Quantitative evaluation and analysis of morphometric parameters derived from ASTER DEM using ARC Hydro tool in a GIS Environment – A study of Vaishali River Basin of Madhya Pradesh

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Quantitative evaluation and analysis of morphometric
parameters derived from ASTER DEM using ARC Hydro
tool in a GIS Environment – A study of Vaishali River
Basin of Madhya Pradesh
Monika Sharma S.N.Mohapatra *
Mohit Singh
SOS in Earth Science SOS in Earth Science SOS in Earth Science
Jiwaji University, Gwalior Jiwaji University, Gwalior Jiwaji University, Gwalior
Abstract— GIS has become a key source to understand the hydrological conditions of watersheds for the last few
decades. Arc Hydro tool of ArcGIS has been proven its role in the automated extraction of drainage network and
morphometric analysis from DEMs. The delineation of drainage network can be done either manually from
topographic sheets or derived from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data by means of computational methods. In the
present work, ASTER DEM has been incurred to extract drainage network with the aid of Arc hydro tool. The
Vaishali River basin of Madhya Pradesh has been taken as the study area. This study has been done primarily based
on a geo-spatial software ARC GIS in which ARC HYDRO a tool has been used extensively. The quantitative
evaluation and analysis of about twenty morphometric parameters has been done based on the linear, areal and relief
aspects. The analysis has revealed that the Vaishali River basin is a fifth order basin showing dendritic drainage
pattern with drainage density of 0.40 per km and stream frequency of 0.08 per km2. Low drainage density indicates
the basin has not been much affected by structural disturbances while drainage frequency and very coarse drainage
texture specifies low relief and porous, permeable rocks beneath the ground surface. The form factor, circularity
ratio and elongated ratio suggest the basin shape as elongated. The area has low to moderate relief and slopes
displays moderate relief ratios. It is concluded that this technique is not only reduces time but also provides valuable
results which are very helpful for watershed management studies.
Keywords— Drainage network, Morphometric parameters, Arc Hydro, GIS, ASTER DEM.
I. INTRODUCTION
Morphometry is the measurement and mathematical analysis of the configuration of the earth’s surface, shape and
dimension of its landforms (Clarke 1996; Agarwal 1998; Obi Reddy et al. 2002). Morphometric studies were first
initiated in the field of hydrology and the main idea behind this work was to ascertain complete stream properties from
the quantification of various stream attributes (Horton 1940 and Strahler 1950). Horton’s laws were later on modified and
developed by several geomorphologists. Most noteworthy among them are Strahler (1952, 1957, 1958, and 1964),
Schumm (1956), Scheidegger (1965), Shreve (1966), Gregory (1966), Gregory and Walling (1978).
The thematic layers required for the morphometric analysis can be prepared by using remote sensing and GIS. One of the
major advantage being the use of digital elevation data. However, the resolution of the satellite image varies with the
sensors, but the DEM provides the base for extracting the drainage network. Geographical information systems (GIS)
have been very popular for the last decades amongst the researchers to determine interprete and analyses the river basins
and related parameters. Delineation of drainage network and its parameter analysis generally emphasis the climate,
geology, geomorphology, and relief aspects of a basin. The morphometric analysis of a river basin thus provides the first
hand information to understand the geomorphology and watershed characteristics. Recently many researchers have
derived the drainage morphometric analysis using Geographic Information System (GIS) tools. Some of the notable
recent researchers who have successfully utilized these tools to derive morphometric parameters are Ahmed et al. (2010),
Pareta and Pareta (2011), Hajam et al. (2013), Magesh et al. (2013), Mondal (2013), Rai et al. (2014) .In the present
work effort has been made to derive drainage network from ASTER DEM and evaluate the morphometric parameters
with the help of Arc hydro tool.

