Early film: Technology & Technique 1800-1905
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This slide show introduces the development of cinema from hand-cranked contraptions like the Kinetoscope and Muybridge's experiment to early moving pictures.
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Early film: Technology & Technique 1800-1905
- 1. Early Film: technology & technique 1800-1905
- 4. Inventions move images by hand Zoetrope Phenakistoscope
- 5. The 1878 Muybridge experiment
- 6. US: Edison’s creation of film stock, 1891 Thomas Edison Black Maria Kinetoscopes
- 7. Amy Muller dances in the black maria, 1896
- 8. Edison’s Boxing Cats 1894
- 9. UK: rough sea at dover, by R.W. Paul & Birt Acres, 1895
- 10. France: The LumiÈre brothers Workers Leaving the Factory, 1895
- 11. Arrival of a train at la ciotat, Lumiere Brothers 1895
- 12. Panorama of the Banks of the nile, 1896 By Eugene Promio
- 13. UK: Explosion of a motor car, by Cecil Hepworth,1900
- 14. UK: The Big Swallow by James Williamson, 1901
- 15. France: George MÉliÈs’ A Trip to the moon, 1902
- 16. US: Edwin S. Porter’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1903
- 17. References Thompson, Kristin and Bordwell, David. Film History: An Introduction, 3rd edition. Boston: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2010. ~~~~~~~~ Note: information about sources for images and clips is located in the “notes” section of each slide.
Notas do Editor
- In the mid-1800s, the development of photographic images led artists to question the difference between art and photography. Before photography became popular, artists often imitated life in landscapes, portraits, and still life paintings. Frederic Remington American, 1861-1909 A Mexican Vaquero, 1890 Mary Cassatt American, 1844-1926 Mother and Child, c. 1900 http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections George Inness American, 1825-1894 A Marine, c. 1874/75 http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections Charles Ethan Porter American 1847-1923 Carnations cn.wahooart.com
- Photography made it possible for anyone with a camera to capture real life. The stereoscope was a hand-held viewer invented by Sir Charles Wheatstone in 1838 and made popular by Oliver Wendell Holmes in 1881. This viewer created a 3D effect. Stereoscope: en.wikipedia.org Stereoscope image: www.diegomandelbaum.com Sat Eve Post: commons.wikimedia.org
- Since photographs could capture real life, the race was on to invent moving pictures. The Zoetrope (left) was invented in 1833 and the Phenakistoscope (right and center) was invented in 1832 by Joseph Plateau and Simon Stampfer. Both used repetitive images to create the effect of movement. Moving image from a phenakistoscope: pastandpresent.com Zoetrope: commons.wikimedia.org Phenakistoscope: en.wikipedia.org
- In 1878, Eadweard Muybridge photographed running horses to help study their gates. He lined up 12 cameras that shot at ½ second intervals. To project the images, he drew copies of each frame onto a revolving disc and projected these drawings with a lantern. This experiment inspired other inventors to create a moving picture camera. Clip from cosmicdiary.org
- In the U.S., inventor Thomas Edison, known for the phonograph and electric light bulb, designed the first film cameras and viewers, called Kinetoscopes. With the help of his assistant, SKL Dickson, Edison also created the first film strips. In 1893, they built a studio, called the Black Maria, which enabled them to control the amount of light used to film the first motion pictures. The slanted opening in the roof allowed sunlight onto the stage, where they filmed. Edison & kinetograph camera: www.cnn.com Black Maria: en.wikipedia.org Kinetoscope: www.afinidadelectrica.com.ar
- Amy Muller was filmed dancing on a stage in Thomas Edison’s Black Maria studio. Early films like this fascinated audiences, who viewed them on Kinetoscopes that Edison leased to carnivals, cafes, theaters, and entertainment parlors in the U.S. and abroad. Clip is from the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. From Maguire & Baucus catalogue: A beautiful fantastic toe dance. Created/published in the United States : Edison Manufacturing Co., [1896]
- Edison profited from his ability to entertain audiences. He also attempted to control the film market. He was constantly suing competitors for copyright infringement, claiming that his patented camera and projector were illegally copied by unscrupulous film businesses. In 1902, however, the most prosperous competitor, AM&B, won a court case by proving that their cameras and projectors were different from Edison’s. Clip is from the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
- This early British film, by R.W. Paul and Birt Acres, was very popular. A reviewer from the Acres’s Royal Photographic Society wrote: “The most successful effect, and one which called forth rounds of applause from the usually placid members of the “Royal,” was a reproduction of a number of breaking waves, which may be seen to roll in from the sea, curl over against the jetty, and break into clouds of snowy spray that seemed to start from the screen.” (from “The Photograpm,” quoted in John Barnes, “The Beginnings of the Cinema in England,” New York: Barnes & Noble, 1976, p.64. Clip from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XZw7QHTHnMA&index=17&list=FLQd458D-CBX4mfHmjjQ6GhA
- Inventors in France and Germany also invented cameras and projectors. Two brothers in France, Louis and Auguste Lumiere, invented the cinematographe camera that was cheaper and more portable than Edison’s camera. Their first film was “Workers Leaving the Factory.” Louis and Auguste Lumiere: lumiererenderer.com 1895 “Workers Leaving the Factory,” by the Lumiere brothers: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DEQeIRLxaM4&index=18&list=FLQd458D-CBX4mfHmjjQ6GhA
- Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat was also produced by the Lumiere brothers. The Lumiere’s films became popular in France when they began offering twenty shows a day, and soon they were hiring employees to show their films around the world. Clip from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1dgLEDdFddk&list=FLQd458D-CBX4mfHmjjQ6GhA&index=15
- One of the Lumiere’s camera operators, Eugene Promio, shot “Panorama of the Banks of the Nile.” This film exemplifies many of the moving panorama shots that displayed exotic locations in faraway lands. Clip from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kMRxz8CRaSs&list=FLQd458D-CBX4mfHmjjQ6GhA&index=16
- British films popularized the use of special effects. “Explosion of a Motor Car,” by Cecil Hepworth, was one of the first films to use special effects. Clip from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wb8Le1nXy80&list=FLQd458D-CBX4mfHmjjQ6GhA&index=13
- James Williamson, from the Brighton school of filmmakers, was one of the first to move in to a close up and edit shots to create a sequence. Clip from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WxcVzs88xRg&list=FLQd458D-CBX4mfHmjjQ6GhA&index=12
- After building his own camera, studio, and theater, French magician George Melies delighted audiences with his whimsical fantasy films. Among his most famous films, “A Trip to the Moon” is a comic science fiction film that employs stop-motion effects, clouds of smoke, invisible editing, hand-tinted color, and mise-en-scene. Clip from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_FrdVdKlxUk&index=25&list=FLQd458D-CBX4mfHmjjQ6GhA escuelacine.com escuelacine.com
- An employee of Edison, Edwin Porter is significant for his cinematic innovations, including the use of editing and inter-titles to tell stories on film. In his first story film, “Life of an American Fireman” (1903), Porter shot a fire rescue scene from two different points of view. “Uncle Tom’s Cabin,” based on the anti-slavery novel, uses inter-titles between wide shot scenes.