data set in Table 3 240 All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCET
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1323 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology Volume 1, Issue 4, June 2012 Table 4 Recognition rate of Feed-forward for person Table 5 Elman neural network result of ORL database with moustaches for ORL database Number of Number of Total Recognition Number Number of Number of Number of Recogn images in images in training rate (%) of images with images with images -ition training set test set time (sec) images moustaches moustaches correctly rate in in training in test set recognize (%) 150 100 1310.25 92 training set set 100 100 950.28 88 150 12 8 8 100% 75 100 690.15 87 100 8 8 8 100% 50 100 580.45 82 75 6 8 7 88% 50 4 8 6 75% Table 6 Recognition rate of elman neural network for person wearing glasses for ORL database Number Number Number Number Recog From the Table 4 we can say that we can say that in case of of of of images of images nition 150 images and 100 images in training dataset recognition images images with correctly rate( rate of feed forward is 100%. Shown in Figure 5. in with glasses in recogniz- %) training glasses test set e set in training set 150 40 27 27 100% 100 27 27 27 100% 75 21 27 25 93% 50 16 27 23 85% Table 7 Recognition rate of elman neural network for female person for ORL database Figure 5: Recognition rate of feed-forward for person with moustaches. Number of Number Number of Number of Recog images in of female female images -nition B. Elman Neural Network Results for ORL training images in images in correctly rate set training test set recognize (%) Database set In this paper we present elman neural network. Table 5, Table 6, Table 7and Table 8 represent elman neural network 150 12 8 8 100% result for ORL database, recognition rate of elman neural network for a person wearing glasses for ORL database, 100 8 8 6 75% recognition rate of elman neural network for female person 75 6 8 6 75% in ORL database, recognition rate of elman neural network for person with moustaches for ORL database respectively. 50 4 8 6 75% 241 All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCET
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1323 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology Volume 1, Issue 4, June 2012 Table 8 Recognition rate of elman neural network for From the experiment we conclude that the feed-forward person with moustaches for ORL database neural network has recognition rate 96% which is more in comparison to elman neural network. Graph between two neural network and recognition rate are shown in Figure 6. Number Number Number of Number Reco- of of images images with of images gnitio images with moustaches correctly n rate in moustach- in test set recognize (%) training es in set training set 150 12 8 8 100% 100 8 8 6 75% 75 6 8 5 63% 50 4 8 5 63% In this paper we present the analysis of the over all results of all two neural networks. Table 9 shows two neural network result for ORL database when training data set contains total 150 images. From Table 9 we can say that feed-forward network and elman neural network has 100% accuracy in all variation of images. Table 9 Different neural networks results with different Figure 6 Recognition rates of different neural networks image variation for ORL database for ORL database Table 11 shows the total training time of the two neural Variation in Database Feed- Elman networks and we can conclude that elman neural network has images forward accuracy training time 1310.25 sec which is more as compared to feed recognition forward network whose training time is 932.50 sec . accuracy Female ORL 100% 100% Table 11 Total training time of different neural networks Person when training set contains 150 images Person with ORL 100% 100% glasses Different Number of Number of Total Person with ORL 100% 100% neural images in images in training time Moustaches network training set test set (sec) Table 10 shows overall result of two neural network, when 150 images in the training set then the recognition rate of these two network are shown in Table 10. Feed – 150 100 932.50 forward Table 10 Recognition rate of two neural networks when neural 150 images in training set for ORL Database network Elman 150 100 1310.25 Different Number of Number of Recognition neural neural images in images in rate(%) network network training set test set Figure 7 shows the graph between feed forward neural network and elman neural network for total training time . Feed – 150 100 96% forward neural network Elman 150 100 92% neural network 242 All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCET
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1323 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology Volume 1, Issue 4, June 2012 [5] Firdaus M., 2005.An approach for feature extraction for face recognition. Proc. Conf. Intelligent systems and Robotics(iCISAR2005). [6] Firdaus., 2005.Face recognition using neural networks. Proc. Intl. Conf. Intelligent Systems (ICIS), CD-ROM. [7] Firdaus M.. 2006. Dimensions reductions for face recognition using principal component analysis. Proc. 11th International Symp artificial life and robotics (AROB 11th 06). CD-ROM . Figure 7 Total training time of different neural networks [8] Mathew, J.H., 2003. Eigen values and Eigen Vectors, pp: for ORL database 612-621. VI. Conclusion [9] Demmel, J. and K. veselic, 1989. Jacobi’s method is This paper present comparative analysis of performance and more accurate than QR. Technical Report: UTCS-89-88.1- accuracy of feed-forward neural network and elman neural 60. network. In this paper we used Eigen faces to represent the feature vectors. This paper introduced a new approach to [10] Health M.T., 2002. Scientific Computing: An select the learning rate for feed forward neural network. The Introductory survey. McGraw hill, pp: 191-200. new approach gave better results in all aspects including recognition rate, training time. The paper also give some [11] Debipersand, S.C. and A.D Broadhurst, 1997. Face comparative analysis like : recognition using neural networks. Proc. IEEE Commun. 1. We deduce that if number of images in training set Signal Processing (COMSIG’97), pp: 33-36. is reduced, accuracy of recognition of different neural network based system is also reduced for [12] Nazish, 2001. Face recognition using neural networks. ORL database. Proc.IEEE INMIC 2001, pp: 277-281. 2. Feed-forward neural network based face recognition system has higher recognition in [13] Saad, P., 2001. A comparison of feature normalization comparison to elman neural network. techniques on complex image recognition. Proc. 2nd Conf. 3. Elman neural network has long total training time Information Technology in Asia, pp: 39-409. in comparison to feed-forward neural network. 4. The Feed-forward based and Elman based face [14] A. M. Martinez and A. C. Kak, “PCA versus LDA,” recognition systems give equal results system for IEEE Trans. On pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, recognizing the female faces, persons with Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 228-233, 2001. moustaches and person with glasses for ORL database. With all the results shown above we can conclude that this new approach performs better. VII. References [1] W. Zhao, R. Chellappa, A. Rosenfeld, P. J. Phillips, “Face Recognition: A Literature Survey,” UMD CFAR Technical Report CAR-TR-948, 2000. [2] Kirby and Sirovich., 1990.Application of Karhunen- Loeve procedure for the characterization of human faces. IEEE Trans. pattern analysis and machine intelligence, 12:103-108. [3] Turk, M.A. and A.L. Pentland, 1991. Face recognition using Eigen faces. Proc. IEEE computer society Conf Computer Vision and pattern recognition, pp: 586-591. [4] Zhujie, Y.L.Y., 1994. Face recognition with Eigen faces. Proc. IEEE Intl. Conf. Industrial Technol. Pp: 434-438. 243 All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCET
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