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II. STUDY AREA
The study area for the present work is the Vaishali River basin of Madhya Pradesh. The Vaishali River is a tributary of
Sind River and the basin area is 2869.48 km2. The area falls between 26o4’36”N to 26o34’14” N latitude and
77o58’58” E to 78o56’31” E longitudes. The large portion (83 percent) of the area covers the Bhind and Gwalior districts
and rest of the portion (17 percent) covers the Morena and Datia districts of Madhya Pradesh (Fig. 1). The total length of
the Vaishali River is 138 km and Morar is its important tributary. The river originates from 262 m height from the mean
sea level and flows through Devgarh Reserved Forest Gwalior range which is fairly dense forest. The climatic condition
of the area is characterized by a hot summer and general dryness except during the south western monsoon. The normal
rainfall of the area is 759 mm and the normal maximum temperature during the month of May is 46o C and minimum
7.1oC. Basin experiences maximum rainfall throughout southwest monsoon period i.e. June to September about 91.9% of
the annual rainfall predicates during the monsoon season. The study area is situated on the central edge of peninsular
shield of India. It is extremely hot during the summers but gets fairly cool throughout the winters.
Fig.1 Location of study area
III. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
Now-a-days automated delineation technique of drainage network and stream ordering from ASTER DEM is more
convenient, time saving and accurate way than the manual delineation technique of drainage network. The methodology
adapted for the study is to first extraction of river basin and then to extract the drainage network. First ASTER DEM
images were downloaded from this http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov website then downloaded ASTER DEM images were
successfully mosaicked. Mosaicked image was used to delineation of the river basin boundary and Vaishali river basin
area was extracted using Arc hydro tool in ARC GIS 10.0 software. Secondly the number of steps in Arc hydro tool have
been attempted for delineating drainage network of Vaishali river basin (Fig. 2). In addition slope map, aspect map, and
triangular irregular network map of Vaishali river basin were derived from ASTER DEM with Spatial Analyst tool in
ARC GIS 10.0. The mathematical formulas given in Table I have been used for evaluating morphometric parameters viz.
stream order, stream number, bifurcation ratio, stream length, stream length ratio, length of overflow land, basin area,
basin perimeter, basin length, length of overland flow, drainage density, drainage frequency, drainage texture, infiltration
number, form factor ratio, elongation ratio, circularity ratio, basin relief, relief ratio and dissection index based on linear,
areal and relief aspects respectively. The various stages during the process of extraction of drainage network and stream
orders by using various tools in ARC GIS have been shown in Figure 2.
TABLE – I
MORPHOMETRIC PARAMETERS WITH FORMULAS
S. NO. PARAMETERS SYMBOL FORMULA REFERENCE
1 LINEAR ASPECTS
1.1 STREAM ORDER Sµ HIERARCHICAL RANK STRAHLER AN AND
CHOW VT (1964)
1.2 BIFURCATION RATIO RB RB = Nµ/ Nµ+1
WHERE, RB = BIFURCATION RATIO,
Nµ=NO. OF STREAM SEGMENTS OF A GIVEN ORDER AND
Nµ+1= NO. OF STREAM SEGMENTS OF NEXT HIGHER ORDER.
SCHUMN SA(1956)

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1.3 MEAN BIFURCATION
RATIO
RBM RBM= AVERAGE OF BIFURCATION RATIO OF ALL ORDERS STRAHLER AN AND
CHOW VT (1964)
1.4 STREAM LENGTH Lµ LENGTH OF STREAM (KILOMETERS) HORTON RE (1945)
1.5 MEAN STREAM
LENGTH
LSM LSM= Lµ/ Nµ
WHERE, Lµ= TOTAL STREAM LENGTH OF ORDER ‘Μ’
Nµ=TOTAL NO. OF STREAM SEGMENTS OF ORDER ‘Μ’
STRAHLER AN AND
CHOW VT (1964)
1.6 STREAM LENGTH
RATIO
RL RL= LSM / LSM -1
WHERE, LSM =MEAN STREAM LENGTH OF A GIVEN ORDER
AND LSM -1= MEAN STREAM LENGTH OF NEXT LOWER
ORDER
HORTON RE (1945)
1.7 LENGTH OF OVERLAND
FLOW
LG LG=1/2D KM
WHERE, D=DRAINAGE DENSITY (KM/KM2)
HORTON RE (1945)
1.8 BASIN PERIMETER P P=OUTER BOUNDARY OF DRAINAGE BASIN MEASURED IN
KILOMETERS.
SCHUMN SA(1956)
1.9 BASIN LENGTH LB LB=1.312XA0.568 SCHUMN SA(1956)
2 AREAL ASPECTS
2.1 BASIN AREA A AREA FROM WHICH WATER DRAINS TO A COMMON STREAM
AND BOUNDARY DETERMINED BY OPPOSITE RIDGES.
