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7. evolution of the juvenile justice system updated

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Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice

CJCJ's Executive Director Daniel Macallair, is a practitioner-in-residence at San Francisco State University (SFSU)'s Department of Criminal Justice Studies. These slides are from his Juvenile Justice course materials.

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The Evolution of the State Role in the Care and Treatment of Children 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
` `` The doctrine that establishes the right of the state to act on behalf of the child 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
In Loco Parentis When the state or its designated agent provides care and protection equivalent to that of the natural parent (in place of the parents) 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
mens rea the Latin term for "guilty mind” actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea the act does not make a person guilty unless the mind be also guilty". 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Unwanted Children in Ancient Rome Infanticide through exposure. In Rome a column near the Velebrum, where baby Romulus and Remus were discovered, was the unofficial designated spot. 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
CHILDREN AND CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY IN ANCIENT ROME • UNDER AGE 7- NO RESPONSIBILITY • 7 TO PUBERTY – SOME RESPONSIBILITY • PUBERTY TO 25 – RESPONSIBILITY WITH AGE CONSIDERATIONS 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Roman Law the Evolution of State Responsibility for Children • Guardianship • Outlawing of infanticide • Orphanage 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Growth of Parens Patriae in the Middle Ages Magna Carta 1215 – re-established the role of the state in ensuring the protection of orphaned children and their property through the appointment of guardians. 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
CHANCERY COURTS 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Growth of Parens Patriae in the Middle Ages • 1500 Chancery Court – extended role of the English king in assigning guardianship over orphaned children • 1562 English Parliament passes the Statute of Artificers allowing government to involuntarily separate children from pauper parents • 1601 English Poor Law Act allows government to place poor children in bondage to local residents as apprentices and establishes first workhouses 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Origins of Institutional Intervention Typical Workhouse/Bridewell 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Origins of the Modern Juvenile Justice System 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
MEHTODS FOR THE CARE OF CHILDREN IN COLONIAL AMERICA • ALMSHOUSES • INDENTURED SERVITUDE • APPRENTICED OUT • ORPHANAGES • JAILS 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
THE BIRTH OF NEW FORMS OF INSTITUTIONAL CARE • PENITENTIARY SYSTEM • SOCIETY FOR THE PREVENTION OF PAUPERISM 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
1787 Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Misery of Public Prisons founded by Dr. Benjamin Rush 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Walnut Street Jail in Philadelphia (1790) 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Changing Social Conditions in 19th America • MASS IMMIGRATION • RURAL TO URBAN POPULATION TRENDS • POVERTY AND HOMELESSNESS • FEAR OF THE DANDEROUS CLASSES 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
New York Street circa 1860s 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Living in Squalor 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
New York Slum 1800s 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
New York Street Children 1800s 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
In 1819 the Society of the Prevention of Pauperism was formed. • 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
New York House of Refuge established 1825 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Houses of Refuge Emphasize Work 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Commitment to the House of Refuge • Children committed for vagrancy and petty crimes • Commitments were indeterminate • Initially youth from across the state were committed 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
New York House of Refuge After 1854 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Philadelphia House of Refuge 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
New York House of Refuge: A Model for the World • Charles Dickens • The NY House of Refuge is now in the • Alexis De extent of its Tocqueville operations, the greatest reform • NY State Senate school in the world Committee (1857) 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Western House of Refuge Main Building and Yard 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Work in the House of Refuge • Contract labor system (10-40% of Refuge operating costs) • Large congregate workshops • Brass nails, cheap shoes, cane chairs • Apprenticeships • Binding out • Indentured to ship captains 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Girls in the House of Refuge • Confined until their 18th birthday • Taught value of maintaining innocence and virtue • Learned biblical passages • Trained in domestic servitude and/or marriage • Limited vocational training 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
House of Refuge Classroom 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Playground Western House of Refuge 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
House of Refuge Carpentry Shop 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Blacksmith Shop 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Bricklaying and Masonry 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Segregation and the Houses of Refuge • 1849 House of Refuge for Colored Juvenile Delinquents opened in Philadelphia • Funded by anti slavery groups 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Ex Parte Crouse (1838) and the assertion of supreme state power • In 1838, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court affirmed the doctrine of Parens Patriae and the right of the state to confine children in Houses of Refuge without constitutional due process protections. 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Key Events of the19th Century • Houses of Refuge • Reform/Training/Industrial Schools • Cottage System • Probation • Placing Out System 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
Key Terms in 19th Century Juvenile Justice  Society for the Prevention of Pauperism  Child Savers  House of Refuge  Congregate Institutional Design  Ex parte Crouse  Reform/Training/Industrial School  Cottage System  Children’s Aid Society  OConnell v Turner  Creation of the Juvenile Court 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013

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7. evolution of the juvenile justice system updated

