Science diplomacy is having a resurgence due to global challenges like resource scarcity, climate change, and infectious diseases that cross borders. Historically, science diplomacy helped relations between countries like the US and Soviet Union and is currently practiced through collaborations between scientists in countries like China, India, and the Middle East. Science diplomacy occurs through place-based scientific collaborations on issues like energy efficiency and malaria. It involves local scientists and academies and uses frameworks like capacity development, joint infrastructure projects, and public engagement. While politics cannot be replaced, integrating science and politics through iterative programming can help advance science diplomacy.

1. Science Diplomacy Why, Where and How Mandë Holford, PhD City University of New York / The American Museum of Natural History mholford@gc.cuny.edu/mholford@amnh.org SD Boot Camp, NYAS, Jul 14, 2011

2. WHY is Science Diplomacy having a resurgence? Resource Scarcity Climate Change Economic Capacity Building Infectious diseases Conflict Resolution Global challenges with borderless complexities

3. WHY is Science Diplomacy having a resurgence? “Science Tempur” US-Soviet relations SESAME Construction In Middle East “Silk Road” China-Mesopotamia History of international collaboration between scientists

4. WHY is Science Diplomacy having a resurgence? We’re the good guys & gals… Scientists & Technology have high poll numbers

5. WHERE is Science Diplomacy happening? Practiced by BRIC (Brazil, Russia, China, India) countries… Viewed as Western phenomena used for resources Needs to be extended to other emerging states-Rwanda

6. HOW is Science Diplomacy Practiced? “Scientific approach to diplomacy, not diplomatic approach to science…” Involve local scientist –Academies, SEED project Do place-based science: Arg, energy efficiency, malaria

7. HOW is Science Diplomacy Practiced? Mr. BITE Science Diplomat- AAAS Science &Technology Fellowship MOUs-China +India (2005) hard and soft ware Global Science Program for Security & Competiveness- Rep. Berman

8. HOW is Science Diplomacy Practiced? Connecting Ecology and Peace Peace Parks- demilitarized zone(Korea), Mesopotamia marshlands (Iraq and Iran) NSF-USAID PEER launch Jul 7, 2011 (administrative barriers) Collaboration of scientists innate to our work

9. HOW is Science Diplomacy Practiced? Science not a replacement for politics…. Politics Programming Integrate big ”P”(politics) with small “p” (programming) Integration that is iterative - all sectors doing the dance

10. HOW is Science Diplomacy Practiced? Five Elements to SD framework: 1. Regional Prominence (China+ India) 2. Capacity Development (education) 3. Joint Infrastructure Development (Research Satellites, LHC, SESAME) 4. Open Access Knowledge Distribution 5. Public Engagement (Civilian Power)

11. Barriers to Science Diplomacy 1. Asymmetries in S&T capacity 2. Economic/security concerns to technology/knowledege access 3. Restrictions on exchange (visa) 4. S&T budgets in decline worldwide 5. Degree classicism (what’s in a name?)

12. Politicizing Science - “How does science taste?”