STRAHLER AN AND
CHOW VT (1964)
2.2 DRAINAGE DENSITY DD DD = LΜ/A
WHERE, DD = DRAINAGE DENSITY (KM/KM
2
)
LΜ = TOTAL STREAM LENGTH OF ALL ORDERS AND
A = AREA OF THE BASIN (KM
2
).
SINGH S AND SINGH
MC (1997)
2.3 DRAINAGE FREQUENCY FS FS = NΜ/A
WHERE, FS = DRAINAGE FREQUENCY,
NΜ = TOTAL NO. OF STREAMS OF ALL ORDERS AND
A = AREA OF THE BASIN (KM
2
).
SINGH S AND SINGH
MC (1997)
2.4 INFILTRATION NUMBER IF IF = DD × FS
WHERE, DD = DRAINAGE DENSITY (KM/KM
2
) AND
FS = DRAINAGE FREQUENCY.
ZAVOIANCE I (1985)
2.5 DRAINAGE TEXTURE DT DT = NΜ /P
WHERE, NΜ = NO. OF STREAMS IN A GIVEN ORDER AND P =
PERIMETER (KMS)
HORTON RE (1945)
AND PARETA K AND
PARETA U (2011)
2.6 FORM FACTOR RATIO RF RF = A/LB
2
WHERE, A = AREA OF THE BASIN AND LB = (MAXIMUM)
BASIN LENGTH
SINGH S AND SINGH
MC (1997)
2.7 ELONGATION RATIO RE RE= √A/Π / LB
WHERE, A= AREA OF THE BASIN (KM
2
)
LB=(MAXIMUM) BASIN LENGTH (KM)
SCHUMN SA(1956)
2.8 CIRCULARITY RATIO RC RC = 4ΠA/ P2
WHERE, A = BASIN AREA (KM
2
) AND P= PERIMETER OF
THE BASIN (KM)
SARMA ET AL.
(2013)
3 RELIEF ASPECTS
3.1 BASIN RELIEF H H = Z – Z
WHERE, Z = MAXIMUM ELEVATION OF THE BASIN (M) AND
Z = MINIMUM ELEVATION OF THE BASIN (M)
RUDRAIAH ET AL.
(2008)
3.2 RELIEF RATIO RR RR = H / LB
WHERE, H = BASIN RELIEF (M) AND LB = BASIN LENGTH
(M)
SCHUMN SA(1956)
3.3 DISSECTION INDEX DI DI = H / RA
WHERE, H = BASIN RELIEF (M) AND
RA = ABSOLUTE RELIEF (M)
MAGESH ET AL.
(2012)

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Fig. 2 Process of extraction of drainage network and stream orders
IV.RESULT AND DISCUSSION
In the present study morphometric investigation has been done based on three major aspects which are linear, areal and
relief parameters. In addition to these the ground slope and slope aspect have also been analyzed.
A. SLOPE
Slope analysis is a key parameter in geomorphological studies for watershed development and is very crucial for
morphometric analysis (Magesh et al. 2011). The degree of slope in Vaishali River basin varies from <2.2o to >40o. The
slope map of Vaishali basin is shown in Fig. 3. Higher slope is clearly seen in the southern part of the Vaishali basin.
Fig. 3: Slope Map of Vaishali River Basin
B. ASPECT
Aspect generally denotes the direction to which slope faces. The value of the output raster data set represents the
compass direction of the aspect (Magesh et al. 2011) .The aspect map of Vaishali basin is shown in Fig. 4. On the basis
of the majority of the raster cells it is very clear that the South-facing slope mainly occur in the Vaishali basin.
C. LINEAR MORPHOMETRIC PARAMETERS
The morphometric analysis of the linear parameters of the Vaishali basin contains of stream order (Sµ), stream number
(Nµ), bifurcation ratio (Rb), stream length (Lµ), stream length ratio (RL), length of overland flow (Lg), basin length (Lb)
and basin perimeter (P). These parameters along with mean stream length ((Lsm) and mean bifurcation ratio (Rbm) have
been calculated and tabulated in Table II
C1 STREAM ORDER (Sµ)
Stream ordering is one of the most elementary and crucial step in the determination of morphometric analysis as it gives
idea about the geometry of the drainage networks. In this study Strahler (1964) method has been adopted for numbering
the stream order.