  • 1. The Evolution of the State Role in the Care and Treatment of Children 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 2. ` `` The doctrine that establishes the right of the state to act on behalf of the child 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 3. In Loco Parentis When the state or its designated agent provides care and protection equivalent to that of the natural parent (in place of the parents) 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 4. mens rea the Latin term for "guilty mind” actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea the act does not make a person guilty unless the mind be also guilty". 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 5. Unwanted Children in Ancient Rome Infanticide through exposure. In Rome a column near the Velebrum, where baby Romulus and Remus were discovered, was the unofficial designated spot. 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 6. CHILDREN AND CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY IN ANCIENT ROME • UNDER AGE 7- NO RESPONSIBILITY • 7 TO PUBERTY – SOME RESPONSIBILITY • PUBERTY TO 25 – RESPONSIBILITY WITH AGE CONSIDERATIONS 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 7. Roman Law the Evolution of State Responsibility for Children • Guardianship • Outlawing of infanticide • Orphanage 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 8. Growth of Parens Patriae in the Middle Ages Magna Carta 1215 – re-established the role of the state in ensuring the protection of orphaned children and their property through the appointment of guardians. 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 9. CHANCERY COURTS 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 10. Growth of Parens Patriae in the Middle Ages • 1500 Chancery Court – extended role of the English king in assigning guardianship over orphaned children • 1562 English Parliament passes the Statute of Artificers allowing government to involuntarily separate children from pauper parents • 1601 English Poor Law Act allows government to place poor children in bondage to local residents as apprentices and establishes first workhouses 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 11. Origins of Institutional Intervention Typical Workhouse/Bridewell 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 12. Origins of the Modern Juvenile Justice System 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 13. MEHTODS FOR THE CARE OF CHILDREN IN COLONIAL AMERICA • ALMSHOUSES • INDENTURED SERVITUDE • APPRENTICED OUT • ORPHANAGES • JAILS 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 14. THE BIRTH OF NEW FORMS OF INSTITUTIONAL CARE • PENITENTIARY SYSTEM • SOCIETY FOR THE PREVENTION OF PAUPERISM 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 15. 1787 Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Misery of Public Prisons founded by Dr. Benjamin Rush 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 16. Walnut Street Jail in Philadelphia (1790) 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 17. Changing Social Conditions in 19th America • MASS IMMIGRATION • RURAL TO URBAN POPULATION TRENDS • POVERTY AND HOMELESSNESS • FEAR OF THE DANDEROUS CLASSES 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 18. New York Street circa 1860s 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 19. Living in Squalor 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 20. 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 21. 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 22. New York Slum 1800s 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 23. New York Street Children 1800s 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 24. In 1819 the Society of the Prevention of Pauperism was formed. • 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 25. New York House of Refuge established 1825 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 26. Houses of Refuge Emphasize Work 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 27. Commitment to the House of Refuge • Children committed for vagrancy and petty crimes • Commitments were indeterminate • Initially youth from across the state were committed 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 28. New York House of Refuge After 1854 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 29. Philadelphia House of Refuge 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 30. New York House of Refuge: A Model for the World • Charles Dickens • The NY House of Refuge is now in the • Alexis De extent of its Tocqueville operations, the greatest reform • NY State Senate school in the world Committee (1857) 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 31. Western House of Refuge Main Building and Yard 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 32. Work in the House of Refuge • Contract labor system (10-40% of Refuge operating costs) • Large congregate workshops • Brass nails, cheap shoes, cane chairs • Apprenticeships • Binding out • Indentured to ship captains 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 33. Girls in the House of Refuge • Confined until their 18th birthday • Taught value of maintaining innocence and virtue • Learned biblical passages • Trained in domestic servitude and/or marriage • Limited vocational training 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 34. House of Refuge Classroom 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 35. Playground Western House of Refuge 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 36. 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 37. House of Refuge Carpentry Shop 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 38. Blacksmith Shop 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 39. Bricklaying and Masonry 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 40. Segregation and the Houses of Refuge • 1849 House of Refuge for Colored Juvenile Delinquents opened in Philadelphia • Funded by anti slavery groups 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 41. Ex Parte Crouse (1838) and the assertion of supreme state power • In 1838, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court affirmed the doctrine of Parens Patriae and the right of the state to confine children in Houses of Refuge without constitutional due process protections. 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 42. Key Events of the19th Century • Houses of Refuge • Reform/Training/Industrial Schools • Cottage System • Probation • Placing Out System 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013
  • 43. Key Terms in 19th Century Juvenile Justice  Society for the Prevention of Pauperism  Child Savers  House of Refuge  Congregate Institutional Design  Ex parte Crouse  Reform/Training/Industrial School  Cottage System  Children’s Aid Society  OConnell v Turner  Creation of the Juvenile Court 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org San Francisco, CA 94103 © Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013