Geography Revision

1. GEOGRAPHY B2
NANCAY

2. POPULATION DYNAMICS

3. KEY TERMS
BIRTH/DEATH RATE - Birth/Death per 1000 per
year
POP. BALANCE- Birth&Death rates EQUAL
NATURAL INCREASE/DECREASE - difference
between Birth/Death rate
MIGRATION BALANCE- YES- more immigrants
than Emigrants -NO- less

4. KEY TERMS
REPLACEMENT LEVEL -no. of babies that need
to be born to manage pop.
PRO NATALIST POLICY -policy for birth
ANTI NATALIST POLICY-policy less birth
OPEN DOOR MIGRATION - Pop.Policy
encourage international migration

5. WHATS HAPPENING TO THE
GLOBAL POP [TRENDS]
Population growing FAST - 2008 [+65 million
people = 6.6 billion]
Since 2000 rate has slowed
EXPONENTIAL GROWTH occurring [ amount
of time taken for pop to DOUBLE ]

6. WHY IS THE POPULATION
GROWING
due to:
NATURAL CHANGE - More Births, Less Deaths
MIGRATION CHANGE - More Immigrants, Less
Out migrants

7. WHY IS THE POPULATION
GROWING
Development of MODERN MEDICINE
VACCINATION&IMMUNISATION programmes
e.g. SMALLPOX
CLEANER water ; better SEWAGE disposal
BETTER HEALTH +doctors,nurses,hospital
HYGIENIC HOUSING & BETTER DIETS

8. HOW/WHY POPULATION
CHANGEVARIES
Stage 1 HIGH FLUCTUATING
No birth control&High infant mortality = High
birth rate
Disease and Famine -> High DEATH rate

9. HOW/WHY POPULATION
CHANGEVARIES
Stage 2 - Early Expanding
-HIGH birth rate
FALLING death rates <-- improved healthcare

10. HOW/WHY POPULATION
CHANGEVARIES
STAGE 3: Late Expanding
FALLING birth rate - BIRTH CONTROL &
FAMILY PLANNING
FALLING DEATH RATE

11. HOW/WHY POPULATION
CHANGEVARIES
STAGE 4: Low Fluctuating
LOW birth AND death rates due to WORKING
WOMEN delaying age to start families.

12. HOW/WHY POPULATION
CHANGEVARIES
STAGE 5: DECLINE
Death rate is HIGHER than Birth rate due to
GREY population --> OLD PEOPLE

13. FERTILITY AND MORTALITY
RATES

14. PRESSURES OFYOUNG
POPULATION UNDER 15
HOUSING : people live in SLUMS/SHANTY
TOWNS in large cities e.g. NEW - No running
water ; roads or sewage
SCHOOLING : ILLITERATE population - LIT.RATE
- 60%
FOOD: Famine, food distribution difficulties -
Natural disasters aid this
HEALTH: Growth in diseases & lack of healthcare

15. AGEING POPULATION OVER
65 PRESSURES
HEALTHCARE: Have to provide MORE e.g.
Retirement homes ; Hospital beds ; undertakers ;
more skilled doctors/nurses
PENSIONS: 3 solutions - IncreasingTax ; Raising
Retirement Age ;Abolishing Pensions

16. JAPAN
FACTS CAUSES EFFECTS
- 20.8% OVER 65
- 26.8 million
pensioners
- Birth rate
BELOW replacement
level
- People live longer
[79 for men & 85 for
women] due to
Healthy Diet & high
GDP
-Birth rate
DECLINE due to
increasing age of first
child
-Less marriage
-Increase cost of
pensions <-- less
workers
- Retirement age
raised from 60-65
-Increase In
nursing homes
-Increase in
medical costs

17. JAPAN
FACTS CAUSES EFFECTS
- 20.8% OVER 65
- 26.8 million
pensioners
- Birth rate
BELOW replacement
level
- People live longer
[79 for men & 85 for
women] due to
Healthy Diet & high
GDP
-Birth rate
DECLINE due to
increasing age of first
child
-Less marriage
-Increase cost of
pensions <-- less
workers
- Retirement age
raised from 60-65
-Increase In
nursing homes
-Increase in
medical costs

18. WHY DO SOME COUNTRIES
WANNA CONTROL THE POP?
To Gain OPTIMUM POPULATION [ Resources
= population = SUSTAINABLE ]
GOVERNMENTS manage population to prevent it
reaching the TIPPING POINT