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The Vaishali River basin is a fifth order basin Figure 4. Details of stream orders of Vaishali River are shown in Table II.
It is noticed that maximum stream order frequency is observed in first order stream and gradually decreases as the order
increases which satisfies the Horton’s law showing inverse linear relationship
Fig. 4: Aspect Map of Vaishali River Basin
TABLE II
LINEAR MORPHOMETRIC PARAMETERS OF THE DRAINAGE NETWORK OF VAISHALI BASIN.
C2 STREAM NUMBER (Nµ)
As per Horton (1964) law, “the count of stream channels in a given order is known as stream number.” Vaishali river
basin is having 227 total number of streams as shown in Fig. 5 covering an area of 2869.48 km2. It is observed that the
number of streams gradually decreases as the stream order increases (Table II). Out of the total 227 streams 1st order
streams are 177 (77.97%), 2nd order is 35 (15.42%), 3rd order is 11 (4.85%), 4th order is 3 (1.32%) and that of 5th order
is 1 (0.44%).
Fig. 5 : Stream Order Map of Vaishali River Basin
STREAM
ORDER
(Sµ)
STREAM
NUMBER
(Nµ)
BIFURCATION
RATIO
(RB)
STREAM
LENGTH
(Lµ) (KMS)
MEAN STREAM
LENGTH
(LSM) (KMS)
STREAM
LENGTH
RATIO (RL)
MEAN
BIFURCATION
RATIO (RBM)
LENGTH OF
OVERLAND
FLOW (LG)
BASIN
PERIMET
ER (P)
BASIN
LENGTH
(LB)
1st
177 586.86 3.32
3.70 1.25 km 580.39
km
120.7
6 km
5.05 2.58
2nd
35 299.57 8.56
3.09 1.09
3rd
11 105.20 9.56
3.66 2.75
4th
03 78.89 26.30
3.00 3.41
5th
01 89.62 89.62
Total 227 14.80 1160.14 137.36 9.83

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C3 STREAM LENGTH (Lµ)
As per Horton (1945) the average stream of each of the different orders in a drainage basin tends closely to approximate
a direct geometric ratio. It is an important parameter which explains the surface runoff characteristics. The total length of
stream segments is high in first order streams and decreases as the stream order increases. Stream length of different
order of Vaishali basin is given in Table II.
C.4 MEAN STREAM LENGTH (LSM)
Strahler (1964) expressed the mean stream length as a characteristic property which is interrelated to the drainage
network and its surrounding surfaces. The mean stream length values for Vaishali basin ranges from 3.32 to 89.62 km
(Table II) with a mean Lsm value of 27.47 km. It is noticed that mean stream values are differ with respect to different
order owing to differences in topographic conditions.
C.5 STREAM LENGTH RATIO (RL)
Horton’ law (1945) of stream length ratio states that mean stream length segments of each of the successive orders of a
basin tends to approximate a direct geometric series with stream length increasing towards higher order of streams
( Table I). The values of stream length ratio (Table II) indicates increasing trend.
C.6 BIFURCATION RATIO (RB)
It is apparent from the irregular branching of tributary streams that the area exhibits dendritic drainage pattern. Schumn
(1956) explained the term bifurcation ratio (Rb) as the ratio of the number of streams of one order by the segments of the
next higher orders (Table I). The bifurcation ratio for the Vaishali basin varies from 3.00 to 5.05 (Table II). It is noticed
that bifurcation ratio is not identical for different orders. These variations are mostly dependent on the geology lithology
and development of the basin (Strahler, 1964). The influence of geological structures is negligible when the bifurcation
ratio ranges between 3.0 and 5.0 (Ozdemir and Bird 2009). The mean bifurcation ratio may be defined as the average of
bifurcation ratio of all orders (Table I) and it is calculated for Vaishali basin as 3.70 km.
C7 BASIN LENGTH (LB)
Schumn (1956) defined the basin length as the longest dimension of the basin parallel to the principle drainage line. The
Vaishali basin length is computed as 120.76 km (Table II)
C 8 BASIN PERIMETER (P)
Basin perimeter is the outer boundary of the basin that encircles its area which is 580.39 km (Table II).
C.9 LENGTH OF OVERLAND FLOW (LG)
Horton (1945) coined this term to refer the length of the run of rainwater on the ground surface before it is confined into
infinite channels. It is one of the most independent variables which affect both hydrological and physiographical
development of drainage basin (Schumm, 1956). Horton considered overland flow as the half of the reciprocal of the
drainage density (Table I). Here the Lg of the Vaishali basin is 1.25 km (Table III) which shows low surface runoff of the
area.
D AREAL MORPHOMETRIC PARAMETERS
The morphometric investigation of the areal parameters of the Vaishali basin includes Drainage Area (A), Drainage
Density (Dd), Drainage Frequency (Fs), Drainage Texture (Dt), Infiltration Number (If), Form Factor Ratio (Rf),
Elongation Ratio (Re), Circularity Ratio (Rc). These parameters have been computed as per the given formula in Table 1
and results are tabulated in Table III.
TABLE III
AREAL MORPHOMETRIC PARAMETERS OF THE VAISHALI DRAINAGE BASIN.
SR. NO. PARAMETER CALCULATED VALUE
1 DRAINAGE AREA (A) 2869.48 KM
2
2 DRAINAGE DENSITY (DD) 0.40 (KM/KM
2
)
3 DRAINAGE FREQUENCY (FS) 0.08 /KM
2
4 DRAINAGE TEXTURE (DT) 0.39
5 INFILTRATION NUMBER (IF) 0.02
6 FORM FACTOR RATIO (RF) 0.20
7 ELONGATION RATIO (RE) 0.50
8 CIRCULARITY RATIO (RC) 0.106

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D 1 DRAINAGE DENSITY (DD)
Drainage Density is defined as the total length of streams of all orders per drainage area (Table1). Drainage Density
depends on annual rainfall, infiltration capacity of rocks, vegetation cover, surface roughness and runoff intensity. Highly
resistant and permeable subsoil and low relief areas exhibit low drainage density. High Drainage density on the other
hand is favoured in regions of impermeable rocks and high relief (Strahler 1964). The Drainage Density for the whole
basin is 0.40 km/km2 (Table III) indicating that the basin is nearly unaffected by structural disturbances and the subsoil
materials are permeable in a low relief area.
D 2 DRAINAGE FREQUENCY (FS)
The total number of stream segments of all orders per unit area is known as drainage frequency (Horton 1932). The
drainage frequency for the whole watershed is 0.08 km/km2 (Table III) indicating low relief and permeable sub surface
material and flat topography. It primarily relies on the lithology of the basin and reveals the texture of the drainage
network. Lesser the drainage density and stream frequency in a basin, the runoff is slower, and therefore, flooding is less
likely in basins with a low to moderate drainage density and stream frequency Carlston (1963).
D 3 DRAINAGE TEXTURE (DT)
Drainage Texture is total number of stream segments of all orders per perimeter of that area (Horton, 1945). Five
different drainage textures i.e., very coarse (<2), coarse (2 to 4), moderate (4 to 6), fine (6 to 8) and very fine (>8) have
been classified by Smith 1950. In the present study, the drainage texture of the watershed is 0.39 per km. (Table IV). It
shows that category is exceptionally coarse drainage texture which shows good permeability of sub-surface rocks and
soil with high infiltration of water in the basin.
D.4 INFILTRATION NUMBER (IF)
The infiltration number of a watershed is the product of drainage density and stream frequency which provides clue for
the infiltration characteristics of the watershed (Table I). The infiltration number of the Vaishali basin is very low (0.02)
(Table 3). It indicates that runoff will be very low and the infiltration capacity very high.
D5 FORM FACTOR RATIO (RF)
According to Horton (1932), form factor may be defined as the ratio of basin area to square of the basin length (Table1).
Smaller the value of form factor, more elongated will be the watershed. The basin with high form factors have high peak
flows of shorter duration, whereas elongated Vaishali basin with low form factor ranges from 0.20 indicating them to be
elongated in shape and flow for longer duration ( Table III).
D6 ELONGATION RATIO (RE)
According to Schumm (1965), elongation ratio is defined as the ratio of diameter of a circle of the same area as the basin
to the maximum basin length (Table I). The varying slopes of watershed can be classified as circular (0.9-0.10), oval
(0.8-0.9), less elongated (0.7-0.8), elongated (0.5-0.7), and more elongated (< 0.5) with the help of the index of
elongation ratio. The elongation ratio of Vaishali basin is 0.50, which represented the watershed as elongated (Table III).