19. ANTI NATALIST CHINA:ONE
CHILD POLICY
WHAT? WHY? EFFECTS PROBLEMS
- Introduced
in 1970s
-Couples are
only allowed to
have ONE
CHILD
-Benefits e.g.
Cash bonus ;
Better childcare ;
Better housing
-Pressured
abortions
- HIGH
growth rate
- Pressure on
LAND and
FOOD supplies
due to LARGE
population
-Make
ARMY bigger
-Birth rate
FELL from 34 per
1000 in 1970 to 13
per 1000 in 2008
-Growth rate
2.4% to 0.6%
-996 million
in 1980 to 1,320
today
-Tradition to
want sons, sex
selective abortion
-Shortage of
women
- Spoilt sons,
generation lacks
communication
and cooperation
skills
- Heading
towards an
AGEING
population

20. PRO NATALIST SINGAPORE
FACTS CAUSES EFFECTS PROBLEMS
-
INCREASED
maternity leave
to 12 weeks -
first 4 babies
-
INCREASED
child benefits
- Pay $1000
for 6 years into
account
-1978 slogan
‘Have 3 or more’
-LOW
fertility rate of
1.1
(REPLACE
MENT RATE =
2.1)
-36% of area
is FOREIGN
-13.6%
increase in Birth
rates in 1988
- People in
Singapore like
marrying LATE
and having FEW
children
- HIGH
COST of living

21. HOW TO MANAGE
MIGRATION
UK CASE STUDY OPEN DOOR
Post war immigrants came to UK from Caribbean
colonies due to an ACT OF PARLIAMENT giving
all ex-colonial citizens FREE ENTRY into the UK.
[1950-1960s 1/4 million people came]
+ve - Shortage of Unskilled and Semi-skilled labour
& Helped with reconstruction of country post war

22. HOW TO MANAGE
MIGRATION
UK CASE STUDY OPEN DOOR
Post war immigrants came to UK from Caribbean
colonies due to ACT OF PARLIAMENT-gives all
ex-colonial citizens FREE ENTRY into the UK.
+ve - Shortage of Unskilled and Semi-skilled labour
& Helped with reconstruction of country post war
-ve - Public money spent on meeting needs of immig.

23. POINT BASED SYSTEM
Want to come and work/settle down?
You need Points - 2008 - 5 tiers of migrants
Tier 1 - Scientists -Tier 5 - Temporary workers
2004- Eastern European countries
Citizens free to move and work in other EU member
coutnries

24. SOURCE AND HOST
ADVANTAGES
SOURCE ADVANTAGES HOST ADVANTAGES
•Immigrants SEND MONEY
HOME to families
•LESS PRESSURE on
resources and jobs in places like
POLAND
•immigrants bring SKILLS to
their COUNTRY
•Meets SHORTAGE of
UNSKILLED and SEMI-
SKILLED labour
•Helped to RECONSTRUCT
UK after the war
•Increases CULTURE in UK
•Immigrants contribute to UK
economy by the TAXES they pay

25. SOURCE AND HOST
DISADVANTAGES
SOURCE DISADVANTAGES HOST DISADVANTAGES
•LOSS of WORKING
POPULATION from POLAND
etc.
•DECLINE in BIRTH RATE
because most migrants are
YOUNG MEN
•Public money SPENT on
IMMIGRANTS e.g.
HOUSING&HEALTHCARE
•During 1970s recession the
immigrant added to the number of
UNEMPLOYED
•Increased HOSTILITY
towards the IMMIGRANTS

26. TENSIONS DUE TO
MIGRATION
UK immigration of ETHNIC GROUPS =
CONFLICT.
UK GOV stated everyone should have EQUAL
OPPORTUNITIES
BUT - Add to country’s SKILL BASE and
CULTURE

27. CONSUMING RESOURCES

28. KEY TERMS
Alternative Energy - Alternative energy to
FOSSIL FUEL
BoserupianTheory - population grow stimulates
TECHNOLOGICAL changes that increase the
output - living standards can be maintained for the
growing population
Carbon footprint - Measure of all greenhouse gases
- burning fossil fuels for electricity, transport etc

29. KEY TERMS
HUMAN RESOURCE - SKILLS of population
MALTHUSIAN THEORY -View that POP.
GROWTH is the main reason a society would
collapse.
MATERIAL resource - Materials useful to man
Non renewable - cannot be remade
Renewable - can be maintained and reused

30. KEY TERMS
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT -
Development that meets the needs of the present
without COMPROMISING the ABILITY OF
THE FUTURE GENERATIONS to meet their
own needs.
SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE - Resources that
can be renewed if we replace them as they are used

31. RESOURCES
THERE ARE 3 MAIN TYPES:
1. Natural Resources e.g.WOOD
2. Human Resources e.g. Skills of a population e.g.
Doctors
3. Material/Capital Resources e.g. Goods and
equipment already in society)

32. RESOURCES
NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES - can’t be
remade , take millions of years to form again e.g.
COAL/OIL
SUSTAINABLE RESOURCES - Can be
deliberately be renewed so it lasts for the future E.G.
TREES
RENEWABLE RESOURCES - Renew themselves
so they don’t need to be managed - solar