D7 CIRCULARITY RATIO (RC)
According to Miller (1953), Circularity ratio is defined as the ratio of watershed area to the area of a circle having the
same perimeter as the watershed and it is affected by the lithological character of the watershed (Table I). The circularity
ratio (Rc) is utilized as a quantitative measure for visualizing the shape of the basin. The calculated Rc value, 0.106
shows that the drainage basin is pretty much elongated and is considered as medium to low relief Table III.
E. RELIEF MORPHOMETRIC PARAMETERS
The morphometric investigation of the relief parameters of the Vaishali basin includes Basin Relief (H), Relief Ratio (Rf),
Dissection Index (DI). These have been computed and shown in Table IV.
TABLE IV
RELIEF MORPHOMETRIC PARAMETERS OF THE DRAINAGE NETWORK OF VAISHALI DRAINAGE BASIN.
E1 BASIN RELIEF (H)
According to Schumm (1956), the total relief of the river basin is the difference in the elevation among the highest point
of a watershed and the lowest point on the valley floor (Table I). Basin relief is an important factor in understanding the
geomorphic processes and landform characteristics.
SR. NO. PARAMETER CALCULATED VALUE
1 MAXIMUM BASIN HEIGHT (Z) 260 M
2 MINIMUM BASIN HEIGHT (Z) 135 M
3 BASIN RELIEF (H) 125 M
4 RELIEF RATIO (RF) 1.04 M
5 DISSECTION INDEX (DI) 0.48 M

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The total basin relief of the Vaishali drainage basin is 125m (Table IV). The lowest basin relief of 135m is witnessed in
the plains and highest of 260m in the mountainous areas as shown in Figure 6. It has been observed that a high level of
correlation exists between relief and drainage frequency and stream channel slopes.
Figure 6. Relief map of the area
E2 RELIEF RATIO (RF)
The relief ratio may be defined as the ratio between the total relief of a basin and the longest dimension of the basin
parallel to the main drainage line (Schumm, 1956). In the study area, the value of relief ratio is 1.04 (Table 4). It has been
observed that areas with low to moderate relief and slope are characterized by moderate value of relief ratios.
E3 DISSECTION INDEX (DI)
Dissection index (DI) is a parameter implies the degree of dissection or vertical erosion and expounds the stages of
terrain or landscape development in any given physiographic region or basin (Singh and Dubey 1994). On average, the
values of DI vary between‘0’ (complete absence of vertical dissection/erosion and hence dominance of flat surface) and
‘1’ (in exceptional cases, vertical cliffs, it may be at vertical escarpment of hill slope or at seashore). DI value of Vaishali
drainage basin is 0.48 that shows the basin is altogether dissected as shown in Table IV.
V. CONCLUSION
The present work demonstrates that the automated delineation technique of drainage network and stream ordering from
ASTER DEM data with Arc Hydro tool in a GIS environment is more convenient, time saving and accurate way than the
manual delineation technique of drainage network. The morphometric analyses were carried out through linear, areal and
relief aspect of the Vaishali River basin more than 20 morphometric parameters. The drainage network of this basin
shows dendritic pattern. It is noticed that mean stream values differ with respect to different order due to differences in
topographic conditions. Low drainage density was indicated that the basin is not much affected by structural disturbances.
The drainage frequency for the basin was indicated low relief and permeable sub surface material while very coarse
drainage texture indicates good permeability of sub-surface rocks and soils with high infiltration. The form factor,
circularity ratio and elongated ratio suggest the basin shape as elongated. It has been witnessed that areas with
comparatively lesser relief and slope are characterized by moderate value of relief ratios. Hence, it can be inferred that
ASTER DEM information with Arc hydro tool in a GIS environment, ascertains to be a proficient tool in extraction of
drainage network and morphometric analysis.
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Quantitative evaluation and analysis of morphometric parameters derived from ASTER DEM using ARC Hydro tool in a GIS Environment – A study of Vaishali River Basin of Madhya Pradesh

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Quantitative evaluation and analysis of morphometric parameters derived from ASTER DEM using ARC Hydro tool in a GIS Environment – A study of Vaishali River Basin of Madhya Pradesh